Earticle

This paper explores how Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman depicts the protagonist as showing invincible spirit through his fight for personal dignity and guides the audience to a process of recognizing a right way of living. Modern playwrights often fail to show that tragedy is an expression of faith in man's greatness since they have lost confidence in human dignity at the confrontation with suppressive society. Miller refutes these critics, asserting that playwrights are still capable of presenting the spirit of human greatness. In doing so, Miller assigns Willy Loman an invincible spirit of human courage in his own play, Death of a Salesman. In the play, Willy is fired and sees his dignity threatened at the end of his salesman career. Most modern playwrights would depict Willy as doomed to frustration, unable to show a hope of possible victory. However, Miller offers Willy the power to fight for his dignity. Willy confronts a downfall in the course of fighting and invites the audience to recognize the false value embodied in his idea of attaining success through material gains. Willy might avoid his tragic ending if he were free from the wrong idea at the confrontation with his failure as a salesman. Willy's death thus enlightens the audience by exposing a right way of living that he might lead. In Millers view, tragedy is a mode of optimism that produces in the audience's mind a hope of possible victory.

The myth of Oedipus has been the unceasing source of imagination in art and literature as well as in the theories of psychoanalysis. It has been used as a source for Greek and Western literature since the modern age. The variety of the myth reappears in many different kinds of literary works revealing the circumstances and ideologies of each age which embody the reality of the times. The purpose of this paper is to show how Aeschylos and Sophocles reflect the spirit of the age through the Oedipal myth and to suggest how some of the modern writers apply the myth for their own purposes.

This paper attempts to prove the possibility that Lady Chatterley's Lover can be approached by ecological thought. In Lady Chatterley's Lover, Lawrence rejects the binomial contrast which becomes the tradition of western thought by his dualism. After Descartes, the Western men degrade their body and enhance the spirit and the intelligence. This inner split of human being is different from Lawrence's dualism and the oriental thought in which the spirit and the body, the human being and the nature is thought as organic and wholesome. The binomial contrast between spirit and body is deeply related with that of human being and nature. The degradation of human being's body in the Western Europe is led to the degradation of nature. Lawrence asserts that the revival of life-force of human being is the solution to relieve the human being in the modern world. As a result, we can say that Lady Chatterley's Lover is the work that belongs to the category of literary ecology. And we can regard that Lawrence presented the paradigm previously that ecologist advocates.

This paper examines to analyze open-ending method in Henry James' Novels, especially in The Portrait of Lady. To close the novel James employs two methods. One is a series of staged farewell scenes Within each of these farewells, the heroine Isabel Archer discovers herself through experience, and she chooses a future that defines the ending of the novel. The other is the appended scene between Henrietta and Goodwood which achieves an artistic distance from the emotional intensity of Isabel's last encounter and provides an overview of the preceding events, just as an epilogue. But instead of closing off the issues, it opens them out once again. All these methods are to represent the illusion that life continues indefinitely.

There are various parallels between the Daoist and Burkeian texts when we consider their views of human symbol-use, language. The Dao can not be adequately expressed in words. The Dao is the all-embracing first principle of the universe, and, at the same time, not only a unifying source, relating all phenomena, but the foundation of their natural diversity. Dramatism is a technique of analysis of language and thought as basically modes of action rather than as a means of conveying information. According to Burke's Dramatism, what we need or can explain is not terms that avoid ambiguity, but terms that clearly reveal the strategic spots at which ambiguities necessarily arise. We can find that both the Daoists and Burke value the state of uncertainty which arises when we accept the inherent ambiguity of words. The Daoists do not offer generalized principles for conduct, but methods for cultivating the state of mind to which we can respond free from the authority of a particular limited perspective. Burke does not provide, as the Daoists do, a guide to conduct which openly espouses non-purposive action and spontaneity. But Burke appears to adopt a similarly casuistic approach in his view of the act of textual criticism.

