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This article is to study that biotechnologists may create designer babies with the development of biotechnology in the future and to analyze the relationship between creation of life and bioethics. The term ‘designer baby’ first appeared in 2004. The term was not defined on a scientific basis, but was coined by a journalist. A designer baby is a human embryo which has been genetically modified, usually following guidelines set by the parent or scientist, to produce desirable traits. This technology of genetic editing is the subject of ethical debate, bringing up the concept of genetically modified ‘superbabies’ to interbreed with and eventually replace modern humans. No matter how well scientists conduct their research with good intentions, they should stop it themselves if their work can lead to destruction of the natural order. Man wants to live a long life without a disease. But manmade technology should not break the order of society. In order to concentrate on research on biotechnology that can cure incurable diseases and serious diseases without violating bioethics, laws, institutions and ethical frameworks should be created to make an environment for stable research.

Ritual is discerned not as religion alone, but as a pattern conceived for the purpose of healing and rejuvenating a specific community. African-American artists facilitate the paradoxical process of refusing Western models through African ritual, what really turns out to be a denial of, and reaction against, Euro-Western archetypes. Baraka adopts ritual characteristics in his drama, The Slave. He has every intention that his theatre may have an explicit social message to arouse audiences’ social awareness and move that audience to social action. What is characteristic and problematic in employing ritual elements in The Slave is that Baraka presents Walker’s journey of revolutionary war only to fail. Walker’s final transformation at the end of the play is an old negro slave. His transformation process is retrospective and backward to the past slavery era. The failure of a protagonist in The Slave might foretell that of a playwright, Baraka, who tried to wade through the polluted history and immature community of the African-Americans in the 1960s.

This study starts from the point that Eco-ethica highlights the problem of enlarging individuals’ ethics in the modern society. It is meaningful that Eco-ethica focuses on making people think seriously about personal ethics while they keep and protect a variety of environments around them. This vision can help people to embrace essential ethics of care, practice, and nature and ultimately pursue social changes. In the work, Thea, the protagonist, develops her artistic intuition and reaches the artistic awakening through overcoming materialism, nocism, and morally crippled artists of chaotic Chicago. Thus, she shows how art into a secular state can revive and have the meaning of true loyalty in an artist's whole life. In the process, Thea's retreat to the Panther Canyon, a definite antimodern escape, develops a balanced life of her by making her reach the pinnacle of her music acquiring a singer's creative growth. The people who help her to achieve her own dream also play an important role in keeping her own Eco-ethica. In the end, her deep-rooted artistic vitality represents it comes from extensive ethics and further, as a guide in diagnosing the present and future of our time, it ultimately promotes the right direction of art and co-prosperity of mankind by establishing ethical indicators of human existential values. (Daejin University)

This story is presented as an oral narration by a self-declared traditional artist who also gives himself the grand titles “Gicaandi player” and “Prophet of Justice”. In his first Kikuyu novel, Ngugi creates a modern woman named Jaciinta Wariinga who is very different from his earlier novels’ traditional female characters. In various ways, Wariinga is symbolic of the enslaved. Ngugi reveals major problems of the society and analyzes the process of her reformation. The author wants Wariinga to speak for Kikuyu readers by claiming that women’s restoration promotes the social development and that workers and peasants must not be oppressed any longer. Ngugi’s representation of Wariinga is a fundamental plea that women in modern Africa have a right to respect and equality. Wariinga is a “resistance heroine” and she overcomes the challenges which confront her. Her experience at the Devil’s Feast changes her from a spectator to a player in the struggle. Wariinga’s passivity gives way to a conscious initiator and facilitator of change. So, two years after the Devil’s Feast at Ilmorog, we encounter the new, dynamic, and self-reliant Wariinga who has become a beautiful and fine looking woman. (Chonbuk National University)

Much of the traditional discussion of equality deals with individuals and group that is predicated on the assumption of a culturally homogeneous society. It helps in dealing with intercultural equality or with equality between individuals belonging to different cultures. Equality is related with the meaning of LGBTQ that requires equal treatment of those who are equal in relevant respects. What respects are relevant, what responses they deserve, and what constitutes equal treatment cannot be determined in transcultural or culturally neutral terms. This is equally true of such other ideas as equal opportunity, equality before the law, and equal liberty. They all require cultural translation and a sensitive search for cultural equivalence in the multi-cultural society. This paper discusses these and related issues by analysing multi-cultural and queer movie ‘Any Day Now’ and drawing out their lives and voices. (Konkuk University)

