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Kang, Kwansoo. “Dream and Competition in Golden Boy. ” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 1-21. The dream of success and competition were the popular ideas praised by Americans in the 1920s. But with the Great Depression, many people came to doubt these values, and Odets was among them. Odets thinks vehement competition is a war between people without harmony. Everybody wages war against everybody in this competitive society. Square boxing ring is a good metaphor for this competitive society. Odets thinks success and rising to the top is not a moral success, but a moral degeneration. In Golden Boy, Joe’s success as a boxer is gained at the sacrifice of other people, and capitalism is equated with the gangster world. Odets criticizes the system of competition and a false dream of success, but he doesn’t raise his voice against the competitive social system. Odets doesn’t fight against social wrongs, but wants to go back to the good old days prior to a competitive capitalist society. Unlike his other plays, Odets only shows pathos and tragic feelings. (Shingyeong University)

Kim, Kyung Ok. “A Camouflaged and Uncertain History: Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle.” Studies English Language ＆ Literature. 38.2 (2012): 23-44. This paper aims to explore the theme of historical uncertainty through a study of Philip K. Dick’s The Man in the High Castle (hereafter, High Castle). The novel, which remains work in the genre of alternate history, creates a world in which the Axis powers have won World War II. Alternate history is a genre that is fundamentally concerned with history. However, High Castle goes beyond the genre and alters historical reality by posit a new reality. In the alternate history of High Castle, Germany and Japan have won World War II and occupied the United States. When the novel begins, Hitler, now allegedly insane, is confined to a mental institution, and Martin Borman is the Chancellor. Through the novel, Dick warns us that a fixed view of history and reality is illusory. I argue that High Castle explores not only the concept of historical contingency, but also the nature of history. While time travel and parallel worlds are the mainstay of alternate history, High Castle explores issues about history itself and the uncertainty of historicity through an alternate colonial history of America. (Sookmyung Women’s University)

Kim, Sookyung. “Walt Whitman’s Messianic Prophetic Role as a Poet in His Poems.” Modern Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 45-64. Walt Whitman hoped his readers could regain their divine nature through his role as a messianic prophet in his poems. He had religious purpose to make his readers awakened spiritually. For his prophetic vision, Whitman took Jesus Christ as his role model in his poems because Christ loved all the people regardless of gender, race, class. So Whitman imagined himself walking the old hills of Judea with the beautiful gentle God by his side. Whitman assumed himself as a healer for his readers in his poem as a messiah because Christ cured the sick physically and spiritually. Christ is the embodiment of universal love beyond all kinds of religions. Whitman wanted to free his readers from the pressure of religious institutions such as Puritanism. He celebrated common people’s divinity as a prophetic poet in his poems. (Woosong University)

Kim, Seung-Ae. “Wordsworth and Chuang-tzu’s Nature as the Main Core of Great Perception and Great Accomplishment.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 65-87. Wordsworth and Chuang-tzu owed their great perception and great accomplishment to nature. Nature helped their mind to be jammed up with composure and vision, and enabled them to be outside conflicts and pains from their life. Wordsworth was able to get pleasure and comfort through his frequent visits to mountains and plains. Nature was a visionary power to him. And Chuang-tzu put his strong emphasis on a state of nature called “Mu-wei.’ He introduced ‘Zua-marng’ and ‘Sim-jae’ to explain his ‘tao.’ He persuaded us to empty all kinds of worldly desire and greed. ‘Zua-marng’ means ‘forgetting the work of mind,’ and ‘Sim-jae’ means ‘making our mind famished.’ Chuang-tzu emphasized that we could reach ‘tao’ by forgetting what we see and hear. This paper intended to study how Wordsworth and Chuang-tzu accomplished their state of tranquility and comfort through nature. Chuang-tzu tried to complete his ‘tao’ by ‘denying the work of our eye and ear, but Wordsworth tried to fill his mind with what his eyes and ears caught, which made it possible for both to catch an immortal pleasure from nature. They pursued a state of nature in the different way from each other’s, but they was able to enjoy, to our surprise, the same perception and accomplishment, transcending the conflicting reality of life. (Chonbuk National University)

Shim, Sang Wook. “An Uncovered One hand clapping koan in Salinger’s “Teddy”.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 89-105. Salinger’s “Teddy”(1953) in Nine Stories is the first chance to meet Orientalized persona by a Zen koan, which is “We know the sound of two hands clappings. But what is the sound of one hand clapping?” “Teddy” is composed of a dialogue between the ten-year-old child prodigy Teddy McArdle and a skeptical education professor Bob Nicholson. Though some critics saw the title character of Teddy as an obnoxious, psychotic brat. a astute reader recognized that Salinger was sympathetic to Teddy’s a Vedantic vision of life, and later critics recognized that God-seeker Teddy is the prototype from the re-designed Seymour in the Glass Family Series. Meditation is a direct challenge to our narrow rationalistic habits, and education also should be based on meditation since Zen is an anti-rational Buddhist sect which means meditation. and koan is central to the Zen practice. Accordingly Salinger’s Oriental religious ideas have made him an important figure showing Teddy’s reincarnation in the Oriental religion, (Jeonju University)

