Earticle

“The Zoo Story: The Recognition of Reality Through Interaction.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 1-18. Peter lives a passive and mechanical life. Even Peter’s life is alienated from his family. Peter is unable to insist on his own thought. So Peter can’t keep truthful interaction with others. For experiencing truthful contact, Jerry who already recognized the necessity for truthful contact with others to overcome alienated life tries to convince Peter of the importance of contact which symbolizes the possibility about salvation. Nevertheless, Peter does not open his mind easily. Continually, Jerry tries to show Peter the reality by telling stories about a dog he contacted at the house and about his visit to a zoo. However, Peter tries to keep his bench, which has been Peter’s nest. Finally, Jerry throws himself to the knife for attempting bodily contact. Jerry succeeds in contacting with Peter and liberating him from the bench through his self-sacrifice. Albee presents the necessity of awakening from the reality in order to escape from isolation and of sacrifice for truthful contact with each other. In the end of this play, Peter suddenly awakens to the reality of the situation and yells that Jerry is mad. This scene represents the possibility of change of Peter’s attitude toward life. He will not avoid the recognition of reality any longer. In conclusion, Albee asserts that the only way to overcome and improve isolated life is contact and sacrifice for each other. Albee is sure that there is still a ray of hope to improve absurd human situation by experiencing contact with each other and sacrifice for each other. (BEDU Lifelong Education Institutions)

“Madness and Healing: Doris Lessing’s Briefing for a Descent Into Hell.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 19-43. According to Michel Foucault, madness is something to be feared and ignored in the Western world, and so a madman, as the other, is excluded from ordinary society. However, in Briefing for a Descent Into Hell Doris Lessing shows madness is not a disease to be avoided, and rather it connects to another reality or another view of life. For Lessing, madness can be therapeutic rather than destructive. Unlike the female protagonists in other novels, Briefing for a Descent Into Hell begins with the story of a madman who is hospitalized at the Central Intake Hospital in London. The doctors attend this man, later identified as Charles Watkins with two sons, with conventional treatments and medicine, and regards him as a patient not a human being. Others including his wife, Felicity, think of him as the other, mentioning that he has shown something strange or inappropriate in daily life. This otherness might be caused with the matter of the lack of mutual understanding between individuals, which drives him into an inner-space journey. In his dream, he confronts and experiences incomprehensible accidents, such as a fantastic and genocidal war which may be occurring in our civilization. This dream makes him realize the difference between madness and sanity, dream and reality. Coming out of his dream, he gains the vision of unity in which one can embrace each other’s otherness and promote harmony in them. Like this, in Briefing for a Descent Into Hell, through madness Charles Watkins’s urge to heal the schism of his self-division is well represented by Lessing who emphasizes that madness is a cultural label that permits the potential for vision or self-healing to be nullified by the very institutions that ostensibly promote recovery. (Chungwoon University)

“Rereading the Fairy Tales of “Bluebeard” from a view of Inter-textuality.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 45-67. This paper is to confirm that rereading so many different versions of “Bluebeard” from a view of inter-textuality is worthwhile. The tale of “Bluebeard,” as Heidi A. Heiner suggests, is inarguably one of the most fascinating fairy tales we have, not only due to its content-after all, there aren’t many fairy tales about serial killing husbands-but also due to its continuing influence in many areas of art. Looking for “Bluebeard” in the contemporary landscape, the original version of “La Barbe bleue” by Charles Perrault has been rewritten and recreated so many times that it is not possible to distinguish it from the other versions. Actually, many different versions of “Bluebeard” go on repeating themselves around the world at this very moment. However, so many different versions of “Bluebeard” enable us to read and reread the fairy tales from different point of views or from a view of intertextuality. It is possible to infer the substantial nature of all humankind of the world by inter-textual rereading, Accordingly, identifying the intrinsic meaning of the fairy tales, deriving common meaning from the various versions of the same text in the interdependent ways, is very proliferating. (Pai Chai University)

“Poetics of Grief and Mourning: Presence of Mother in Natasha Tretheway’s Poetry.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 69-89. Natasha Tretheway’s poetry can be read as a sustained work of mourning for her mother who met a tragic death. It seems that Tretheway fails in completing the Freudian “work of mourning” by being unable to withdraw her “attachment to” her mother, “that lost object.” Her poetry reveals every symptom of what Freud called “melancholia” which is quite opposite to normal “mourning.” Paradoxically enough, however, she seems to succeed by failing, for true mourning is to keep the other alive and not to close the border between life and death. Her poetry demonstrates what Derrida eloquently elaborated: “In order to succeed, [mourning] would well have to fail, to fail well. It would well have to fail, for this is what has to be so, in failing well.” (Chonbuk National University)

