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Many Americans believe in their traditional values and their political and social system. The values are concretized in American dream, the optimistic narrative of American life. This narrative of American dream suggests that America is a country in which one's dreams and desires can be fulfilled through one's effort, and a country in which freedom and opportunity are guaranteed. Radicalism denies the traditional American values based on American dream, so its presence is thought to be harmful to American society and American values. Therefore it is suppressed in the name of ‘un-American’ ideas. However, The Great Depression broke this optimistic narrative based on the American dream. The Great Depression has great influence on American people and Clifford Odets' works reflect the hard times during the 1930s. Clifford Odets doubts the dominant narrative, which praises the traditional American values and the rosy view of American capitalism. He deals with the failure of American Dream in Paradise Lost, and Awake and Sing!. In Waiting for Lefty, he shows the violent side of capitalism and advocates the worker's right to strike. He also illustrates Fascism's brutal acts against the radicals in Till the Day I Die, in which Fascism is portrayed as another violent side of the benevolent democratic capitalism.

A prominent theme in the poetry and prose of W. H. Auden is that of “the City,” or “the human community in all its aspects.” In this paper, I trace that theme in Auden's later longer poems with particular reference to Augustine thought. Auden's preoccupation with cities, whether actual or ideal, reflects his lifelong concern to “find or form a genuine community, in which each has his valued place and can feel at home.” Auden's poetry up until 1940 deals largely with Augustine's concept of the earthly city, or “the city of the unrighteous,” though he shows somewhat of a movement, in fits and starts, toward envisioning a “Just City” on earth. His return to Christianity in 1940 carries with it the realization that such an earthly city is impossible; yet his poetry after 1940 often points toward an ideal or heavenly city by which our actual ones can be judged.

In the late 19th century Bernard Shaw expressed his many-sided ideas covering politics, economy, society and labour problems in his dramas to overthrow the social contradiction and irrationality. Bernard Shaw was influenced upon the ethical attitude obtained from the inversion of capitalistic logic and optional addition of economical knowledge from Marx, Ricardo, and Adam Smith as well as the influence upon J. S. Mill. Shaw was greatly influenced by J. S. Mill in the realization of socialistic policy as the criticism of the capitalism and object achievement of socialism. J. S. Mill's academical efforts and social participation focuses on improvement of economical position and cultivation of moral, intellectual quality of the poor, so to speak, realization of human-centered thinking because he thought that this must be the object for research of study. This accords with Bernard Shaw's concentrating idea in his dramas. So Mill's social advancement theory and human welfare view which influenced Shaw's drama can be understood in view of love for humanity, philanthropic idea and liberal view. In Shaw's drama Widower's Houses John Stuart Mill's idea that security of society would be decided whether the society is based on low class is exposed and his socialistic concept can be found. In Major Barbara Shaw insists that unity of intellect and utility be needed for structural improvement of society and advancement of society, this is directly connected with John Stuart Mill's idea of cultivation of moral, intellectual quality, so to speak, realization of human centered idea.

This paper sets a task to examine what effects Virginia Woolf could have through the work of writing novels. As she confessed she no longer heard her mother's voice and saw her after writing To the lighthouse Also she added that as if she had done something which is very like what the psychoanalyst generally does to his patients. As the patients overcome their trouble through talking with the psychoanalyst Woolf has the same effect through writing. So Woolf might get the “writing cure” in the process of writing her own novels, especially To the lighthouse. This paper follows the process of overcoming the strong influence of pseudo-mother Mrs. Ramsay by pseudo- daughter, Lily Briscoe who has ambivalent feelings toward Mrs. Ramsay and still is under Mrs. Ramsay's influence. By doing this it is possible to infer how “writing cure” could be happened to Woolf herself.

This paper aims to solve the inconsistency of some Faulknerian characters through intertextuality. For example, some critics have pointed out that Narcissa Benbow of Sanctuary is an unfavorable and even vicious person, while Narcy of Sartoris is a generous and sympathetic woman. “There Was a Queen.” shows the growing process of Narcy. Here, Narcy becomes the helpless victim of a federal agent who threatens to disclose her own shameful secret. Narcy sleeps with the agent to conceal the secret. Through this terrible experience, Narcy comes to learn that this world is not composed of just white and black. That she should be more humble and precautious in judging others. Similarly, Carothers Edmonds of Go Down, Moses is considered the main villain of “Delta Autumn” who discards his love and his own son. But this negative estimation of him cannot be in harmony with the image of Roth of “the Fire and the Hearth”. In the latter, Roth is depicted as a considerate, generous and sincere man who takes pains to prevent the impending divorce of an old black couple. This means Roth has grown into a better and sincerer man through his experience. In conclusion, intertextuality is a key to solve some incongruities of Faulkner's characterization. Through it, we can fill up the untold side of the story, and understand the processes and causes of the growth of some characters.

