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Park, Yunki. “Reading City of Glass as a Post-modern Fiction.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 1-22. The aim of this paper is to analyze City of Glass in terms of the detective genre and as a post-modern fiction. Paul Auster’s City of Glass appeared during the post-modern period and can be classified as a post-modern fiction in more ways than one. Daniel Quinn, assuming the role of the detective Paul Auster, is faced increasingly with the failure of his own attempts to solve the case and later loses his identity completely. In spite of conventional elements of traditional detective stories, the role of the detective has totally changed in this novel. Uncertainty, doubt, and indecision reign in the story as no decision can necessarily be a correct one. Actually, City of Glass does not meet the reader’s expectations for detective stories. Just as post-modernist texts thoroughly make the readers active participants during the reading process, City of Glass as a post-modern fiction renders us active readers. (Paichai University)

Park, Jai Young. “‘You never did anything bad?’: Challenges to Religion in Stone.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 23-39. The film Stone (2010) written by Angus MacLachlan and directed by John Curran not only visualizes the hypocritical aspects of Christianity but portrays the complexity of faith, reality, reason, desire, love, morality, and social normality with diverse characters: Jack, whose religion has become no more than a culture and habit; Stone, who challenges Jack’s religious perceptions and morality; Lucetta, who deconstructs the borderlines between love and moral principles and desire and pleasure; and Madylyne, who has lost her “life” in the “dungeon” of religious marriage. The film presents to the viewers such questions as what sin is, who can judge human beings about their sin, what religion is, what the essence and discrepancy of Christianity are, what morality is, and so forth. This paper attempting to answer those questions scrutinizes the four characters in the context of ideological discussions between atheists and theists. It will borrow ideas from representative atheists like Richard Dawkins and Walter Sinnott-Armstrong to explicate the argument of atheist perspectives against religion, primarily conservative Christianity, and some theist ideas from Christian theorists to refute them. (Chonbuk National University)

Byun, Hyojeong. “Africa, Diaspora, and Anarchism in Henderson the Rain King.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 41-59. This study aims to trace Henderson's spiritual development through his movement to Africa with the theories of diaspora and anarchism. The protagonist Henderson lives a life as a scion in America, but he suffers from turmoil in his heart caused by memories regarding his family members. This emotion exiles him from his homeland, so he goes to the deepest, darkest part of Africa, which has a primitive power toward renewal, following the promptings of his unforgettable inner voice, "I want," and longing to set things straights. In Africa, Henderson goes through trials and errors among two different types of tribes, the Arnewi and the Wariri. By experiencing a unique rainmaking ceremony among the Wariri, he faces violent and aggressive forces and the essence of his own life. As time goes by, with King Dahfu helping, he enjoys a useful and fulfilling life and feels calm without the pressure or congestion of his thoughts. Further, Henderson breaks through his spirit's sleep in the end and finds a cure for his spiritual malady. Hence he has successfully built his spiritual community, acquired his real psychological freedom, gained deep insight for the future, and become a fully integrated human being, as anarchism, which continually asks the meaning of the self and emphasizes cooperation, suggests. (Daejin University)

Wang, Eunchull. “Rwandan Genocide and Colonial Aftereffect: A Study of Uwem Akpan’s ‘My Parents’ Bedroom’.” Studies in English Language and Literature. 42.3 (2016): 61-79. Uwem Akpan’s “My Parents’ Bedroom” is a story told from the-point-of-view of Monique, a nine-year-old girl whose harrowing experience during the Rwandan massacre is almost indescribable. Her Hutu father is driven to kill his own Tutsi wife, otherwise the whole family will be murdered by a blood-thirsty mob. It is a man-made hell in which children are exposed to a most brutal, heinous experience: their own father killing their own mother. Akpan does not merely delineate what happens during the massacre but delves into the Belgian colonial legacy from which the genocide originated. He suggests that the 1994 genocide had a lot to do with Belgian colonialism which exploited racial elements by giving the Tutsi minority hegemony over the Hutu majority. The author delineates from inside Africa what Africans, children in particular, go through during the massacre. Overall, the story is a sustained prayer in the form of a fiction, hoping that the devastating ethnic hatred be lifted from Rwanda. (Chonbuk National University)