This article examines what bullying students might commit in school when they thoughtlessly act in Thirteen Reasons Why by Jay Asher. It also studies what such thoughtless behaviors can cause, and what a few students do to stop the tragedy. ‘Thoughtlessness’ is a key word to understanding the bullying and the bullies, who are usually considered to be ordinary and harmless. Because all students are closely connected in school, even seemingly hurtless words and behaviors influence others in unexpected ways. The text shows the process in which a rumor from an ordinary but thoughtless male student spreads all over the school. The rumor leads to the second harm, influencing other students, and consequently drives a victim to death. In the process, any bullies do not apologize without taking responsibilities for their wrongdoing. Asher’s work is useful for finding out the inseparable relation between violence and ‘the banality of evil,’ a dictum used by Hannah Arendt. It might suggest a way to rectify thoughtless bullies.

Kimberly Brubaker Brandley’s Newbery honored novel, The War that Saved My Life, is a book about a girl named Ada physically and psychically escaping from her mother’s abuse caused by the deformity of her foot. In the light of Kleinian study, Ada feels both envy and guilty towards her mother, which means that she envies the creativity of her mother’s breast and in the process of extorting it, she feels guilty by having a thought of attacking her mother. When moving out from London to Kent, Ada’s long journey to getting away from her mother imago to create her own identity on her own has started. In the mean time, Ada shows her linguistic progress alongside structuring her subjectivity. Unconsciously, her eventual aim is to get over her fear of loss her mother, and she achieves it by symbolical matricide in Kristeva’s term. (Gyeongsang National University, Hannam University)

Henry James, a cosmopolitan, is not an indifferent and ignorant of Christianity though he is known as a writer who is unrelated to Christianity. James is not a devout Christian but as part of his identity, his values and worldview are deeply rooted in Christian culture. Among his many works, his Christian worldview is evident in The Ambassadors. He implicitly depicts the Christian worldview by figuratively portraying the characters of the Bible. In particular, he associates Jesus Christ and his crucifixion with the main character Strether who reflects the suffering of self-denial and sacrifice of Jesus Christ, which constitutes the main frame of the Christian worldview. In doing so, James criticizes the collapsed morality and duality of the Newsomes and Waymarsh like Pharisees, pointing to the limits of the value of the dualistic, narrow-minded Wollett, which is dominated by moral absolutism. Finally, he emphasizes the necessity of moral relativism, not the absolute moral standard, by suggesting the necessity of flexible way of thinking through Strether’s final decision which is different from Jesus. (Yeungnam University)

The paper aims to analyze the microscopic narrative so called ‘herstory,’ female or feminist viewpoints on history of modernity in terms of melodrama in The Tale of Two Cities (1859) by Charles Dickens. The historical background of The Tale of Two Cities is the revolutionary period in France and England from 1775 to 1793 including the French Revolution and the American Revolutionary War. The novel not only represents the historical development of human rights in the birth of modern subjectivity based on reason and rationality, but also releases melodramatic explosive power of extravagant emotions, feelings, and affects. The main historical drive to move rational male modern subjects like Alexandre Manette, Charles Darnay, and Javis Lorry in the turbulent era, comes from emotional female subjects like Lucie Manette and Terese Defarge. And hidden narratives of her-story control the manifested history because the decisive motives of the French Revolution and final transformation of Sydney Carton from a meaningless machine to a sacrificial Christ are derived from the herstory about Teresa’s revenge and Lucie’s love. The significance of herstory with respect to melodramatic subjective feelings can shed new light on the buried affects in the narratives under the surface of objective modern history. (Kyung Hee University)

The ultimate goal of this article is to demonstrate that null pronouns in Korean are not pro but null arguments different from overt pronouns. There are six tenable reasons to argue for our claim. First, when overt pronouns and null pronouns appear within opaque contexts, the former induces a de dicto interpretation, whereas the latter yields a de re interpretation. Second, overt pronouns have less functional load than null pronouns in that the former is sensitive to number and gender features, but the latter is not sensitive to these features. Third, the reason why null pronouns cannot be analyzed on a par with overt pronouns is that null pronouns induce a strict/sloppy ambiguity, whereas overt pronouns yield only a strict reading. Fourth, another reason is that null arguments admit indefinite and definite readings, whereas overt pronouns yield only a definite reading. Fifth, null pronouns are interpreted as bound variables, whereas the overt pronoun ku 'he' is not. Finally, ambiguous sentences also lend their support to the assumption that null pronouns in Korean are not the equivalent of overt pronouns. (Far East University)