“The Man of Law’s Tale: Fusing a Popular English Tradition With Elite Literary Devices.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 91-114. No medieval writers in the fourteenth century used the popular stories and the artistry of the popular story-teller as abundantly as Chaucer. Chaucer elaborated the popular stories into something new and original in terms of characterization, tone, style and so on. Chaucer positively combined the basic plot of popular stories with new rhetorical skills to create effects that we would not expect from them. Chaucer’s storytelling techniques exploited in the basic pattern of the popular tale for these effects accompany his audience as a co-author in understanding a tale. The Man of Law’s Tale is an appropriate model which shows Chaucer’s ingenious combination of two different literary cultures--the popular literary culture and the elite literary one. In the tale, Chaucer employs his storytelling techniques inherited from his literary predecessors such as Ovid, Jean de Meun, and so on in the plot-line of traditional, popular narrative. (Daegu University)

“Christ as a Poet-Prophet in “Song of Myself”.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 115-29. Northrop Frye points out that the content of the Bible describes the procession of revelation, which set up an imaginative framework for the western literature. Walt Whitman, whose poetic concerns are his audience’s spiritual health, longs to become a biblical prophet to American people, and he finds his inspiration for the poet-prophet in Christ, Messiah in the Bible. Whitman’s founding poem, “Song of Myself” is the result of his yearning to express the Christlike poet-prophet in the form of a myth or symbol. He accomplishes this by first identifying Walt Whitman, nineteenth-century American, with everyone, and then relating his development in such a way as to identify him with Christ, proclaiming the individual as his own Messiah. Therefore, “Song of Myself” should be read as one of the great inspired prophetic works in which Whitman himself serves as a holy testament identified with Christ. (KAIST)

“Quest for the Impersonal Framework: The Mythical Method, Title & Notes in The Waste Land.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 131-46. This essay looks into the literary contexts Eliot faced and felt in taking the three actions after the completion of The Waste Land: his revision of the title at the last moment, extraneous imposition of the lengthy Notes, and 1923 emphasis on “the mythical method.” First of all “the mythical method” was nothing new but had been exhaustively experimented and practiced by Eliot. In this light his short explication of the method as Joyce’s in Ulysses is rather misleading. The revision of the original title from Dickens’s novel, “He Do the Police in Different Voices,” diverted the reader’s attention from the art of presentation to the presence of a much broader horizon, the mythical framework with an archetypal pattern and moral consciousness. Then by adding the Notes, Eliot tried to extend the horizon further by the anthropological perspectives in the Grail Legend and The Golden Bough. The three acts are all meant to point out that there is a framework in the poem that controls and unifies the apparently anarchical and disordered fragments, which implies how apprehensive Eliot was of giving an order to the poem after Pound’s editing of the original manuscript. (Dongyang University)

“Coleridge’s Re-vision and Disillusionment” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 147-65. The preface and subtitle of “Kubla Khan” are aesthetic and thematic elements that evoke various critical perspectives and interpretive responses. The preface, as a supplement distinguished from the aesthetic experience of the poem itself, is enhanced to an explanatory addition to the imaginative poem. Numerous critics have examined the rhetorical dimensions of the preface and analyzed the ways in which it provides the reader’s interpretive horizon. Though Coleridge endeavors to internalize his poetic figures into a unified vision of himself, he eventually denies himself true identification with his own poetic ideal. His desire for the ideal only leads to his recognition of the imaginative lack and inadequacies. His inability to identify Khan and the poet as ideal agents of the imagination through artistic creativity results in his poetic disappointment and disillusionment. (Keimyung University)

“Double Object Constructions: Indirect Objects as PP Goals.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 167-81. This paper delves into some interesting aspects of double object constructions (DOC) in English and proposes the structure of DOC in terms of the applicative phrase (Bruening, 2010). I combine the DOC and the so-called prepositional dative construction into one unified construction where IO is projected as PP in the specifier of the applicative phrase either on the left or on the right. The head of PP may be null or overt; if it is null via P incorporation, it is disguised as NP. If it is overt, however, it is realized as PP either on the left or on the right of DO. The postulation of PP along with P incorporation can provide a principled account of an asymmetry in the passive of IO and DO in DOCs. The passive of DO in DOCs freely occurs, whereas that of IO in DOCs is highly restricted across ditransitive verbs among native speakers. The account in terms of PP Goal attributes this asymmetry to the existence of P, null or overt, hindering IO to be passivized out of PP, which is treated as a barrier in passivization in English. (Chungbuk National University)

