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Roethke’s childhood was spent in his father’s greenhouse. His horticulturist father, who was the center of his childhood world, died when the poet was a teenager. Still living on in his son’s memory, Roethke’s father exerts complicated influences on the poet’s life and work. First of all, his father is a symbol of strength and wisdom. Contacting and converging with natural energy, his father gives life to his son and his plants. For them, his father is a source of love and security. The father controls the atmosphere of his son’s life like the temperature of the greenhouse. He establishes order in the greenhouse and the young poet follows it like all the plants there. However, the adolescent poet has a sense of inferiority because of his father, and his early death gives the poet a feeling of fear and a guilty conscience. The poet doesn’t think that he can live up to his father’s expectations, and after his father’s early death he feels like a lost son, alone and outside of his childhood paradise. His father is alive in the poet’s memory; sometimes he is angry with him, but sometimes he guides him out of the dark and cold world to meet the light and ordered world. In his later poems, God replaces his father, but has all the same characteristics of the poet’s father, giving love and anger. The poet goes back to his father’s greenhouse when he feels lost and weak, and the past world of his father serves as a background for sudden mystical enlightenment. His father’s greenhouse is a world of lost paradise which still exists somewhere; the poet misses and hopes to find it again. The poet’s complicated relationship with his father and its symbolic meaning are important factors in his poems. (Cheju Halla College)

This essay deals with the relationship between the White Goddess and Graves’s poetry. I touch on the nature of poetic testament in The White Goddess, which is Graves’s most important work of prose, and show how the concept of the White Goddess or the Muse is embodied and represented in what is called White Goddess poems: “To Juan at the Winter Solstice,” “Mid-Winter Waking,” “The Cool Web,” “The Siren’s Welcome to Cronos,” “In Her Praise,” “The Return of the Goddess,” These poems that deal with the White Goddess and her consort, their roles and rituals, endeavor to make some larger, more inclusive statement about man, his place in the world and society, and the particular character of his cultural history. They have the same theme, which as he says in The White Goddess, “is the antique story. . . of the birth, life, death, and resurrection of the God of the Waxing Year.” (Jeju National University)

This paper aims to examine the avarice of a man named Henchard through the rereading of The Mayor of Casterbridge. This novel is Hardy’s first successful long story with the attempt to create tragedy. It is the novel of character and fate. In that it describes Hardy’s belief that a man’s character determines that man’s life. The story, itself, depicts the rise and fall of Henchard, the hero of this novel, who sells his wife and daughter to satisfy his avarice. Through Characters, environments, and continual assemblages, Hardy presents de-systematization, de-codification as well as the proposition composed of the diversity by the existence of the ‘other’. In this work, Henchard consistently seeks for his avarice, which is regarded as the reality by the object of avarice. However, he finally recognizes that he can not attain it and his greed will be the end of his destruction. This shows the aspect of the ‘other’ through the recognition that Henchard’s self has been involved in the avarice as a disintegrated subject. Because of Henchard’s limited perception of the world around, he never recognizes the true nature of his desires: He can not control his avarice. Consequently Hardy emerges Henchard as the ‘other’. In Henchard’s impulsive pursuit of strong greed, he loses his social status and a great deal of money. In the end, Henchard becomes the protagonist, the tragic figure of the ‘other’. (Kunsan University)

This study attempts to speculate the dramatic construction of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night which arranges diverse comic devices in pursuit of maintaining the gay mood of the play. These comic devices will be referred to as “comic guarantees.” The effective operation of comic guarantees—the fantasy world of Illyria, “unmasking” of the characters’ inner world through language, and the revelations of events to create “gaps of awareness”—is essential for ensuring the overall gaiety. This study renders the overview on comic guarantees, demonstrates the specific types and functions of comic guarantees, and then compares Twelfth Night with All’s Well That Ends Well, Shakespeare’s “dark” comedy. The comparative analysis of the two plays is to accentuate the effects of comic guarantees that the gay play, Twelfth Night, employs. (The Catholic University of Korea)

Examining Ernest J. Gaines’s fiction A Lesson Before Dying (1993) and “The Sky Is Gray,” this paper reveals the interesting characterization of black men and women. In his fiction, Gaines depicts a journey of black men who transform their characters and try to restore their dignity and civil rights. They change themselves from nobody to somebody and establish their new identities, which are more autonomous, independent, and powerful in a racially conflicted America. In the core of their transformation are black women, mothers, and othermothers. Without women, there should be no transformation. This paper revises the reputation of Gaines as a writer of black men, constructing a paradigm of the coming of age engendered by black women. (Chonbuk National University)

