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Kang, Jun-soo. “The Human’s duplicity in The Picture of Dorian Gray.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 1-19. In The Picture of Dorian Gray, Wilde reveals the puritan hypocrisy and materialism of Victorian society. He suggests the relation between art and morality, and between art and real world. He is against Victorian vulgar materialism, moralism and philistinism. His The Picture of Dorian Gary is the most representative homosexual novel among his works. In view of Wilde's aesthetics, art predominates and includes reality. Wilde's understanding with an assertion that "Life imitates Art far more than Art imitates Life," presents his attitude about art and life. Although Wilde concludes the novel with Dorian's death, he achieves his aim, which is to reveal Victorian hypocrisy and its corrupted mores. Wilde is interested in describing the follies of the Victorian morality and satirizing the hypocrisy of the Victorian upper classes at the end of the nineteenth century. Wilde is interested in Basil's duplicity, which is connected with Wildean dualism in relation to aesthetics. Basil who is a puritan character in this novel, represents the hypocrisy, which is dominated by the materially oriented people. The modern notion of homosexuality is revealed by Basil. Basil's effusive longings for Dorian not only means artistic desire but also means homosexual desire. From this point of view, Basil who believes in Christianity but cannot suppress his homosexual desire, represents Victorian hypocrisy. At the beginning of the novel, Dorian is described as an image of good but gradually becomes an image of evil. Dorian has come to realize that good and evil coexist in himself. Wilde's view of human nature in his aesthetics is that man has good and evil simultaneously. (Anyang University)

Park, Sun Hwa. “Autobiographical Writing and Reconstruction of the Past: Doris Lessing’s The Memoirs of a Survivor.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 21-46. Doris Lessing’s The Memoirs of a Survivor (1974) has raised controversy related to the genre of the book. It has been argued whether this book is an autobiography, a fantasy, or science fiction. The book is set in the future during a world crisis, when an anonymous narrator lives in an abandoned house in a city. Here, despite the setting and events, this paper reads this book as Lessing’s autobiography. It is obvious that Emily’s childhood is a re-creation of Lessing’s own childhood with one thing and another. As the destructive aspect of parent-daughter relationships is a recurring theme in Lessing’s autobiographical and fictional texts, The Memoirs of a Survivor seems to be another confession of Lessing, who seeks for reconciliation and harmony towards her father. As Lessing puts it in Walking in the Shade, there has lingered “a hiatus, a lack, a blur and it was to do with my parents” (16) and the implied author in The Memoirs of a Survivor tries to fill “a hiatus, a lack, a blur” with an opening in the wall. Therefore, this paper shows that in journeying into her most painful childhood memories, Lessing attempts to recover her lost and unsaid past, providing the power of the narrative for the implied author. (Konkuk University)

Park, Jai Young. “A Shadow of a Colonialist in Duras’s The Lover.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 47-63. The Lover (1984) has been read as an autobiography/ autobiographical fiction of Marguerite Duras. Listening to Duras’s interviews and considering her public reputation as a feminist, Marxist, liberalist, and civil activist, therefore, the Durasian scholars were reluctant to decipher the text in any sense of colonialism and instead they have interpreted it as a feminist text illustrating a journey of a French girl of age fifteen and a half that seeks out for an autonomous individual subject negating patriarchal values and establishing her own hegemony. However, the text shows otherwise: it actually demonstrates the consciousness of a colonizer through the white French girl’s thought and words. The narrator’s and her descriptions of the alleged lover Chinese man and the Vietnamese characters reiterate those of a colonizer’s, othering them and putting them in a place of “unhomeliness.” The Chinese man visualizes an exotic other while the Vietnamese characters are almost invisible in the eyes of a colonizer. In spite of the colonial discourse in the fiction, nevertheless, this paper contends that the novel neither “fails” the reader nor claims Duras as a colonialist. (Chonbuk National University)

Suh, Kyungsook. “Digital Poetry Embracing Analog Poetry Leads to Resurrections of Poetry.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 65-81. This paper aims at tracing the literacy context of digital poetry which is a product of combination of computer technology and human imagination. It also will make readers think on what poetry means in the new media era. First, it explores some poetic tendencies which generated experimental avant-garde poems which have eventually influenced the genesis of the poetic of e-poetry. Second, the paper explores how digital poetry challenges the traditional ideas on an author, a reader, and a text along with their relationship through some seminal texts. This paper argues that E-poetry, which is the combination of aesthetic, visual, auditory elements and a computer programming generates new meanings of a text by readers' active reading. (Berkeley Christian College and Seminary)