“A Study of Parenthetical Sentence in English.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 183-211. The aim of this study is to reveal a variety of characteristics of the pragmatic meaning and the syntactic function in parenthetical sentences which are made up of simple sentence, complex sentence and compound sentence. I have also discussed and clarified syntactic, semantic and pragmatic criteria to be allowed as parenthetical sentence in the use of parenthetical sentence on the basis of the assertion and the nonassertion of predicate in terms of syntax, semantics and pragmatics. This study has shown a complex interaction of several factors which have syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic characteristics by imposing restrictions on the parenthetical formation. (Kunsan National University)

“A Study on Argument Structure of Perception Verb See.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 213-34. The purpose of this paper is to present the argument structure of perception verb See based on the semantic properties of See. As a result of this paper I found the followings: (1) Perception verb See has gaze as an invisible theme even though it is not realized in syntax. (2) Since See can be both event verb and state verb, it can be predicate of event argument or state argument. (3) When See has a direct visual meaning the event complement of See should be bare infinitive. If not, for example passive construction and state complement, to-infinitive should be used. (4) Since See has a backward meaning the complement of it can not be to-infinitive which has a future oriented meaning. (Mokwon University)

“Raising to Object Constructions in Korean.” Studies in English Language & Literature 37.4 (2011): 235-55. Korean has Raising to Object constructions that a nominative marked embedded subject can be an optionally accusative marked NP. This paper aims to survey which position the accusative marked NP occupies in the surface. I propose that the accusative marked NP is in a matrix A-position in the surface and that the accusative marked NP is base-generated at the lower clause edge position. In section 2, I present the accusative marked NP occupies some position higher than the CP containing the overt complementizer –ko. In section 3, I show the accusative marked NP occupying the position above the CP cannot be linked to its thematic position via movement, and thus it must be base-generated there in Control constructions. In section 4, I suggest this accusative marked NP’s base-generated position cannot be the matrix object position, but must be a part of embedded clause at the Spec of CP2, being higher than CP1. (Konyang University)

“An Analysis Case on Subtitle of Action Films.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 257-76. This study focuses on analyzing an action film subtitles which haven’t yet tried to categorize the translation strategies and shifts. The materials used in this study were the two English-Korean action film subtitles, Die Hard 4.0(2007) and The World is Not Enough(1999). As a result of their analyses, we can find that action film subtitles can be classified as four categories: simplication, explicitation, domestication, and literal translation. These categories render messages to Target Text(TT) with the forms of condensation, deletion, and substitution. At first, simplication refers to shortening the length of TT through core meanings of source text. Explicitation can be said as replacement with clear meaning expressions. Domestication shows that there is a big difference in texts due to different cultures. Lastly, literal translation is found under surroundings of normal dialogues. These findings above suggest that action films can be characterized as four categories different from other film genres because of fast movements and short dialogues. (Hongik University)

An Integrated Approach Model of English Poetry through Semantic Mapping. Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 277-301. Poetry has long been neglected in the classroom especially concerned with language education. This study, based on the experience of involving students in the communicative uses of poetry, investigates the possibility of building an integrated approach model of poetry in the classroom. As a way of exploring the educational values of engaging English poetry in English language pedagogy, this paper rethinks the process of reading poetry in the classroom based on Whole Language Theory. In the process, the semantic mapping technique is experimented and presented as an effective way of promoting more dynamic interactions among the text, learners, and language skills. For an integrated approach model of English Poetry through semantic mapping, Walt Whitman’s poem, “Song of Myself” is taken as a sample poem. Through the analysis of the class and the feedback from students, this paper draws the conclusion that reading a poem for English education can be both a meaningful activity and an effective teaching strategy involving students in experiencing four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) of language in an integrated manner. (Konyang UniversityㆍInha University)

“Morpho-syntactic account of bound morpheme ‘-ge’ in the resultative construction in Korean.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 37.4 (2011): 303-25. This paper is to analyze ‘-ge’ which is assumed here as a delimiter affix in the resultative construction in Korean in terms of morpho-syntactic view. Despite a variety of status of ‘-ge’ morphologically and syntactically, I propose ‘-ge’ should be classified into 3 types: derivational, inflectional affix and a stem-extender. The ‘-ge’ appearing in the resultative construction in Korean is assumed to be inserted in the syntactic position which has a sister node having an abstract clitic position with a feature of [+delimiter]. This proposal shows to bring a parsimonious account of the properties of resultative construction in Korean based on the hypothesis Snyder(1995). With this track, the affix ‘-ge’ is shown to be responsible for checking telicity, which is one of aspectual features and merges with adjectival/(a few group of) verbal phrase, resulting in a resultative interpretation with the help of main predicates. For the incompatibility with resultative construction with some groups, I argue the application of Tortora’s Further Specification Constraint is better one to explain its ungrammaticality. (Jeonbuk National University)