Earticle

Uncle Tom's Cabin is usually known for a sentimental novel, but it contains the critical ideology of gender and race during the 19th century of America. Harriet Beacher Stowe revealed the evil of slavery in Uncle tom's Cabin and many characters response differently to the moral issue of slavery. In the responses to the slavery, white men and women show their racial prejudice and gender discrimination. Although Stowe is an unquestionable abolitionist, many critics have criticized her for such distorted representations as unpleasant racial and sexual stereotypes. Stowe describes white Anglo-Saxons as a cruel and violent race, while she does the Africans as a submissive and docile race. Also she describes the Africans as more moral and spiritual race than white men. In gender description, she emphasizes that women are usually more moral and pious than men. In this book, there are many arguable points about the ideology of race and gender surrounding the evil of slavery in the social and cultural aspects during the 19th century of America. Although there is an ambivalent point of view about Stowe's descriptions of gender and race, she is a true feminist as a social reformer. But as a real reformer, Stowe's ideology of gender and race shows a controversial point and limitation.

This paper examines the image of poet in The Canzoniere and The Shepheardes Calendar. Although these poems belong to different genre, and their authors belong to different country, they have many noteworthy similarities. Frist, both poems employ a frame of time. Second, the poet-speakers in both poems complain of their unrequited love and use their painful experiences as a driving force in their writing. Third, these poets search for an ideal image of poet in the process of writing and in their works. In The Canzoniere and The Shepheardes Calendar, the poets think themselves as creators of everlasting works of art and elevate their position up to that of heroes or even of God. Both authors show poets as heroes or subjective beings who declare their individualities through the creation act.

A Korean-American writer Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictee (1982) is to antagonize the dominant discourses of both the Western imperialism and Asian nationalism through the use of fragmented narrative structures, multiple genres, and diverse materials. Cha focuses on the most conspicuous anti-colonial strategy, mimicry, the ironic imitation of the colonialist gesture not as a representation of the reality but as resistance as the colonialist's interpellation. In Dictee, there are three subjects who reject the colonizer's hailing as mimicry. The first subject is a colonized subject who carries out dictation by super-obedience thereby violating the premise that dictation is a sign of the authority of language to generate students as “docile bodies”. The second subject is the religious narrative which appropriates religious rituals and mocks the religious tenet that teaches that God has made us as his own likeness. Cha's mocking of Catholic dogma maximizes the contradiction of the logic of religious equivalence. The third subject who opposes the colonizer's interpellation is the narrator of Dictee who antagonizes the male dominant literary mode that prefers linear narrative. Cha violates the boundaries of the traditional genres and creates her own mode of narrative, mixing various materials such as literary, artistic, and cinematic fragments. Through this, Cha desires to rewrite the colonized's history, a history that has been suppressed, isolated, and silenced in the main historical context.

In transforming the legal disputes over a 17th-century Roman murder case into poetry in The Ring and the Book, Browning brings law into literature. The two lawyers' monologues in the poem expose and criticize the politics of nothingness in a legal fiction. Just as Bentham condemns fictions in legal language, in the two lawyers' legal narrative Browning makes a critique of the way fictions are presented as real entities and the way these fictions exercise a coercive power on human thoughts and actions. Browning shows that the legal fiction is created and maintained through aesthetic language. He also exposes various narrative strategies that legal aestheticism adopts in order to conceal its empty referents.

Prospero in The Tempest is a Shakespearean representation of John Dee who was a foremost philosopher, scientist, mathematician and conjurer in the English- Renaissance era. As John Dee himself was a leading philosopher of Renaissance humanism, who heavily influenced both on cultural circles and on political decisions, Prospero represented the new men and the knowledge of the era of humanism. This research tries to examine the dynamic relationships between Shakespeare's dramatic representations in The Tempest and the new intellectual paradigms represented by John Dee in the English- Renaissance era.

Throughout his entire life, William Carlos Williams has always showed his interest in gender, sex, and sexuality. For Williams, the motif of woman and woman's sexuality is closely related with the construction of female subjectivity. Williams wants to reconstruct the subjectivity of woman that is distorted and marginalized under the patriarchal ideologies of traditional Western philosophy. Many of Williams' works deal with discourses on the woman as a sexual subject in opposition to the passive and objectified images of women. Williams keenly recognizes that male sexual desire is configured through the male gaze, blatantly dismembering and objectifying the woman. In a sense, denial of the woman’s sexuality stands joined by Williams to denial of construction of female subjectivity. In this regard, I maintain that Williams can be seen as one of the most unmasculine-oriented poets among contemporary male writers.