Yim, Seong-suk. “An Analysis on the Meaning of ‘the Day’ in Seize the Day by Saul Bellow.” Studies on English & Language. 38.2 (2012): 107-127. Saul Bellow asks questions about negative realities such as the loss of human nature in unreasonable situations, caused by confusion and disorder. He traces the process of a human being’s redemption, as a free person, who overcomes despair, alienation, and the fear of death in the result of obsession and desire for materialism portrayed in his work, Seize the Day. It is one based on the viewpoint of ‘the Day’, recast the past at the moment, here-and-now. Therefore, this paper illustrates the meaning of ‘time’ of ‘the Day’ in Bellow’s ‘Seize the Day’, as the psychological time rather than the physical time, through a western philosophy and theology. It traces the passage of time, which is underway in the inner world of the protagonist, Tommy Wilhelm. And it interprets ‘the Day’, ‘time’ reflected in his consciousness, as ‘an eternal present’ in the view of ‘God’ which is a code of western culture distinguished by Plato, Plotinos, and Augustinus. (Chonbuk National University)

Sorensen, Eli Park. “Melancholy Memories and Literary Language.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 129-149. In this article, I want to explore the problematic of dealing with narratives that precede oneself, one’s life; past narratives that in various ways influence the present, our lives here and now. I will look at Naipaul’s encounter with the English rural landscape, one that is partly informed by his literary memories. This encounter is reminiscent of Freud’s notion of hysteria, one that captures some of the profound disorientation that preceding historical narratives might impose on our present lives. Hysteria furthermore echoes vaguely in Marianne Hirsch’s concept of postmemory, which constitutes an extreme version of the idea that preceding narratives might overshadow the present. Implicit in both Naipaul’s and Hirsch’s problematic relation to the past is the possibility that the past remains unverifiable, and, therefore, potentially non‐existent. One finds such a dynamic in Freud’s notion of melancholia, which Freud himself explicitly relates to the phenomenon of hysteria. This is further explored in Paul Auster’s semi‐autobiographical text The Invention of Solitude in which Auster affirms the necessity of literary language, as a redemptive principle of connectedness, one by which the past’s visibility eventually is secured. (Seoul National University)

Kang, Nam-Kil. “He and Kutul.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 151-170. The purpose of this paper is to provide the empirical bases for analyzing the Korean plural pronoun kutul ‘they’ as equivalent to the English singular pronoun he. Our analysis is motivated by the observation that the English singular pronoun he which functions as a bound variable is semantically equivalent not to the Korean singular pronoun ku ‘he’ but to the Korean plural pronoun kutul ‘they’. To test our analysis, we first show that the plural overt pronoun kutul ‘they’, unlike the singular overt pronoun ku ‘he’, can induce a bound variable reading. A sloppy reading in surface anaphora also provides confirmation that the Korean plural pronoun kutul ‘they’ can be interpreted as a bound variable. Second, we demonstrate that the Korean plural pronoun kutul ‘they’ can be a bound variable since the Korean plural morpheme tul functions as a dependent term which induces a bound variable reading and a group reading. The problem of Korean variable binding lies in the fact that Condition B is irrelevant to Korean pronouns. More specifically, the Korean singular pronoun ku ‘he’ which is linked to a QP/WH antecedent behaves like R-expressions in English in that it strictly obeys Condition C. Accordingly, as an alternative to replace the standard Binding Theory, we suggest the Singular Pronoun Constraint to describe the difference in interpretative behavior between Korean singular and plural pronouns. (Far East University)

Kim, Jae-Min・Choi, Eun-Jeong. “The necessity of EF and status of EPP feature.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 171-190. This paper attempts to find out the necessity of EF(Edge Feature) and status of EPP(Extended Projection Principle) feature within the MP(Minimalist Program). EPP has been the main issue for the researchers from the beginning of the MP. But, in recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in studying EF. By coming to the fore of EF, these two notions are being used simultaneously but somewhat confusing, because many parts of the nature of EPP are overlapped with the nature of EF. In order to explain many syntactic problems with uniformity, the notions of these two main features of MP have to be separated and they have to find their own place properly. So, this paper suggests that EPP feature is only related with the generating sentence by obligatory movement, whereas EF feature is related to the semantic and pragmatic function of sentence derivation together with all other movements including obligatory and optional movements. (Chonbuk National University)