Shin, Younghun. “Faulkner’s Bildungsroman: ‘Barn Burning.’” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 83-104. William Faulkner’s short story, “Barn Burning” is an initiation story which depicts the spiritual growth of Sarty Snopes, a 10-year-old poor white boy. This fiction has enjoyed much critical attention as one of Faulkner’s finest short stories. However, there has not been enough consideration to the traits of the story as a bildungsroman. This article aims to analyze this short fiction by focusing on the meaning of Sarty’s initiation. Isaac Sequeira offers three kinds of initiation: decisive, uncompleted and tentative. This essay tries to elucidate which of the three initiations Sarty’s case can belong to and what kinds of role Abner Snopes, Sarty’s father takes in the process of Sarty’s initiation. In conclusion, this thesis attempts to prove that Sarty ends up attaining the spiritual growth, not owing to Abner’s instruction, but notwithstanding his guidance. In other words, Sarty’s maturity is completed through fighting against Abner’s immoral, aggressive, and clannish world view. (Hansung University)

Woo, Seungjeung. “Feminist Theatrical Apparatus in Dusa, Fish, Stas and Vi” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 105-125. This thesis aims to present the theatrical apparatus in Dusa, Fish, Stas and Vi by Pam Gems, which are used to show the problems of socialist feminists and difficulties of women playwrights. Theatrical apparatus generally reveal the values and purposes of what they show and even veil the fixed ideology in a society. This work covers not only the problems of women's and women playwrights' but the problems of theatre system. The key character Fish, who is a socialist activist of upper-middle classes, shows elite women' discrepancy and the problems of Bourgeois feminism. Gems uses the method of anti-Aristotle theatre, which stops audience from absorption in the drama. This dramatic strategy contributes for audience to see her conflicts and expects the result. This drama also uses other Brechtian methods in order to reveal the obstacles of male-centered theatrical system toward women playwrights. Gems insists that women need feminist theatres because art is necessary for women and the creative energy and subversive power which women playwrights have is the possibilities of the equal society for women. (Chonbuk National University)

Lee, Young Cheol. “Humor in African American Literature.” Studies in English Language & literature. 38.4 (2012): 127-151. This essay aims to contextually study humor in the African American literature in terms of their targets and forms. Humor, sometimes including parody, burlesque, tragicomedy, and forms more specific to African American culture, such as signifying and Yo-mama, has often been used as the most essential expressive forms in the African American literature. It is not threatening. Therefore, during slavery and the subsequent centuries of White segregation policy, it has contributed to production of a twofold effect, which seemingly leads Whites to believe in the inferiority of blacks and substantially helps African American writers to mask their aggression on Whites’ racial superiority and violence. African American writers have needed it as a defensive weapon to protect themselves from the insidiousness and violence of racism, and an offensive weapon to fight against them. It has also functioned as ways of affirming their humanity in the face of violent denial. (Jeonju University)

Cho, Sook-Hee. “An Ecological Approach to Elder Abuse Issues in The Beauty Queen of Leenane.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 153-170. One of the biggest concerns of modern society is the inadequate care of the elderly. While the average life expectancy has been extended, the care of the elderly seems to have been neglected mainly because the feeling of responsibility by the family members has been diminished due to the social changes such as nuclear family system. Thereby, the care of the elderly is closely related to the elder abuse, which becomes a major social phenomenon of today. Martin MacDonagh's The Beauty Queen of Leenane (1996) appears to describe the issue accurately. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the issue of elder care in the play, on the basis of the ecological theory suggested by Allan Kemp. The result will provide another dimension to understand the play better and the social phenomenon as well, reflecting that literature is the most reliable barometer of the society. (Chung-Ang University)

