Earticle

The purpose of this study is to explore how Keats’s concern with the poetic career is figured in his early sonnet writing, and how he fashioned his poetic self by writing sonnets, and also how the specific use of the sonnet form allegorizes the poet’s self-consciousness about his poetic career. The thesis of this study is that Keats, an apothecary with neither born nobility, nor acquired formal classical education, used the sonnet form as a vocational enclosure in which he could make a name for himself. In this study, the beginning stage of Keats’s poetic career is examined by focussing on his early sonnets, and his interaction with the contemporary older poets, especially with Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Hunt. Influences, both conscious and unconscious, provides the early Keats models to copy, to transform, and/or to transcend. (Chonbuk National University)

In this article I would like to examine literary dialogues between Edmund Burke, who was the champion of British conservative philosophies, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, a poet, literary critic and polemist. I will focus on Burke’s influential political pamphlet, Reflections on the Revolution in France, which was published in 1790 and attracted various political responses at that time. I will compare Burke’s Reflections with Coleridge’s two works written in his early years -- a political pamphlet titled “On the Present War,” which was included in Conciones Ad Populum and a sonnet, “To Burke,” written as a part of sonnet cycles, Sonnets on Eminent Characters. Coleridge criticized Burke in those works. In so doing, I will show young Coleridge’s disagreement with Burke’s conservatism. (Chonbuk National University)

This paper suggests Marilla’s motherhood and her relationship with Anne is not as controlling as the majority of people thought it to be. In many studies, Marilla was considered to be the demolisher of Anne’s wild characteristic and a definite cause of Anne’s conformity. Whether or not Anne truly was pruned down and conformed is controversial in the field of literature analysis, whereas Marilla was always seen as the antagonist of Anne’s romantic and wild nature. In this paper, Marilla is seen as a friend of Anne rather than a controlling mother who has a cold and brutal power over Anne’s transformative changes. The focus of this paper is the transformation of Marilla as well as her unique form of motherhood and her inner transformation. (Yonsei University)

Although Michel Foucault’s works through the 1970s and 1980s have been understood in notions of genealogy and ethics, the works during these decades can be understood together within Foucault’s philosophy of history. Even though critics have viewed Foucault’s genealogy as a methodological stepping-stone for his next journey on ethics, the ways in which he understands history reveal that his genealogy, ethics, and history are interwoven with one other within a frame of ‘self-problematization.’ In this paper, I will suggest ‘self-problematization’ -- which is a mode of being ethical through a perpetual polemic attitude that motivates one to transform continually -- as a conceptual tool to grasp Foucault’s philosophy of history. Revisiting Foucault’s works through the 1970s and the 1980s and pondering how the earlier inchoate thoughts of history have been developed within the frame of ‘self-problematization’ in later years, I argue that Foucault’s investigation of history through genealogy becomes ethical, as the concepts of both history and genealogy undergo the continual reconfiguration within themselves. (Texas A&M University)

“Dry September” is one of Faulkner’s work which deals with violence in black and white relationship. In the story, a black man is accused of raping a white lady by rumor and is killed by an angry white lynching mob. Minnie, the lady, is a spinster who fails to perform the gender roles assigned by the Southern society, and she is believed to have told a lie in order to get back attention and past glory. Although Minnie is hidden behind the physical violence by the white mob, she is unquestionably the underlying cause of the brutal death. That is, her lie ignites the white men’s hostility against the black people and leads to the tragic ending. In this paper, therefore, Minnie’s lie is treated as a verbal violence together with men’s physical violence, and why she tells a lie is considered with her situation in the South. Lastly, Faulkner is thought to use violence to remind us of the evils of violence and to tell some important truth, not for the sake of violence. (Jeonju University)