Kim, Changho. “A Study on the Effects of Dictogloss in University English Classes.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 191-218. This study aims to investigate the effective English study through dictogloss in university English classes. The study was conducted by experimentation with sixty-three freshmen students. The students participating in this study were divided into two groups, that is, a control group which performed traditional dictation and an experimental group which received dictogloss instruction. After 10 week classes, it revealed that the experimental group showed a significant increase in listening, writing and speaking as well as in the affective domains. However, it showed little difference between two groups in reading. Based on the results of this study, we recommend that dictogloss should be used in the study of listening, writing and speaking positively while other additive teaching methods are needed for the study of reading in university English classes. (Wonkwang University)

Shin, Dongil · Kim, Minho. “An analysis of dialogues in English learning textbooks: from the perspectives of learning history.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 219-248. The main purpose of this study is to investigate whether dialogues presented in various textbooks reflect features of spoken grammar and authentically designed conversation structure. With the perspectives of learning history, four students who have had similar English learning history participated in this study. Their own histories of English dialogues are combined as a learning history of one imaginary student. From the students, nine textbooks were collected, and dialogues in there were analyzed by the features of spoken grammar and conversation structure. The result showed that these dialogues generally reflected very limited and selective features of spoken grammar, which focused on only lexicogrammatical components. Moreover, with the features of conversation structure, dialogues included the same number of speakers, the similar degree of dominance, interactional contingency and goal orientation to conversation. These results implies that English learners in Korea are exposed to the English dialogues which reflects very limited and selective features of authentic conversation. (Chung-Ang University)

Woo, Sujung. “Error Correction Techniques: Conversation-Analytic Perspective.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 249-269. This study is to examine the actions in the correction relevant turns using Conversation Analysis (CA) framework. I focus on describing a variety of aspects of correction-in-interaction captured in transcripts of recordings of naturally occurring interaction during the phone interviews in the pedagogical context. Also, this paper aims to shed light on the factors affecting the effectiveness of the various types of the error correction techniques. By using CA methodology, it is possible to look at “finely grained architectural details” (Hall, 2007) of interaction in the activity of correction. The three actions that are observed in the correction relevant turns are (1) locating errors (2) doing of correcting, and (3) repeating the target sentence. And the first two actions are examined for the purpose of this study. All the actions are performed either interactionally-salient or interactionally-not-salient ways. While phonological emphasis and specific instructions are given to make the activity of correction salient to the caller, simple repetition the correct form of the answer is not salient enough for the caller to understand what the teachers are trying to do at turn-at-talk. This study does not try to demonstrate how language is operationalized in human’s brain as in SLA but illustrates what it does how it is performed in talk-in-interaction from the CA perspective. (Konyang University)

Lee, Sanghyock. “A Study on Communication Difficulties Caused by Verbal and Nonverbal Cultural Differences(with a focus on cultural differences between Korea and America).” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.2 (2012): 271-288. Learning a language is learning the cultural norms and values observed by the people who speak the language as their mother tongue. Language learning without understanding cultural differences may cause trouble and breakdowns in communication. We may experience culture shock if we are not well aware of the rules and customs of the country we are visiting even though our ability to speak the language is excellent. The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to some of the major factors that cause misunderstandings between interlocutors from different cultural backgrounds. To illustrate more about cultural differences comparisons were made between cultures that share different views on verbal and nonverbal communication norms. Based on the research, it is highly recommended that all levels of education should incorporate cultural competence and awareness courses into the curricula. Also, those organizations dealing with foreign affairs are encouraged to include cultural awareness classes in their personnel training programs.(Keimyung University)

Cho, Woo Young · Lee, Eun Kyeong & Lee, Hye-Young. “A Study of Korean Students’ pattern of Interpretation of English anaphors.” Studies in English Language & Literature 38.2 (2012): 289-318. This study aims to examine Korean learners’ pattern of the acquisition and development of English reflexives and pronouns as a second language. Also, the influence of lexical knowledge on the acquisition is studied. Sixty middle school students, aged from 14 to 16, participated in this experimental study. To investigate the influence of lexical knowledge, we informed the students of basic meaning of the verbs, structures of possessive construction and prepositional construction, and “pragmatic cues” in Wexler and Chien (1985). According to our study, Korean English learners often violated the principles governing reflexives and pronouns, namely, they mistreated pronouns as reflexives in pronoun-antecedent relations, as in L1 learners. However, they showed much improvement in the interpretation of reflexives and pronouns after attainment of lexical information. We explained the misinterpretation and the improvement as the influence of the processing preference and pragmatic considerations. Consequently, the findings of this study strongly support that the Lexical Learning Hypothesis of Wexler and Manzini(1984) can be applied in second language acquisition process. (Chonbuk National University)