Choo, Jae-uk. “A Study on Hybrid Body of Human Being and His Identity in Victorian Science Fiction.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 171-195. The hybridity can be regarded as the result of a sort of natural selection, mutation, and adaptation. The phenomena will be well explicated by analyzing Victorian Novels. Many cultural, social, and religious registers of the Victorian society were subtly inscribed into the hybridly evolved bodies of various forms: half human and half animals. A variety of hybrid phenomena between animal, human, machine, and others appear in Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818), H. G. Wells’ The Time Machine (1895), The Island of Dr. Moreau (1896), The Invisible Man (1897), The War of the Worlds (1898), and Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) and The Beach of Falesá: Being the Narrative of a South Sea Trader (1893). On the bottom of the works is the influence of Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory. In this context, this paper focuses on the birth of the ‘hybrid’ concept in the Victorian era, and reviews the way that the concept had been associated with science, nature, and race in the same period. (Chung-Ang University)

Koh, Sungran. “Labeling Adjuncts at the Spell-out Level.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 197-222. The distinction between complements and adjuncts has been examined in myriad phrase structures in both Government Binding and Minimalism. In general, a complement defines an obligatory relation between a head and its argument, and an adjunct is an optional modification of the head. Hornstein (2009) proposed that complements require integration into structures with labels (concatenation and labeling are both required) while adjuncts do not (only concatenation is required). This paper aims to point out some problems with Hornstein’s (2009) no labeling approach to adjuncts and to propose that adjuncts should be labeled at the spell-out level after concatenation, not at the computation level. Based on the three points, namely, VP-ellipsis, No-Tampering Condition (NTC), and Inclusiveness Condition (IC), it is posited that adjuncts should be labeled at the spell-out level after concatenation. A labeled adjunct can explain differences such as Focus and Topic information in VP-ellipsis. Furthermore, assuming labeling is spelled out in the interface after concatenation can explain that adjuncts leave the constituent characteristics intact and satisfy the NTC. Also, assuming my proposal, no new objects are added in the course of the computation because labeling occurs at the spell-out level, not the computation level. As a result, it satisfies the Inclusiveness Condition (IC) (UC Santa Barbara)

Kim, Chonghyuck. “The role of copula deletion on the emergence of a new grammatical feature.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 223-254. Since the influential work by Labov(1969), much attention has been paid to the cause of copula deletion, or the conditions that govern the deletion. This paper investigates a hitherto uninvestigated aspect of copula deletion, the impact of copula deletion on the emergence of new grammatical features in a contact language, drawing on data from Singapore English. In the literature on Singapore English, novel grammatical features such as using already as a perfective marker and one as an emphatic marker have been described as unrelated individual grammatical features that have emerged under the strong pressure of the substratum language, Chinese. I argue that the innovative grammatical features have arisen not because of the strong pressure from Chinese but because of copula deletion; that is, that they have emerged in the grammar of Singapore English because of the need to fill the grammatical void created by the loss of be. By tying together what have been characterized as unrelated phenomena as a bundle of phenomena that have emerged from the same source, copula deletion, the impact of copula deletion is shown to be non-trivial on the emergence of new grammatical features in a contact language. (National University of Singapore)

Kim, Hyunah & Choe, Hohsung. Revision types, effects, and perceptions of self review in Korean adult EFL learners. Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 255-288. This study investigates self review as a process of writing by thirty Korean adult EFL learners. Fifteen advanced writers and fifteen novice writers wrote first and second drafts of six argumentative essays, implementing self review for five weeks to exhibit revision types, effects, and perceptions of self review. To find any difference or similarity between revision types of the two groups, the types were categorized into four areas which were themselves divided into two groups according to the type of change they involved: Vocabulary and Grammar (Surface change), and Content and Organization (Meaning change). To examine the immediate effects of self review, scores of the first drafts and second drafts were compared. Scores of pre-tests and post-tests were compared to observe the subsequent effects of self review. Perceptions were investigated through post-interviews to see what attitudes the writers had toward self review. The results indicate that revision types in both groups were similar, focusing more on surface changes. The immediate effects were great enough to observe noticeable improvements on second drafts for both groups, but the subsequent effects were especially more significant for the novice group. Self review was beneficial to both groups, but more so in relation to the novice group. Lastly, the writers perceived that self review has positive effects, self reflection and low anxiety, and negative effects as well, lack of accuracy and uncertain authorship. Pedagogical implications and suggestions for future study are also presented. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