We investigate the reduced vowel quality in Korean learner speech of English in comparison with the native speech, along the previous findings in literature that the reduced vowel quality accounts for the syllable-timedness of Singapore English and Taiwan English. We measured the location of the first and second formants (F1 and F2) of stressed and reduced vowels in 10 morphologically related word pairs of English, which were read by 25 native American English speakers and by 41 Korean learners before and after a classroom instruction. The results show that the formant location of reduced vowels is significantly more dispersed in Korean learner English than in the native speech of American English (p < .001). In tandem with this fact, the dispersion ratio between the stressed and reduced vowels were significantly smaller in Korean learner English than in the native speech of American English (p < .001). Both of these values in the Korean learner speech assimilated to the native speech after the classroom instruction. In conclusion, the vowel reduction in English is not well commanded by the Korean learners with lower proficiency, and thus characterizes the syllable-timedness of Korean accent of English.

Even though the majority of the world's ESOL teachers are non-native speakers of English, there has been little attention to train them with consideration of their native language, culture and their students' linguistic backgrounds, especially in EFL contexts. Currently, a lot of Korean future and current English teachers come to the U.S. to learn better English teaching methods. Since their purpose is to learn TESOL theories and methods, and to return to their home country to teach, they have different backgrounds and needs. However, it has been indicated that these students are usually given the same training as their native speaker peers, resulting in a gap between what they learn in ESL contexts and what they face in their teaching in EFL contexts. This paper concerns several major issues regarding how to design a TESOL curriculum for the non-native students for EFL contexts. First, for the theoretical framework, I will review the existing literature on ESL versus EFL in terms of teaching and learning English in general. I will then discuss some implications for syllabus design, materials development, and teacher education when designing a TESOL curriculum for EFL contexts. Finally, a brief summary and conclusion will be presented.

There are two tenses (finished tense and unfinished tense) in every language, not three tenses (past, present and future). Time differs from tense. The words ‘shall’ and ‘will’ are not the future auxiliary verbs, but the subjunctive verbs together with ‘must’, ‘may’ and ‘can’. Present tense of auxiliary verbs expresses possible thought, but their past tense impossible thought. English tenses are as follows:

The aim of this paper is to reanalyze the structure of locative inversion construction in English and Korean and to suggest that the locative inversion in Korean has the same derivation as that of English in the syntax, following Yim(2004). Specially considering the locative inversion construction with unergative verbs and unaccusative verbs, we will argue that the former does not allow locative inversion at all and locative inversion in Korean is derived in the same way as an English counterpart. To analyze the structure of locative inversion, this paper will adopt the structure of SpecvP, which is the position in which either the external argument of an unergative or any complement of an unaccusative appears, as suggested by Bowers(2002). It will be shown that the PP moves to SpecvP and in turn to SpecTP in locative inversion in English and Korean, driven by the EPP-features on v and T.

The purpose of this study is to infer the developmental process of a Korean elementary school student's communicative competence. The informant, who was randomly chosen among the students from an elementary school attached to the university the researcher is working at, was interviewed during his lunch break. Each interview lasted around ten minutes. The data was collected over three semesters during three academic years from 2002 to 2004, one semester per year. The analysis focused on the following: (i) How does the informant's will to communicate in English change?; (ii) How has his communicative competence developed as time goes on? The mean length of utterance(MLU) was measured and the change in word tokens and the structural patterns of his utterances were analyzed. The following are the results: first, the number of word tokens and the MLU increased as interviews were repeated. Second, the informant's grammar was somewhat unstable but developed steadily.

Research suggests that listening skill is prerequisite to other language skills, speaking, reading, and writing. Listening should be the primary skill to be acquired in learning a new language and there are major reasons for the listening-first approach. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the importance of listening and to examine whether or not using the Korean alphabet improved the accuracy of English dictation performed by a group of Korean college students. A total population of 120 students was divided into two groups, control and experiment. The experiment group transcribed the English utterances on a practice TOEIC tape into phonological writing in Korean and then later transposed the Korean writing into English words The control group transcribed the English sounds only in English without using the Korean alphabet. Statistically significant differences were noted in the accuracy of dictation when the students used the Korean alphabet, especially for the beginning and intermediate students. Statistically significant results were not produced for the advanced students.

The purpose of this paper is to explain binding theory under the non-configurational notion. GB binding theory is based on the configurational notion of c-command. This paper presents an alternative binding theory that is not based on c-command, but rather on the relative obliqueness of grammatical relations. We examined a wide range of English data that were based on GB binding theory to compare with the binding theory based on non-configurational notion. And we presented an alternative binding theory that was based on the relative obliqueness of arguments under the frame of HPSG. Finally HPSG binding theory could solve the crucial data, making use of non-configurational notion.