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This study attempts to clarify the socialistic ideologies of the British poets of 1930s and to compare them with those of Korean literary men who had been engaged in the proletariat literary movement from 1923 to 1935. Facing various socio-economic crisis, the British young poets, such as W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender, etc. thought that if they were indifferent to these kinds of political and social situation they could be guilty, and took action for some solutions to the problems. Marxism was the most appealing ideology for them to resist Fascism and the Capitalistic Wickedness. The proletariat literary movement of Korea began from 1922-23. In 1925, KAPF which aimed at the conscious class struggle against the Japanese control and the achievement of the socialistic revolution, by making use of the literary activities and the organization, was founded and led by Kee-Jin Kim, Yung-Hee Park, Lim Wha, etc. In 1935, KAPF collapsed because of the ideological discord among the members and the oppression by the Japanese authorities. The political movements of Marxism by both groups were not successful, which helped to the spread of Fascism. (Daegu University)

Rich herself becomes a model survivor of many poets of second wave feminism. Her survival hinged on empathy: empathy with her own kind. For Rich, the exilic condition, which displaces, reconfigures, and fragments the self, is not only a trope, but also an asset; it gives one a perspective, a vantage point. And it makes for a certain fertile detachment and gives one new ways of seeing. Rich’s vision of intimacy can be understood as a way to combat epistemological alienation by gaining self-consciousness through a looking inward and outward that can assess one’s past, fears, and desires in relation to one’s private and public(social) longings. While exile is an actual condition, it can also be a metaphorical condition from which she develops an ethics of intimacy. Rich’s poetry collection Twenty-One Love Poems(1976) calls for cultivating an intimacy which breaks down barriers between private and public life. The subject of Twenty-One Love Poems is not the lesbian love shared by the lovers but the politics of their resistance in the patriarchal world. In repudiating a sequestered, safe private life disengaged from the world around her, Rich insists that achieving intimacy cannot happen behind the cloaks of racial, gendered, and economic privileges. (Kyungpook National University)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze one of Africa’s most influential writers, Bessie Head, and her novel Maru, focusing on the phenomenon of internal colonialism in Africa. The South Africa-born and Botswana-exile writer expressed concerns about the fact that racial discrimination against Bushmen was committed not just by white people but also by black people. Among those concerns, Maru exposes the harsh prejudices of the Botswana tribes against the Marsarwa people, who are Bushmen. This paper, therefore, treats the problem of how black Africans inherited European colonialism and racism through their experience of being colonized. Maru describes how tribal violence prevailed even into postcolonial African society in the case of Botswana. The basic reason Head stressed this was because she was the daughter of a white woman and a black South African man. As she was the product of an illicit union in the apartheid era of South Africa, she was able to experience Afrikaner‘s racial prejudice against a colored woman and to closely observe tribalism as well. The main character of the novel, Maru, is a Bushman woman who suffers the same persecution by the Botswana people as the writer did. In this context, this paper intends to review that the reason that Head created her main character as a Bushman was to show the process of how Bushmen were excluded in history in light of her own experiences. With this in mind, this paper emphasizes that Head confronts the blacks’ irrational discrimination against Bushmen in the beginning and gradually changes the conflict between the two tribes into a harmonious situation, indicating an end to tribalism. (Chonnam National University)

Tennessee Williams’ Cat on a Hot Tin Roof shows a family living on a big plantation in a 1950’s capitalistic America, focusing on the family's material greed, self-consciousness on heterosexuality and homosexuality, and the social cognition about sexual identity. This paper is based on the premise that Big Daddy tried to redefine heterosexuality and homosexuality, and influenced Brick to confront his own sexual identity problems. It seems that Williams let his characters discuss sexual politics on stage as part of an effort to avoid political pressure about homosexuality. In order to defend homosexuality from social condemnation, Williams used correlations between Big Daddy and Brick, Brick and Maggie, and the Goopers. Conflicts between homosexuality and heterosexuality are organically exposed through psychological or active mechanisms, such as a characters’ intimation, concealment, and violence. Examining the process of self-consciousness and common social ideals concerning sexual identity, we can verify sexual discourses and resistance under a politically exclusive 1950's American society. (Daegu Catholic University)

In Gloria Naylor’s The Women of Brewster Place, the author offers reflections of her political concerns regarding questions of race and gender in America. The novel is the story of seven African American women who live in a decaying apartment building in the suburbs of a northern city in America. The white supremacy mechanisms in American society force these women face ongoing social discrimination. Naylor reveals the crisis of her character's collective pain as they struggle with life in the ghetto. Living in a world of frustration and confusion are major themes resulting from the harsh reality of race, class, and gender problems the women face. In time, they come to realize that forming a sisterhood consisting of all African American women could offer support and allow them to resolve the issues of the deferred dreams of black America. Mattie’s healing process illustrates how black women can survive in an oppressive world. Mattie is not destroyed by harmful the society in which she lives. She develops a plan to create meaningful change for herself and others victimized by the difficult social structure. (Gyeonggi College of Science and Technology)