Park, Seungwon & Kim, Changsoo. “Interactive Instructions to Enhance English Listening and Reading Proficiency.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 289-306. This study examines how effectively interactive instruction with storytelling affects learners for English listening and reading proficiency. Two groups with the different English level of 46 and 48 college students respectively taking a TOEIC class were selected for the study. The pre-test was followed by the second week of the fall semester, 2011 and the post-test was administered to examine their progress upon completion of 45 hours of the coursework that includes lectures and storytelling. The questionnaire was also conducted to learn the students' opinion on their participation and performance during the lesson. The results of the study reveal that the group provided with storytelling instructions performed better on the post-test, and a close rapport between a teacher and the learners established more than the beginning of the semester. More numerous students of a class with storytelling instruction also did their assignment with enthusiasm rather than those of a class without storytelling instructions during the course. It is concluded that interactive instruction with storytelling increases learners' interest, confidence, and motivation with great satisfaction via the participation of hands-on activities.(Korea Nazarene University ․ Kongyang University)

Park, In Kyu. “Second Language Variation: Optimality Theoretic Analyses.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 307-321. The purpose of this study is to account for Korean learners’ production of English lateral-coronal nasal sequences, focusing on phonological variation problematic in Optimality Theory. We use some constraints and their rankings (*ln >> Max [lateral] >> Ident (Coda lateral, tense) >> Max [nasal]) to account for phonological variation with regard to L2 production of English lateral-coronal nasal sequences with two approaches. The Rank-Ordering Model of Eval is better than the free ranking approach in terms of economy, learnability, and the classical OT principle of strict domination that Kager (1999: 407) mentioned. The Rank-Ordering Model of Eval, however, does not show L2 learners’ developmental process from lateralized production to English-like production. It merely selects a candidate as the most well-formed output and another candidate as the second most well-formed variant. In order to account for L2 learners’ developmental process of production, we need to re-rank the low-ranked constraints. We can use the cut-off line (i.e. double line) between the two constraints to indicate the flexibility of constraint ranking. It implies that the direction of L2 learners’ developmental process of production is changed from Ident (Coda lateral, tense) >> Max [nasal] to Max [nasal] >> Ident (Coda lateral, tense) at a later stage, but not vice versa. (Chungbuk National University)

Shin, Dongil & Park, Gina. “Exploring the misuse of language educational rights: In the context of high-stake test preparation for elementary school students.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 323-351. The purpose of this study is to understand the Korean young English language learners (YELL) and test-takers studying TOEFL-iBT from the perspectives of human rights. The term 'human rights' is commonly associated with a legal or political concept, but it is also discussed in casual and everyday situations of life. This study tries to identify the mismatch between what has been documented from the literature in YELL and human rights, especially enunciated through international organizations, and what is really conventionalized in English language education in Korea. Interview data was obtained to explore the human right issues among young learners and test-takers of English in Korea. Three participants who have been preparing for the TOEFL-iBT were all sixth-grade female students. It was found that participants' rights of children, language learners, and test-takers were not fully valued in their TOEFL-iBT preparing contexts. It is hoped that this study would lead to awareness-raising movements for the children's rights in the field of English language learning and testing. It would raise the awareness of why the issues of human rights and ethics are needed to enlarge the related boundaries of professionalism in English language education. (Chung-Ang University, University of Toronto)

Choi, Sunhee. “Effects of a web-based English learning program for Korean adults learners.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.4 (2012): 353-377. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a web-based English learning program on adult learners' speaking proficiency, motivation and anxiety. 152 Korean adult learners of English took part in the study which required them to use the program for 30 minutes everyday from Monday to Friday for two months. The program's effect on the participants' speaking proficiency was determined based on the increase in their OPIc scores, a well known speaking proficiency test. On the other hand, the participants' motivation and anxiety levels were measured using questionnaires. It was revealed that the program was successful in improving Korean adult learners' speaking skills. However, it worked better with the learners who had low speaking proficiency levels than those with higher levels. The program was also effective for lowering anxiety in speaking English. However, the participants expressed their dissatisfaction with the contents and levels of lessons and the qualities of native English speaking coaches. Suggestions and implications for web-based language learning are discussed. (Jeonju University)