This article is a pragmatic application of the theory of parallel literary criticism in a comparative study of Chae Man-sik and Willa Cather focusing on their novels, Takryu(The Muddy Stream) and My Antonia. Both writers emphasize the crucial effects of regionalism on people's personas. Chae depicts the destructive power of colonized capitalism through the persona of Chobong of “violent weakness”, Willa Cather, the fruits of bold frontier spirits through the persona of Antonia of “fatal boldness”. In the process of analyzing the notion of “orphancy” will be mentioned.

English is shown to exhibit some unique aspects and properties with respect to number agreement between the subject and the verb. As these aspects are not quite straightforward, we encounter a lot of variation in the judgment of the number of the subject NP among and across NEs and NNEs. We also encounter a huge divergence between NEs and NNEs as they rest on their implicit and explicit grammar knowledge, respectively, for their judgment on number. Here arise some linguistic and pedagogical implications for teaching grammar to EFL learners: how to teach English number agreement, developing linguistic competence, and how to help them get implicit knowledge, leading to communicative competence.

This paper purposes to find out an alternative way for solving the murky problems concerning subject/object asymmetries and the that-trace effect within a minimalist framework. To this end, I make an LF-based approach to these problems, assuming that a recent theory of phase and LF may open up a clue to resolving this issue. The proposals in this paper for dealing with pure subject/object asymmetries suggest that though these are phenomena with different theoretical underpinnings, they have to be addressed even in the context of a minimalist theory. We see that a monostratal theory that tries to address the asymmetry occurring between wh-phrase subjects and non-subjects in English has left many problems unsolved. We also see that adjuncts pattern with subjects in extraction rather than with objects. I assume that, irrespective of the PIC, wh-phrases move directly into the matrix Spec of CP. Concerning the that-trace effect, I am in accordance with the idea put forward by Pesetsky and Torrego (2001).

This study identifies group disparities found in girls' high school students' use of language learning strategies and the students' beliefs about language learning. This study found that statistically, a group disparity only exists in the use of language learning strategy and beliefs regarding language learning. This finding indicates that the students in Seoul used strategies more frequently than those in Chungju, thus allowing for the assumption that students' learning ability in Seoul is higher than that of their counterparts in Chungju. This study also revealed that only the group factor had a statistically significant influence on the strategy variables, and that each belief variable is generally related to more than two strategy variables. The results suggest that the group disparities in relation to students' learning ability be recognized and steps be taken to improve the educational environment in schools where students' learning ability seems to be comparatively lower.

Since the introduction of the communicative English teaching methodology about 50 years ago, grammar teaching, which had been out of focus of teaching, has been slowly but steadily revived as a major concern in English teaching. One principle of the revived approaches to grammar teaching is to encourage students to focus of forms during communicative interactions. Although it is basically correct, its applications can be quite different from a situation to another. Especially, in EFL situations in Korea, they should be very careful and try to develop a methodology that is appropriate for Korean language speakers in particular. In this paper, first, I explain the history of the ‘Grammar-Translation Method’ in Korea and how communicative methodologists had viewed it before they introduced a new English education policy. Second, current tendencies of English teaching in primary and secondary schools are briefly examined. Finally, I propose a top-down approach to English teaching, which I claim is a reliable way to cope with major problems we had before and have now in Korea.

There is said to be two different kinds of meaning: one is sentence (word) meaning, the other speaker meaning. (Hurford & Heasley 1996: 3) Entailment and implicature both belong to inference. However, entailment concerns sentence meaning and implicature speaker (utterance) meaning even though we need to consider hearers to calculate the implicature of an utterance as shown in this paper. Grice (1975) claims that there must be a place for the natural counterparts of logical devices. In this vein, he discusses implicatures in terms of the Cooperative Principle and conversational maxims. Horn (1984) boils down the Gricean maxims to two fundamental principles, such as the Q Principle and the R Principle, and deals with implicatures in those terms. This paper discusses detachability related directly to conventional implicatures vs. conversational implicatures, and the inferential process leading to the implicatures, with illuminating English examples.