Lee, Myeongha. “The Restoration and Reconciliation in the Poetry of Patrick Kavanagh.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 81-103. Patrick Kavanagh stands as a transitional figure bridging the gap between the Irish literary revivalists led by W. B. Yeats and the new generation of post-Yeatsian poets. Kavanagh's greatest literary achievement lies in his ability to demythologize the revivalist posture by being the first poet to deal very realistically with Irish rural life through the lens of an insider. In his poetic masterpiece, The Great Hunger, Kavanagh bitterly mocks the revivalists' idealizations of the local peasantry by showing the grimmer and more tragic reality of a 65-year-old farmer named Patrick Maguire. However, his poems written in the late 1960s demonstrate how his later poetic world stays away from the social discontent apparent in the middle period and instead moves toward personal satisfaction based on his poetic concepts of parochialism and comic spirit. Among his later poems, "In Memory of My Mother" serves as a good example to prove this shift by presenting many similarities with and differences from The Great Hunger. The differences between the two similar yet different poems written in different times can be interpreted in terms of ‘restoration’ and ‘reconciliation.’ In this sense, by comparing and contrasting the two poems, this paper aims to take a closer look at how Kavanagh’s poetic landscape is fully completed through a series of restoration and reconciliation steps: “the harmony between ego and reality,” “the expansion of spaces and interaction,” and “the restoration of ordinariness.” (Chonnam National University)

Lee, Young Cheol. “Toni Morrison’s God Help the Child: A Daughter’s Trauma and Sexuality Projective Identification brought about by the Ruptured Mother-Daughter Relationship.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 105-133. This study discusses the daughter’s trauma and sexuality projective identification brought about by the ruptured mother-daughter relationship in Toni Morrison’s God Help the Child, from a perspective of the theories of Object Relations Therapy. In the novel, Morrison projects Bride's traumatized past onto her heterosexual relationship with Booker Starbern who carries within him a psychological-emotional trauma. Bride gets herself absorbed in sexuality with Booker. She doesn't try to know or understand anything about him. This attitude that she shows in her relationship with Booker evokes the sexuality projective identification in the course of doing object relations therapy. Morrison seeks to not only relieve Bride of her traumatized past but also resurrect the relationship between her and Booker. However, Morrison doesn't make clear her relief from trauma or the resurrection of her heterosexual relationship. (Jeonju University)

Chang, Soonreal. “Death in Emily Dickinson’s War Poems in Fascicle 19.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3(2016): 135-166. The years of the Civil War asked Dickinson to make 40 fascicles, which contain almost half of her total number of poems. Though her wartime productivity of poems was very high, her precise relations to the war are not so clear. This paper seeks to explore the nature of her “obliqueness” in her mention in the letter to Higginson in February 1863 which corresponds to the feeling of discomfort caused by the war. Reading some of Dickinson’s letters and the poem, Fas 19.6 “It don’t sound so terrible—quite—as it did—” (J.426), it analyzes her reaction to Frazar Stearns’s death at the Battle of Newbern, which was a hard blow to the whole town where Dickinson lived. Due to the trauma caused by the war casualties, she could not help but do a reassessment of the norms and fundamental faiths of the nation which were idealizing deaths under the ideology of patriotism and religious fervor. She became very critical of the ideological framework of society during the war and laid an emphasis on the enlarging vicious cycle of the innermost pain in struggling to overcome the terror of the war. In this sense, Dickinson’s Fascicle 19 was not a random collection of poems, but sequences based on the influences of the Civil War on her mind and her society as well. (Gwangju University)

Jeong, Heeyeon. “There Was No ‘American’ Pastoral, There: A Reading of Philip Roth’s American Pastoral.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 167-186. This paper examines that the protagonist’s dream to be an American in Philip Roth’s American Pastoral is just an endless frustration and tragedy in the end. Starting from the 1940s, Roth asks a question about the definition of “being an American.” Being an American which has a connotation of including the “American dream,” is a fantasy itself. Swede, the main character, has lived as a hero for a Jewish community since his childhood. His dream is to become a WASP beyond his race, being a Jew. The falls of Swede, Newark, and America, however, are juxtaposed. Swede seems like he is attacked by Mary, his daughter as well as a bomb thrower, and a fatal series of American historical events such as the anti-Vietnam War movement and the civil rights movement. His family business failure and a national crisis exist side by side in American Pastoral. Roth reveals that there is no American dream or ideal pastoral. (Pusan National University)