This article aims to look into how Don DeLillo uses languages and generic factors in his novel Cosmopolis in the Bakhtinian perspective. DeLillo uses the core factors of popular genres and media, such as TV, street-performances and popular songs, etc. and engages his readers’ attention. In the case of Cosmopolis, such factors are various from curses, market shouts, street languages to literary languages, including confessions, diaries, all kinds of professional jargons, and diverse narrative devices, such as stream of consciousness, oxymoron and irony, etc. So it’s no exaggeration to say that this novel is an encyclopedia of languages. In the methodology, DeLillo prefers parody. For example, he reprocesses economic, technical jargons parodically and uses them to represent his critical intentions, so that without almost his direct comments, his readers realize easily and interestingly how the computer based global financial system works in the American culture. The result of our discussion here shows that the very parodic reprocessing lets this novel appropriate and stratify a variety of genres, styles, tones, nuances, etc. This narratology demonstrates the possibility of novel as an evolving genre. (Chosun University)

This study illuminates Professor St. Peter’s orphancy, orphanophobia, and various aspects of emotions of deprivation occurring in his heart on the basis of modern definitions of an orphan. He, among the family, is superficially not an orphan, but suffers from a sense of emptiness owing to his family members who are indulged in materialistic desires all the time. For the reasons his ego lacks and depression is getting deeper, so he constantly tries to meet his real self, Jung’s the Self. Looking back on the dead Tom, his twin image, he sticks to his old house which proves his persona and evokes the Blue Mesa making him overcome his own loneliness and hollow feeling. That is, Tom is the reflection of the shadow and anima according to the theory of Jung’s Individuation. Ultimately this work is identical to the Jungian theory, process of self-realization pursuing the Self. Hence Professor St. Peter has successfully experienced significant changes that have him face his life wholly through his own inner differentiation by taking courage for the future. (Daejin University)

This study aims at investigating W.B. Yeats’ ideas of contraries and pursues to understand the methods of unifying contraries and the significance of Unity of Being in his poetic world. Yeats attempted to embody a harmonious world through trying to meld an opposing world. These opposites include reason and sense, body and soul. He thought he would reach a perfect state, ‘Unity of Being’ through struggle between these conflicting factors. In his early poetry, he wandered between the ideal and real world, in search of fairy lands. But through his hard personal experiences, he found that the discord and conflict between his ideal and real world. After he was aware of a limited life and an old body, he wanted to navigate to Holy Byzantium, the ideal world of the soul. He wanted to incarnate himself as immortal arts. But he realized it was too difficult to achieve Unity of Being without harmonious conjunction between body and soul. And he recognized that the ideal world must be a part of the real world. (Korea Nazarene University)

This study focuses on the reason why the socialist feminism in England changed and was on the ebb, comparing two works: Dusa, Fish, Stas, and Vi by Pam Gems and Top Girls by Caryl Churchill. Both worried about the feminist problems, writing the works in the culminating period of feminism in England. It was because socialist feminism changed its characteristics, influenced by the theory of patriarchy in radical feminism, which stresses the rising of personal consciousness and sisterhood among women. Socialist feminism, on the contrary, insists that the main factor of women's oppression is the family of the class system in capitalism rather than the patriarchal system based on radical feminism. Although Pam Gems describes a socialist feminist in the work, she accepts the theory of patriarchy in socialist feminism and comes up with the solution: sisterhood. But it has been proved that females belonging to different class systems can not be united. Churchill strongly opposes to the bourgeois feminism and sisterhood, and considers that class problems have mainly caused a key role of women's oppression. She suggests that women's real liberation is possible when women aggressively struggle for the elimination of class systems. The revolutionary movement uniting all the working classes, including male workers, can only lead to the equal society without class difference. (Chosun University)

In accordance with Christian rituals, a litany is a collection of prayers and supplications which are included in The Book of Common Prayer used in Anglican Churches from the mid sixteenth century. Donne creatively adopts these traditional hymns in the light of his personal and literary concerns in one of his divine poems—A Litany. The writer’s reuse of The Book of Common Prayer in A Litany propounds his own experiences of bodily pain, mental and spiritual reflections. Unlike in The Book of Common Prayer, Donne’s A Litany endorses his sincere requests and longings for the improvement of his troubled mind. This paper investigates the procedure of engaging his internalized and close relationship with God. It scrutinizes the author’s strenuous and persistent aspirations to search for his intimate connection with the Almighty, through elaborating his multifarious religious susceptibilities. (Changwon National University)

In these days of capitalist fetishism, Steinbeck’s Monterey triumvirate (Tortilla Flat, Cannery Row, and Sweet Thursday) is well known as a prominent satire of the traditional capitalism, and for showing the writer’s realistic naturalism and moral optimism. Although the novels are blamed for too many anecdotes and oversimplification, they have given us gentle and unadorned moral lessons and pleasure. Paying attention to that fact that the characters of the triumvirate are particularly absorbed in collecting and rent, this paper aims to compare and analyze the connotation of the concepts in the text, and to illuminate Steinbeck’s view of justice by treating American dream and its paradox, and by using historical facts, and Hanna Arendt’s and Richard Dawkins’s idea. (Chosun University)

