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A distinction is made between common nouns and proper nouns in traditional grammar. These. are names for persons, geographical units and many other concrete and abstract entities, while those are nouns that refer to a Kind of persons and things. In this paper we depend the idea that the difference between common nouns and proper nouns is basically a difference in logical type. The distinction between common nouns and proper nouns is related to the presence of a referential arguments. The referential argument R is only present in common nouns, not in proper nouns. The absence of R in proper nouns explains the very restricted range of determiners and modifiers they allow. The presence of a referential argument corresponds with a semantic, type-theoretical difference. Nouns with R are interpreted as predicates, expressions of type <e, t>, but nouns without R are interpreted as individual constants, expressions of type c. In section 2 this explains the limited range of determiners and modifiers of proper nouns. In section 3, the analysis of proper nouns will be extended to definite generics, which can be seen as proper names for Kinds. In this way we can distinguish between proper nouns for entities on two Kinds of levels. Lexical rules map between these different sorts of nouns by manipulating the referential argument. Proper nouns can be turned into common nouns by adding R in the argument-structure. There is a concomitant shift of types from e to <e, t>. By deleting of the R of common nouns, proper nouns for kinds can be made, which are used in definite generics. These show the same restricted possibilities of determination and modification as ordinary proper nouns. Here the type-shift goes from <e, t> to e.

The purpose of this work is to survey the relationships between literature and society. It is true that almost all literary works are bound to interweave all the functions of society in which the writers are to live. Stephen Crane's Maggie is criticized in such various ways as mythology, impressionism, existentialism, realism, naturalism, and so on. But this work will be approached from the side of sociology. This story has a deapth. It is often discussed that this work was written by the pessimistic determinism. But pessimism does not always end as pessimism itself. There is a purpose in this work. Crane uses ironic method to criticize the contemporary people of their indifference and ignorance to others around them. This work, Maggie, is the irony of whole New Yorkers of the 1880's. He tried to show that the environment is a tremendous thing. He set a slum setting, and showed us how we should live. He wanted them to feel fear and pity for others. In doing so, he uses another famous technique, the color imagery, which makes it possible for him to create his own artistic vision, and makes us understand the meaning of his irony easy.

The aim of this paper is to study one aspect of Herbert's art the used silence presented in his poem "Heaven". In his poetry, in the relationship between God and man, there are many conflicts but in the end resolutions. The closing poem "Love (3)" has received a great deal of attention for the exquisitely subdued way in which it details man's final union with God. But the second closing poem "Heaven" also deserves careful attention, focusing on exactly how it helps Herbert reach his conclusion. "Heaven" presents the speaker's vision of a supreme delight that endures and represents the final stage in the speaker's growth. Herbert has arrived at his desired destination and is ready to contemplate directly those delights on high in preparation for his ultimate union with Christ figured in "Love (3)" . Thus the stance of the speaker in the poem "Heaven" requires Herbert to convey that perfect simplicity attained. When a soul relinquishes itself to God and enters heaven, an experience demanding true words and, finally, the poet's personal silence. "Heaven" is an echo poem, and in the poem, he receives assurance that he will rest in the Lord. The only word needed to complete the definition of heaven is "ever". Echo delivers the assurance that the pleasures awaiting the soul are endless. The poem is never finished cotinues endlessly, and concludes with Echo breathing the final word, a word that denies finality. The speaker is silent, He no longer needs words because he is ready to rest in God's word. His silence poignantly conveys this perfect movement of communion. After all, this the divine voice is nothing other than an echo reflection of the human voice, it is the human voice listening to itself, this silence is one of Herbert's poetical skill.

The purpose of this paper is to present a proper analysis on the syntactic structure of the English dative constructions. English dative constructions contain two objects, as in (ia,b). (i) a. John gave a book to Mary. b. John gave Mary a book. The construction in (ib) contains a direct object -a book- and an indirect object -Mary-. In syntactic theory, this construction raises two major problems. The first problem involves Case theory and the assumption that adjacency is required between an object and the verb that case-marks it. The second problem concerns the exact syntactic position of both objects. Until now, within the binary-branching framework, two major approaches to English dative constructions have emerged. The first approach treats dative constructions as a special case of small clause constructions. Proposals of this type include Chomsky1981, Stowell1981, Kayne1984, Aoun & Li1989, and Johnson1991. Secondly, a number of researchers have proposed analysis in which the verb combines with an NP or PP to form a "complex predicate", which takes another VP-internal object as its "inner subject. " Recent proposals of this kind include Larson1988 and Bowers1993. However, the small clause theory has had great difficulty in finding a plausible justification for the case of a direct object and the exact syntactic position of both objects. Also, the complex predicate theory cannot account for the surface position of the direct object between the parts of the complex predicate. Thus, we have argued that English dative constructions can be explained by the semantic and pragmatic analysis than by the syntactic analysis. That is, we claim that the two objects of the double object construction can be distinguished as the target (indirect object) and the patient (direct object), considering the meaning and function of verbs.

Man seeks a truth which directs him a norm through his life. In the western world the truth tends to be sought in religion, especially in Christianity. Spark is one of those who seeks the truth in Christianity. Although the characters in The Prime of Miss Jean Brodic by Spark seek a norm on which they depend through their life, they are never shown in search of a norm, a truth that exists prior to and independent of themselves. Spark insists that man seek the truth through his insight, not through his instinct, and that through his insight he accomplish his life which is God's design. The design God made provides man with most perfect and absolute norm so that it is different from the one man himself has made. Everybody does not grasp the design, but the man who gets out of his own dogma and who has the eyes to see the norm objectively only does. Spark's religious faith in Roman Catholicism is not a product she herself only made in a year or so. It represents the faith built up since the human history began. Everybody does not keep the faith, but the man having insight does. Her conversion implies the homing instinct in the western world of the man who grasps the history of Christianity, reflects not only the result of Spark's spiritual pursuit in her life, also the acme of her comtemporary spiritual pursuit.