This paper aims to illuminate John Steinbeck’s idea of sexuality by re-evaluating sexual images in The Wayward Bus, which have been criticized for its paste-up stories and vulgar characters. The detailed analysis of its texts in the light of psychology references reveals that the sexual desire is repressed by the civilization in the form of money, fame, and public relations. Also, it is found that such a situation causes the characters’ negative aspects of sexual perversions, such as sex/love addiction, anxiety disorder, and hysteria. This story has relevance to the writer’s stormy marriage life with his second wife, Gwyn. Steinbeck uses panoramic stories as a helpful literary technique in an allegorical style describing all the characters equally in the internal monologue of the mind. Notably, the symbolic structure of The Wayward Bus is similar to the sexual response cycle.excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution: The neurotic characters’ sexual drive is stimulated in a closed space. The characters’ desire increases up to the highest level of excitement, bursts up into the modes of intercourse, argument, assault, and rape, and finally recovers its initial condition. I hope this study will contribute to expanding the scope of research about Steinbeck’s literature besides his tendency of social criticism around The Grapes of Wrath. (Chosun University)

The author examines what literary activities have been conducted on the web or on individual computers in both South Korea and North America. To do that, the author focuses on the differences of digital literature in South Korea and North America by examining the digital literary history of both regions. Furthermore, the author delves into the definitions of terms such as e-literature and digital literature to find out how the two parties have represented them according to their terms. The author reviews how experimental literary traditions in North America and socio-economic aspects of South Korea would affect the development of digital literature in each country. Also, the author looks into what kinds of actual online texts have been produced and how the public has responded to them, as well as what problems both sides have faced regarding the future survival of digital literature in a rapidly changing Internet environment. (Chungnam National University)

This study aims to explore the professional identity of Korean high school EFL teachers. A total of nine teachers working in an academic high school setting were interviewed and their responses were transcribed for analysis and further interpretation. In particular, how they position themselves as EFL teachers in a high school was examined by thematic analysis of the transcripts of interviews on their perceptions of professional identity roles and their own definitions of professional expertise. The results of the current study indicate that Korean EFL teachers in academic high schools are very likely to experience identity conflicts in their positioning as EFL teachers. The major conflicting features of their identity formation are shown in 1) their perceptions of their professional roles as EFL teachers (a role as a foreign language learner model vs. a role as a proficient English expert) and 2) their perceptions of an ideal English education (content-based English education vs. skill-based English education). The results seem to support the theoretical understanding of the main features of language teachers’ professional identity: They are multiple, shifting, and in conflict. (Jeonbuk Foreign Language High School)

This study delves into various realizations of a homorganic nasal plus an obstruent stop sequence where a coronal /nt/ shows an opaque and a transparent realization word-finally and word-medially. The different realizations of the coronal /nt/ sequence in different positions inside the word stem from the interactions among the following cases: nasalization of a vowel before a nasal consonant, deletion of a nasal between a nasalized vowel and a voiceless consonant, and deletion of a post-nasal /t/ word-medially in English. It is claimed in this study that such asymmetrical realizations of the /nt/ realizations word-medially and word-finally are attributed to prohibition against a shortened nasal between a nasalized vowel and a voiceless consonant; it is also affected by the deletion of the [t] in the heterosyllabic [n.t] in order to avoid the undesirable sequence. However, other cases of homorganic nasal plus an obstruent stop sequences show symmetrical realizations in different word positions. Thus, all the other NC̥ sequences show an opaque realization due to the high-ranking *v˜NC̥ and other constraints while the other NC̭ clusters show a transparent realization because of high-ranking *NC̭Peri]ttσ and Max-NC̭Cor with other constraints word-medially and word-finally. All these complex-looking NC realizations are accounted for by the procedural theoretical framework called Harmonic Serialism. (Chonbuk National University)