Hwang, Cheebok. “John Steinbeck’s The Pastures of Heaven: The Traditional American Vision of Success.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 187-206. This study aims to analyze John Steinbeck's earliest published work, The Pastures of Heaven, which is a collection of stories about the inhabitants of a fertile valley in California. This novel consists of short stories that describe particular times and places within the valley. Everyone in the valley including the main character, the Bert Munroes is trying to seek the quest for his own happiness. In fact, the world Steinbeck describes in each of these stories is fraught with barriers that are erected largely by misguided human perceptions. Thus, in this study as Steinbeck’s non-teleological philosophy accords with several other Eastern cosmological precepts as well, I analyzed each character from Eastern philosophical and religious traditions including Hinduism and Buddhism related to Steinbeck's non-teleological philosophy. I thus applied Eastern ideas such as maya, lila, karma, and moksha in the procedure of the quest of happiness which characters seek. In a wide range of views, analyzing this work through the views for Eastern traditions elucidates much insufficiency of the American vision. Therefore, I think what Steinbeck intends in this work is to bring the spiritual imagination of the American mind to the crisis of America to face its inevitable destiny. (Jeonju University)

Park, Seungwon. “A Study on Analyzing English Learning Mistakes in Korean EFL Learners’ Speaking Proficiency.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 207-219. The present study examines the types of grammatical mistakes or errors that English learners made when they took the OPIc speaking lesson and compared the two test results of OPIc. 21 undergraduates participated and one native speaker helped the researcher to analyze the data. The results were classified into several parts of speech: articles, auxiliaries & modals, conjunctions, prepositions, personal pronouns, noun inflections, verb inflections, and others. Among them, grammatical mistakes or errors of articles were the highest at 42.8%, followed by those of prepositions at 23.9%, others at 8.9%, auxiliaries & modals at 6.8%, noun inflections at 5.4%, verb inflections at 5.0%, conjunctions at 4.1%, and personal pronouns at 3.1%. The OPIc learners were not likely to try to correct their mistakes or errors within the limited time while listening, writing, and speaking in exercises in class. This research suggests that explicit grammatical and communicative instruction based on swift feedback and correction is needed to positively teach spoken English. (Konyang University)

Song, Si-chun. “A Study of Undergraduate Korean and International Students’ Perceptions and Preferences on English Medium Instruction Taught by Korean Instructors.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 221-243. This study investigated university students’ perceptions and preferences on English Medium Instruction (EMI) taught by Korean instructors. The data for this study was collected through paper surveys from 105 Korean and 81 international students. Results showed that there were no significant differences between groups in perceiving the effectiveness of EMI and the necessity of improving EMI courses with regards to teacher quality, teaching methods, and student learning assessment practices. Nonetheless, there was a significant difference between groups regarding class activities. International students preferred to work in groups on presentations, assignments and discussions. Participants in both groups opposed the idea of expanding EMI to general and major elective courses, and increasing mandatory credits for EMI courses. They preferred student-centered learning over teacher-centered instruction. Overall, the international students expressed greater dissatisfaction with EMI classes than the Korean students did. The international students exhibited more stress from having to master Korean as well as English for learning course material. Based on this study’s results, implications and recommendations for researchers and educators are discussed to improve the quality of EMI courses at Korean universities. (Chonbuk National University)

Yoon, Hyeon Sook & Kim, Chang Soo. “Effects of Instructional Adaptation for Handicapped University Students.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 245-262. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of tutoring handicapped university students in TOEIC Reading Comprehension through instructional adaptation. The participants are two freshmen. Subject 1 is a mildly visually impaired female student and Subject 2 is a male student with Asperger's syndrome(2nd class with intellectual disability). This research uses ABA design which is composed of 10 mediations. Each mediation includes a 5-minute pretest, a 30-minute instructional adaptation, a 5-minute posttest, and 10 minutes of counselling. The results of this research indicate that handicapped students achieve significant improvement of text-tests and TOEIC scores after learning TOEIC Reading Comprehension through instructional adaptation. In conclusion, instructional adaptation to handicapped students shows significant effectiveness to motivate TOEIC study and achieve good scores. (Konyang University)

Lee, Eun Kyeong. “English Coordination Strategy as L2.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 42.3 (2016): 263-285. This paper sheds light on L2 acquisition in linking up coordination's identical categories. There are ten types of coordinations, featuring sentences, phrases, nouns or gapped constituents. Lust(1977) claims that two factors with conjunction structure and deletion directionality constrained children's performance on the elicited imitation task. Also, in Ardery(1980)'s comprehension test, four easy structures and six difficult structures are divided, as implies that seemingly simple coordination patterns are much easier to comprehend. He insists that the non-imitative production test's result was like the comprehension test's result despite the figures' difference. Accordingly, this paper hypothesizes three predictions; first, C test and NIP test are correlated with G scaling, second, there is the troublesome acquisition of gapping, and third, intransitivity shows a learning edge over transitivity. As a result, whereas the first hypothesis is partially accepted, the second and third are fully accepted. (Jeonju University)