Humanism and Christian faith of the 20th century evolved with existential ideas, which were part of the modern conception of the self. Actually, existentialism was a philosophically oriented idea of the search for selfhood. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche contributed to developing the idea of existence and the self. The fact that one was Christian, the other not, perpetuated a division that still stays with us. Existential humanism then signifies freedom and choice by individual in reaction to conflicts between traditional Christian ideas to find the roots of human existence. Human spirit in literature is to be doubtful of traditional Christian faith and to be nihilistic towards contemporary values in an extreme way; thereby it defines itself as an individual form of faith depending on how each writer experiences Christianity in terms of worldly conditions. Actually, today Christian faith evolves with postmodern ideas to experience the liberation of the self. (Sangji University)

Snyder has written a number of work poems and expressed his thoughts on work and labor. His view of work stems from his personal work experience in his early childhood and youth, Karl Marx’s thoughts on labor, and Zen Buddhism. He finally pursues work as art or fine technique. He emphasizes work itself as well as the necessity of work. His idea of work criticizes the problems of violence implied in modern industrial society, an idea that is advocated by the British economist Schumacher. Snyder insists that human beings rule modern technology rather than becoming its slaves. His view of work is concerned with how to be on earth with other beings and nature. (Changwon National University)

This thesis has the purpose to analyze two theatrical strategies in Top Girls by Caryl Churchill: the overlapping dialogue and the doubling characters. Churchill, a British woman playwrighter and socialist feminist, regards a theatre itself as a model for the ultimate change. She tries using the theatrical apparatuses to open the audiences mind to the women’s problems along with race, social hierarchy and class. In Top Girls, Churchill introduces women’s unique way of communicating to show women’s inability to sympathize with each other and the subject of the power to draw the audiences’ attention in the verbal chaos. She also uses the doubling characters to reveal the true image of top women in the society and history. They have suppressed the lower class women in order to succeed. Churchill thinks the suppressed women in the society have a potential to act bravely to overthrow the status-quo. These apparatuses play a pivotal role to show the limit of Theacherian successful women and encourage the audience to open the eyes to the possibility of women of all classes being successful, which is the driving force to transcend class differences among women. (Chonbuk University)

A number of textual passages in Resignation, a noticeably elegiac Old English poem, demonstrate the gradual and intense revelation of the speaker’s innermost heart, charged with severe distress caused by his prolonged conditions of exile and also a guilty consciousness of past sins. The key purpose of this article is to examine the speaker’s reflections on bereavement, memories of previous crimes, and the consequential affliction, most of which propounds the multiple layers of his religious thoughts and emotions. The paper contends that most literary commentators have paid little attention to these subtle, complex aspects of the speaker’s mental journey, accompanied by his strong perception of internal distress and also by challenging stance to get over the tribulation. The article also aims to investigate the way in which the speaker struggles to achieve a spiritual fortification as an intended liberation from such harsh adversity. His close observation into the inner state of his mind does unfold simultaneously his sense of anguish entwined with his painful awakening into the irresolvable boundaries of human weakness in seeking after his earthly desires. (Changwon National University)

Lawrence’s metaphoric structure establishes that living beings are not static, discrete entities, but rather energy fields constantly in motion. The metaphor of openness is critical to Lawrence’s metaphors of transformation. If the outlet is blocked, the organism’s energy or movement will cease and it will become inert, much as a blocked artery will stop a human heart. The hard rind, or closed shell, is a metaphor in Lawrence’s poetry for the “self-conscious ego,” the “false absolute self,” “mechanistic self,” that kills all natural life within us. To Lawrence, the greatest evil of the mechanistic paradigm is that it insulates human beings from recognizing the vivid relatedness between themselves and the reminder of the universe. Lawrence found in myth and the old pagan religions a language of metaphors informed by a counterpart to his own attempts to provide alternative to the mechanistic paradigm. Lawrence claims that the old pagan religions were exact and apparently perfect in their cosmology because they expressed in metaphoric terms the fundamental transformation of which life is composed. (Namseoul University)