Language changes as time passes and people change. Borrowings from one language to another is one method of effecting change within a language. It is a result of contacts with other cultures, new discoveries and ideas. Some words are undergoing phonetic changes resulting from the influence of the native tongue. The increase in travel and trade, ideas and technology among countries, the conferences between developed and developing nations, has recognized the need for a world with language. Linguistic studies has found English to be the most likely candidate. This paper will cite some instances wherein English has penetrated the Korean culture. English borrowings found in the Korean language which has somehow undergone phonetic and in some cases, semantic change will be discussed.

This paper traces the role and activities of Southern women during the Civil War in William Faulkner's The Unvanquished. Both in fiction and in reality Confederate women acted independently and with strength and courage during this crisis. Faulkner depicts three women characters in this novel. The male narrator, Bayard Sartoris, recalls all of them as "the unvanquished. " Granny Rosa Millard becomes a matriarch while Colonel John Sartoris goes to the battlefield. She performs the role of "master" extremely well, but at the same time she desires to be treated like a "lady" when dealing with the Yankees and even the criminal Grumby. This conflict between genders causes her death. Drusilla Hawk tries to "unsex" herself, after her father and her fiancee are killed in the war. The war denies her the opportunity to function as an antebellum Southern lady, but after the war the older women of the community insist on her reassuming the apearance of a lady. In masquerade she internalizes the male code of violence and revenge, but ultimately pays a penalty for this and is forced to leave Sartoris. Aunt Jenny, whose character is opposite Drusilla's, is the exemplary Confederate Woman. She survives the war with female heroism, and when she comes to Sartoris, she recreates the aristocratic world the war didn't really obliterate. She is a symbol of affirmation and she encourages Bayard's commitment to nonviolence. In her story of the blockade runner she tells Bayard to reject the feminine in the form of Drusilla, "bloody moon." To Bayard, Faulkner's alter ego, "she is intent and grave, and she is wise, too." Today's women could well use Jenny's careful and wise approach to life to extend their gender role.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the problem of quantifier raising in the minimalist theory by reviewing some principles accounting for some approach without recourse to quantifier raising (Hornstein (1995)) functions to handle the relative ambiguity problems of the quantificational expressions in double object constructions in English, coupled with the A-chain theory. On the other hand, Fox's(1995) "Ellipsis Scope Generalization(ESG)" following economy principle and parallelism condition handles the scope ambiguity problems occurring in VP ellipsis constructions based on "interface economy" allowing optional quantifier raising. Also, VP ellipsis constructions containing scope ambiguity and sloppy identity reading are shown to be accounted for not by c-command requirement only but by the account incorporated with ESG.

몇몇 언어학자들 사이에서 논의되었던 '중세영어가 크리올인가?'라는 문제를 제고해 보았다. '피진'과 '크리올' 같은 용어들은 흔히 쓰면서도 우리에게는 다소 잘 알려지지 않은 탓에 먼저 이 용어들의 개념을 정리해 보았다. '피진'이나 '크리올'의 특징을 살펴 본 다음, 제기된 '중세영어는 크리올이다.'는 주장을 반박하였다. 한편 이 문제와 관련하여 현재 우리말이 겪고 있는 상황을 고려해 보았다. 우리말이 그간 겪어왔고 현재 겪고 있는 언어간 접촉도 '피진'이나 '크리올'의 생성과 유사하기에 특별한 관심을 환기 시키고자 하였다. 특히 우리 나라에서의 영어 교육과 관련하여 '무엇을 가르칠 것인가?' 하는 문제와 '어떻게 가르칠 것인가?' 하는 문제의 중요성을 제기하였다.

James Joyce and Joseph Conrad as modernism writers have much concerned in aesthetic detachment in their composition of fiction. The aesthetic detachment is closely related to the narrative technique. This study is aimed to investigate the narrative technique in James Joyce's Dubliners and Joseph conrad's Lord Jim. In Dubliners, James Joyce never intrudes his authorial voice into the narrative and makes a character his or her situation by adapting a character-centered style. In Lord Jim, Joseph Conrad can achieve the aesthetics of detachment by making the narrator, Marlow, narrate the story and conveying the multiple points of views about Jim's case. By using these narrative techniques, Joyce and Conrad make the reader see the character's hidden truth and reality without passing their moral comment on characters in their works such as Dubliners and Lord Jim.

The purpose of this study is to examine the tract of realism in the Renaissance Art and John Donne's poems. Realism is one of the Renaissance Culture. In the Renaissance Humanism, the contrast and the conflict of idealism and realism caused the harmony of thought and experience. Donne used realistic secular images, sometimes sexual images even in divine poems, but they do not secularize Christian faith. Among the Renaissance or the Baroque Artists, Caravaggio tended to prefer realistic detail and dramatic effects of light to the more abstract conventions of the sixteenth century Italian art. Both of them had constant sensitivity to reality and passionate interest in human nature, which made their works more realistic than any other artists' works. The good examples of the harmony of idealism and realistic vitality can be seen in their works commonly.