This paper delves into some interesting aspects of focus in relation to inversion. In this paper, I argue that inversion in English is a syntactic operation, in which the verb moves into the Focus head across the subject. I try to provide a unified and principled account of Locative Inversion constructions and Subject Aux Inversion constructions by postulating multiple Focus Phrase (FocP) positions: above vP and IP. First of all, by positing FocP above vP, the verb moves into Foc, which in turn attracts the subject into its Spec. Locative phrases are pulled up into Spec, IP to satisfy EPP, resulting in Locative Inversion. Second, positioning FocP above IP enables Aux to move into Foc likewise across the subject. This movement pulls up wh-phrases or negative phrases into Spec, FocP to be focused. The process of focalization in these two types of inversion constructions is established via spec-head agreement in a unified way. (Chungbuk National University)

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of English reading anxiety on the process of English reading as a foreign language. For this end, the study attempted to solve the research questions regarding what factors constitute the English reading anxiety of Korean college students and what relationships are between the English reading anxiety factors and English learners' reading proficiency. The participants of this study were 366 Korean college students who were preparing for TOEIC test. Modified FLRAS(Foreign Language Reading Anxiety Scale) and the TOEIC R/C scores were used to collect data and the data was analyzed statistically through factor analysis, reliability analysis, one-way ANOVA and correlation analysis. Through factor analysis, four factor components were extracted: “general reading anxiety”, “self-confidence lack anxiety”, “lengthy text anxiety”, and “lexical/meaning anxiety.” The result of ANOVA analysis showed that there was a significant effect of reading anxiety on English reading proficiency, and the correlation analysis indicated that there was a significantly negative correlation between English reading anxiety and English reading proficiency, in particular, for the higher group of English reading proficiency. Based on the findings, some suggestions were given in the end. (Kunsan National University)

This paper deals with previous studies on English Double Object Constructions (hereafter, DOC), and then suggests a new approach to account for the asymmetry of Indirect Objects(hereafter, IO) and Direct Objects(hereafter, DO) in DOC, through Park(1996)’s Split Projections of functional categories: TP, vP. Split Projections that consist of Spec-Head Agreement(hereafter, SHA) and Outer Spec-Head Agreement(hereafter, OSHA) play an important role in the analysis of English Double Object Constructions. (Chodang University)

Readability is an important issue in finding the right fit between students’ reading ability and text difficulty. The purpose of this study is to analyze reading texts from the five high school English textbooks with the same number of chapters as regards their readability and to examine whether each chapter of the texts would be placed in order of difficulty. The readability was calculated with the well-known readability formulas including the Flesch-Kincaid Readability, the Gunning Fog formula, and the Coh-Metrix tool. Coh-Metrix was developed to provide a wide range of indices for the characteristics of texts on multiple levels of analysis. It is supposed to better understand differences between texts beyond traditional readability measures. This study tried to get the answer of the question: Is there, according to these readability formulas and Coh-Metrix indices, an increase in order of the difficulty throughout the whole units of the textbooks? It has been found that the difficulty changes without principle. Based on this, the suggestion is that English textbooks writers and teachers should recognize readability is the most important consideration in writing or selecting English textbooks. (Wonkwang University)

Compensatory lengthening (CL) refers to the process whereby the deletion of a segment leads to the lengthening of another segment. The traditional moraic approach to CL (Hayes 1989, among others) predicts that only deletion of mora-bearing segments, i.e., vowels and coda consonants, can induce this phenomenon. In this paper, however, we show that the deletion of an onset consonant in Old English (OE) can result in CL, bringing to light the aspects of CL triggered by the deletion of non-moraic segments. In doing so, we also point out that the traditional account of the phenomenon is not adequate. Reconsidering CL with onset consonant deletion in OE within the framework of correspondence theory (McCarthy and Prince 1995), we argue that a constraint-based approach can provide a better account of the phenomenon. (Sunchon National University ‧ Wonkwang University)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the college students’ English grammar ability and their perceptions of learning English grammar. The participants in this study consisted of 134 college students. A grammar test, and a questionnaire concerning their perceptions and a brain dominance questionnaire were administered. The brain dominance questionnaire categorized the participants into three groups: left-brain dominance (LBD), right-brain dominance (RBD) and whole-brain use (WBU). The main findings are summarized as follows: First, there was a statistically significant difference between left-brain dominant group and right-brain dominant group in English grammar ability. The left-brain group has a higher English grammar ability than the right-brain group.; and second, there was a statistically significant difference among the three groups in degrees of grammar-related anxiety. The right-brain group has the highest grammar anxiety among the groups. The findings suggest that alternative grammar instructions for right-brain dominant students should be developed in order to lower their anxiety and improve their English grammar ability. (Inha University)