The Heart of the Matter.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 31.1(2005): 103-119. The purpose of this paper is to examine Graham Greene’s imperial viewpoints in The Heart of the Matter. In this novel, as is the case in most of Greene's works, the setting is a foreign land(Africa) and realistically described. But the real people and places of Africa are of minor significance and denounced as insects, human rats, and the land which drives a man off his head. And the main character, Scobie, is the man who has “a terrible sense of pity and responsibility.” He can’t shut his eyes or his ears to any human need of him. But the word ‘pity’ is “the expression of an almost monstrous pride” for the people who are of low social position. Therefore we can say that Greene has the viewpoints of western imperialist illusions.

The purpose of this study is to highlight Emily Dickinson's unconventionality by comparing her poetry with that of Helen Hunt Jackson, one of her famous contemporaries then. Most women poets in nineteenth-century America conformed to the poetic convention of the day. Jackson, among others, was responsive to the considerably genteel, imitative, sentimental, feminine poetry as expected of women poets of her time. Conforming to the constraints of the publishing world, she became a very popular poet of her time. On the contrary, Dickinson decided not to have her poems published because she did not want to conform to an editor's directions. Unlike Jackson, she sought a new path of her own technique of poetry. Rather than ignoring the constraints that the publishing world would have placed on her poetry, we should consider how her striking originality responds to cultural pressures. Today, she is more highly esteemed more honorably ranked than the successful Jackson of nineteenth-century America.

The subject matter Hamlin Garland (1860-1940) cared most to write about was the life of farmers on the prairie, especially frontierswomen. His works represent the man's viewpoint toward the new woman and his sympathy with women who try to liberate themselves from social constraints. The “new women” presented in the works of Garland are women at work. Main-Travelled Roads, the well-known collection of short stories written during the course of his earlier writing career, presents a grim image of frontiers women. Later, in the midst of his career, Garland introduced the element of ‘free will’ in his novels about liberated women such as Rose in Rose of Durcher's Coolly Regarding an education and a career as vehicles to independence and self-improvement for women, Garland presented his heroines in his social reform novels as intellectual and professional women. Rose in Rose of Dutcher's Coolly is also aware of her education and career development. They help to strengthen her personality and enable her to accomplish her goals in both her personal and professional life.

According to Herbert Lindenberger, there have been two persistent traditions in the genealogy of the novel. The first of these might be called the novel of social relations. Its prime concern is not the individual in isolation, but in a given social situation. Its climaxes take the form of the dramatic interchanges between people, and its affinity with any other genre is surely with drama. The second tradition is a form concerned less with the individual's connection with other people than his relation to larger forces and, for that matter, to himself. Its climaxes are usually the protagonist's moment's of intuition and revelation. Lawrence belongs to this second tradition. Lawrence's most important attempt at a general definition of poetry is that poetry is visionary. The essential quality of poetry, he asserts, is that it makes a new effort of attention, and “discovers” a new world within the known world. Perhaps a major reason for the prolonged neglect of Lawrence's verse is that while his theory of the novel falls within a definable and acceptable tradition, his view of poetry was the exception than the rule in the earlier part of this century.

The present paper aims to see in what ways a set of written discourses makes and conveys indirect discursive meaning in a novel that draws on pragmatically salient linguistic expressions to successfully reach its readers. For this purpose such key concepts as presupposition, conversational implicature, and verbal irony are examined in order that they may provide a frame of reference to the ensuing discourse analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that most of the utterances are appreciably context-sensitive while they construct an opposite, non-veridical, alternative relationship between what is uttered and what is pragmatically intended. The meaning-making mechanism the author of the novel Honpul utilizes is the one that enables her to share the knowledge of the discourse world with her readers via the exploitation of a wide variety of semantic and/or pragmatic inferences, by means of which she seems to have achieved a competent way of literary communication. Additionally, all the utterances subjected to the analysis have been found to be pragmatically well-formed, so the meaning-making of Korean fictional discourses are hardly deemed to be different from that of the English language.

In English there are various kinds of verbs that have ‘accusative with infinitive’ as their complement. The constructions of the complements can be (a)accusative+bare infinitive, (b)accusative+to-infinitive, or (c)for accusative+to-infinitive. The main verbs take one or two of the constructions according to their semantic properties. The purpose of this paper is to study infinitival complement of transitive verbs and to obtain the aid in making accurate use of to-infinitive and bare infinitive in the construction, and accusative without or with for. This paper reveals that there are the properties of the main verbs to take one or two of the above three constructions and several elements which influence the forming of the above three constructions. It is expected that this paper will be helpful to the proper use of the accusative+infinitive complement.

This paper is to analyze some metaphors in English and Korean by M. Apter's view of cognitive synergy. His synergic view focuses on two kinds of cognitive synergies. One kind is cognitive synergy superimposed on the same identity ; the other, the cognitive one superimposed on two identities including oxymoron. He utilizes Euler diagrams to develop his theory. I adopted his second type because it seems to me that it gives more attention to metaphors. I narrowed my analysis into three types of metaphors : (1) Oxymoron, (2) ‘A rose is a rose’ type, (3) ‘A is B’ type. Apter's theory based on the similarity between two identities. His similarity seems to me to be objective. Instead of it, I suggest that it be a higher-concept governing two lower ones, which is mentally connected.