The prosodic transfer in the L2 English speech of L1 Korean learners is explored to see whether and how Korean-speaking English learners try to compensate for lost prosodic properties of the target stress-timed rhythm using the prosodic properties of their L1, a syllable-timed language. In this study, 42 learners were divided into low, medium, and high proficiency groups, based on native English-speaking listener evaluation of their read English speech data. In addition, 19 native speakers of English recorded their own English speech, as a control group. Thirteen native speakers evaluated the speech proficiency of the randomized recordings on a seven-point scale. Next, the duration and fundamental frequency of vowels were measured, to compute their pairwise variability between adjacent vowels within each rhythmic foot. The results showed that learners substituted fundamental frequency variability for duration variability. These results suggest prosodic transfer, prosodic acquisition, and prosodic development in adult language learning. (Kangwon National University)

Repeated reading is a procedure that involves reading a same reading material multiple times. Although there are many studies on repeated reading in relation to L1 acquisition, L2 research on repeated reading seems hard to find or has unclear findings. This study is conducted in order to find out what effect repeated reading aloud has on speaking and writing of adult EFL students. For this purpose of the study, three theoretical backgrounds, i.e., reading aloud, repeated reading, and teaching adult EFL students, were studied. Ten adult participants were given a text each week and read it three times a week for two months, a total of 50 sessions. The reading materials in the second month were longer than the ones of the first month. The students took a pre-test and a post-test so that the researcher could compare the results. To retain objectivity, the tests were marked by three native speakers of English with analytical assessment rubrics for each speaking and writing. The findings indicate that there were significant improvements in both speaking and writing. These were highlighted especially in the aspects of speaking fluency, interaction and writing organization using difficult sentence structure. (Sunchon National University)

This paper explored L2 acquisition pattern of English Wh-questions by Korean L1 learners(L1ers): how do Korean L1ers acquire wh-subject and wh-object respectively in simple clause and embedding clause and which syntactic properties are involved? Here are three hypotheses to raise the curiosities: First, Hypothesis 1 presents L2ers would master wh-subject more easily than wh-object, Next, as for Hypothesis 2 the embedding depth will be a vital factor in L2 learning. Lastly, Hypothesis 3 assumes that proportion on subject & object extraction is asymmetrical. Via the experiment of 150 L2ers Hypothesis 1, 2 and 3 seem persuadable: wh-subject's priority over wh-object, accessible complexity rating plus nearly balanced percentage on subject & object gap. Therefore, this paper verifies that both English L1ers and L2ers would hold a similar mastering status. (Jeonju University)

English, like many other languages, shows assimilation phenomena in a causal and fast speech whereby a target sound harmonizes with the features of place, manner and/or voicing of its neighboring trigger sound within a word or across a morpheme boundary. As a result, two adjacent segments become partially similar or totally the same. Furthermore, English also characterizes a secondary articulation of a consonant in which some of vowel features affect the articulation of a target consonant. This is called consonant secondary place assimilation. A vowel feature of tongue height gives rise to palatalization, that of lip rounding induces labialization and that of tongue back velarization in consonant secondary articulation. Adopting Harmonic Serialism(HS)(McCarthy, 2007, 2008a, b, 2009), well-couched into Optimality Theory(OT) (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004; McCarthy and Prince, 1995), this paper analyzes the target data of English consonant secondary articulation assimilation phenomena and shows how they are appropriately dealt with not by feature spreading but by feature sharing. (Daegu University)

The purpose of the study is to identify what stress changes occur in -ate and -al suffixation in terms of aspects of strength relations through making a comparison between rule-based approaches and constraint-based ones. These suffixes perform dual functions: -ate belongs to Class I (Lee 1996), but plays a role as a stress-bearing or stress-neutral suffix in its specific context where it is affixed; -al is classified into either Class I or Class II, but oscillates between stress-neutral and stress-shifting modes in suffixation. Therefore, first we reclassify the suffixes according to their characteristics in stress-modes. Next, we examine the stress change through rule-based analyses (Ross 1972, Liberman and Prince 1977, Burzio 1994), and then account for it by adopting constraint-based approaches based on the foot structures. As a result, it is demonstrated that the approaches relying on the constraints are more satisfactory in explaining the stress change as well as the strength relations between the bases and the suffixes in suffixation. (Chonnam National University)