This paper aims at examining how much of the demotivation factors can be improved after an English program consisting of English conversation classes of different levels and counseling activities. These classes are designed in order to prevent demotivation and to encourage remotivation, adopting the results of previous researches. For this research, a questionnaire consisting of four factors is administered: student, teacher, teaching method, environment. The results show that student factor is the primary source in L2 demotivation regardless of students’ levels, and teacher factor is least influential across the levels. On the other hand, teaching method factor is progressed most effectively in this program. In the proficient levels, high level has the most meaningful differences, and both middle and low levels show effective differences in teaching method factor and student factor respectively. According to the 306 sheets of counseling diaries, students have various characteristics and reasons for the program, and overall they attribute the rise of self-confidence to the program. (Sunchon National University)

The present study explores how Korean college EFL writers construct identity in peer review and revision during the essay writing process. Twelve Korean college students from the university English newspaper club participated in a 15 week writing project that included peer reviews and revision. After the writing project, the semi-structured interview was carried out. To understand their perspectives on constructing writer identities, qualitative methods were employed with writing drafts, peer review comments, revision drafts, and interview transcriptions. For coding the data, the repeated and salient patterns were identified. through careful and repeated reviews. The findings show that six writer identities can be categorized as the six identities: face negotiator, evaluator, junior and senior, facilitator, audience, and opinion-holder. At the beginning of the project, participants showed themselves to be face-saving individuals, but during the process they have negotiated their identities as a face negotiator during the process. Over time, as a facilitator, they became aware of the benefits of providing comments and suggestions in the peer review process. Future studies will include a greater sample size, classroom-based settings, and investigations of constructs of investment and imagined identities from their writings. (Keimyung University)

The purpose of this research is to investigate factors that Korean adult EFL leaners perceive to have an impact on their speaking performance in encounters with interactive speaking activities. Grounded on interview-based qualitative data, the present research found five factors in association with individual EFL learners’ oral proficiency during their social interactions of English speaking: (i) the degree of EFL learners’ desire or willingness to speak; (ii) the avoidance of face-threatening communicative actions; (iii) the extent of anxiety reactions to speaking; (iv) necessity for overall linguistic proficiency; and (vi) prioritizing listening over speaking. Among those factors extracted, three were related to those factors that exerted influence on EFL learners’ speaking at an affective level while two factors were perceived to affect their speaking at a cognitive level. Given that EFL speaking involves demanding processes both affectively and cognitively, each of these factors was perceived to play a predominant role in EFL students’ achievement of oral proficiency, which most likely impacts individual learners’ on-going speaking performance. (Kyungnam University)

This study aims to provide a Construction Morphology analysis of Old English (OE) typical (TP) exocentric type of bahuvrihi (BAH) adjectival compounds with the data of 211 compounds collected and described in Park (2018). Within the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM) (Booij 2010c), this study shows four things, which are distinguished from a traditional descriptive analysis (Kastovsky 1992, 2002, 2009, Park 2018). First, an OE TP BAH adjectival compound can be considered as a construction or a constructional idiom with a specific form and meaning. Second, the compounds' properties of form and meaning can be simply and straightforwardly represented by four subschemas, 'TP-Bah1 (Df)', 'TP-Bah1 (Df.O-F)', 'TP-Bah2 (Df.O-M)', and 'TP-Bah2 (Df.O-F/M)'. Third, by means of the mechanism, 'Default Inheritance' in CM, the four Df and Df.O subschemas can be generalized over and unified into one abstract schema ([[A]k[N]i]Aj ↔ [Having SEMk SEMi]j) for OE TP BAH adjectival compounds; idiosyncratic types of the compounds are not treated as 'exceptions'. Fourth, the inheritance tree contributes a simple and systematic classification of the compounds; the most abstract schema at the top and the four subschemas at the bottom construct a hierarchical network. This article is the first study that tries to account for the holistic, and thus idiosyncratic properties found in OE TP BAH adjectival compounds based on Construction Morphology. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

This paper aims to consider how to account for the problems of Localization and the Interference condition in order to solve different Scrambling phenomena. There are many sentences that cannot be explained by simple syntactic constraints and rules in the various phenomena of language movements. In particular, there are many cases where grammatical constraints cannot explain whether sentences are movable or not. This paper assumes that the reason for the different Scrambling phenomena in each language can be demonstrated depending on the presence or absence of case markers. As the case markers having [+strong voiceP] features are triggered between vP and VP structures, the label [+high applicative] creates a transparent phase by expanding the phase upward under internal merge. The sentence components are able to be moved to proper feature checking places by Look-ahead condition in an extended phase regardless of the Interference condition and Localization. In addition, the Scrambling bears different meanings after the movement phenomena with proper feature checking. (Chonbuk National University)