The paper discusses the history and implications of the so-called “morpheme” studies. A brief overview of L1 research in this regard is followed by a more detailed discussion of L2 research. Thereafter, the paper explores the impact of three putative determinants of acquisition order: semantic complexity, input frequency, and native language transfer. The possible role of these determinants in accounting for perceived differences in L1 and L2 acquisition orders is also discussed, along with their implications for various theoretical perspectives on language acquisition. The paper concludes with both practical applications and criticism of the existing natural (morpheme) order studies as well as suggestions for future work in this field, such as investigating target languages other than English and developing a multi-determinant approach to acquisition order. (Dongguk University)

This study examined how vocabulary teaching and learning based on the Multiple Intelligences(MI) Theory can affect Korean middle school learners’ reading comprehension, vocabulary recall/retention, and several affective factors. The experiment was conducted with 106 articipants (experimental group with 71 and control group with 35) out of total 176 third grade middle school students. The experimental group was involved in the seven-week intervention of vocabulary instruction based on the MI Theory. The assessment of MI based on K-MIDAS was used to obtain individual student’s MI profile and a questionnaire test was used to find the affective factors. The results are as follows: First, there was a significant difference in the academic achievement for reading comprehension between the experimental group and control group; Second, the students in the experimental group had higher scores in vocabulary recall/retention test; Third, the results of questionnaires showed that the students in the experimental group became more positive in respect to self-confidence and class participation than those in the control group. Findings suggest that teaching vocabulary using different activities based on students’ strong intelligences is a desirable way to develop their English reading comprehension and to motivate students to study English harder. (Chungryul Girls’ Middle School․Kongju National University)

This paper discusses Prince & Smolensky’s (1993/2004) argument that implicational universals emerge from certain universally fixed constraint-hierarchies, focusing on the developmental phonology of English. In this paper, two different types of opaque error patterns observed in the developmental phonology of English, described and analyzed by Dinnsen (2008), are reconsidered in terms of the implicational universal existing between errors involving manner features and errors involving place features. This reconsideration shows that in choosing opaque actual forms as optimal outputs in these cases it is indispensable to set up the constraint-hierarchy that is opposite to the expected one for the implicational universal. This paper, therefore, demonstrates that opacity may make it impossible to formalize an implicational universal as a universally fixed constraint-hierarchy. It leads to the conclusion that not every implicational universal always gets along with the universally fixed constraint-hierarchy. (Chung-Ang University)

This is a library research to investigate the efficacy of genre-based teaching in reading and writing. From the research, it is concluded that genre-based teaching can be an effective way to teach L2 students who need academic success across various disciplines in the US. Genre-based teaching makes clear what is to be learned to facilitate the acquisition of reading and writing skills. It also provides a coherent framework for focusing on both language and contexts. Ways of implementing the genre-based teaching method are discussed in the ‘impact on the L2 classroom’. The limitations and implications of genre-based teaching are addressed in the ‘Discussion’. (Gyeongsang National University)

The purpose of this study is to investigate Korean test-takers’ perceptions on ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines and Oral Proficiency Interview-computer rubrics, and to understand Korean examinees’ beliefs regarding OPIc preparation and test results currently in use. The source of data for this research is a questionnaire filled in by test-takers. Results are presented in the following categories: ACTFL and ACTFL proficiency guidelines, OPIc in general, OPIc rubrics and test items, OPIc criteria, OPIc test preparation, OPIc tests in use, and English speaking tests. It was found that Korean examinees did not have enough information on ACTFL, proficiency levels, OPI and proficiency movement, although they had positive perceptions regarding OPIc rubrics. It is suggested that test-takers need to acquire sufficient information on ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines and OPIc preparation and speaking strategies from the test institution. (Chung-Ang University)

The purposes of the present study were to review objective data about vocabularies contained in graded readers for primary school students through corpus-based analysis, and to examine the relation between vocabularies in graded readers and those in primary school English textbooks. In this study, a selection of total of 78 books was used to analyze the vocabularies by using WordSmith Tools 5.0. Moreover this study conducted a survey in a primary school by having 5th grade students in a class read seven graded readers for one week. The result of this study was as follows; The graded readers contained more diversity in vocabulary than primary school English textbooks and students in a class had different levels in their English abilities. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect both the vocabulary level of reading materials and the level of students when teachers select a reading material to improve their students’ English ability effectively. (Chung-Ang University)