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Kim, Sun Kyung. “Toward Dependent Co-Arising in the Perspective of the Buddhist Teaching: D. H. Lawrence’ Sons and Lovers.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 1-23. Sons and Lovers is one of Lawrence' early novels, which depicts the protagonist Paul's childhood and youth. In this novel, Morel(Paul's mother) suffers from a class conflict against her husband. Morel's repressed desire for love influences Paul's personality-formation in such a negative way that he only fails to love Miriam and Clara. The cause of this failure has been explained by many readers who depend on Freud's Oedipus complex. However, no one attempted to read this novel in the perspective of the dependent Co-Arising in the Buddhist Teaching. This paper aims to illuminate human relationships in the novel, having recourse to the Dependent Co-Arising. In Lawrence's SL, the problem of class continues a thematic subject more devastating than any other elements. Employing the Buddhist principle of dependent co-arising, this essay re-examines the concept of ideal love and human relationship. And the distorted human-relationship results in failing to gain its successful relationship. SL is about a process of Paul's disillusionment at the polarity and his galling struggle to attain a holistic world view. (Suncheon First University)

Park, Yong-jun. “A Study on the Conflict between Ideal and Desire in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s “The Minister’s Black Veil” and “Rappaccini’s Daughter”.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39. 3 (2013): 25-47. This article aims at revisiting the meaning of perception in the early American ideals in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s short stories. Probing deep into the repetitive themes of the relationship between the individual and society, Hawthorne tries to find the double-sidedness between ideals and desires in his characters. In “the Minister’s Black Veil,” Parson Hooper chooses a contradictory self-isolation from an introspective ideal in spite of his job as a mediator between people and God. Though Hooper has an ideal for repentance from original sin, he demands his self-delusive methods without communicating with the congregation, and there is no reconciliation between them in the end. In the turbulent era between the religious ideal and actual human perception, Hawthorne represents and suggests various ways of finding out the “neutral ground” between their dreams and desires. The other way of representing the conflict between them is through the thought of effect for science, perceived as an empirical and ideal way for fulfilling their dreams at the same time. But the blind obedience to science and its opposite for contorted desires described in “Rappaccini’s Daughter” make them co-destructed, as Hawthorne described as “Ruined Eden.” From these perspectives, we might find Hawthorne’s intention in his works to be not a writer of imaginative or vague ideals, but a mediator between the human dream and desire, and find the warning that he is afraid of. (Sangji University)

Yang, Hyunchul. “The dialectical structure and theme in William Blake’s Songs of Innocence and Experience.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 49-68. This study aims at investigating William Blake’s ideas of contraries and seeks to understand the method of uniting contraries and the significance of such marriage in his poetic world. The songs in Songs of Innocence are not purely innocent songs, for they have the world of experience oppressed under the dominant ideology as their background. But it reveals a vision of Utopia attainable beyond such social contraries. Blake’s social criticism in Songs of Experience, is characterized by its severe and bitter satire. We can read more directly and objectively the oppressed and depraved social realities through Songs of Experience. Blake’s poetry aims at getting harmony through conflict of contraries. As he said “Without Contraries is no Progression,” contraries are indispensible for progressing toward harmony in his poetic world. His poetry has a dialectical structure and focuses on a synthesis in a vision of Utopia. (Nazarene University)

Hwang, Jaekwang. “The Life of Text and the Text of Life in Herman Melville's Pierre or The Ambiguities.” Studies in English Language & Literature 39.3 (2013): 69-87. This paper explores the manifold aspects of the textuality in Melville's Pierre, or the Ambiguities in terms of his anti-essentialist tendency toward his art and non-formist aesthetic which departs from the tenets of the traditional organic view of literature. These aspects of the novel will also be discussed in the language of Deconstruction. In Pierre, the life of Pierre is paralleled with that of a plant and a text. With the abrupt ending coincided with the untimely death of the novel's hero, Pierre thwarts the end-oriented readers' desire to see the truth of the novel revealed at the end of the text and the New Critical obsession with a unified whole in literary works. Melville renders his text performative and functional rather than foundational by directing the reader's attention to what the text does rather than what it says. The novel's ambiguous open form serves for the same purpose, enticing the reader's active participation in making the text grow even beyond its ending. (Keimyung University)

Hwangh, Chee Bok. “Ethan Hawley’s Free Will and the Existential Vacuum in John Steinbeck’s The Winter of Our Discontent.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 89-108. John Steinbeck’s last novel The Winter of Our Discontent is the story of Ethan Allen Hawley, a member of a once great family turned broke. Ethan and his family do not set any value on the high levels of honesty and integrity that ordinary people struggle to maintain in a corrupt society. These external pressures, as well as his own internal turmoil, send Ethan on a dangerous path to reclaim the status and wealth that he once enjoyed. Therefore this paper aims to study how John Steinbeck recognized a main character Ethan’s free will and his existential vacuum through this novel. Ethan’s acceptance of the responsibility he once attempted to avoid makes a free moral agent in the full sense. His fight to escape the pounding surf symbolizes his inner struggle to seize control of his destiny from the apparent grip of the tarot card, the Hanged Man and demonstrates the ultimate fact of free will in a rapidly changing world. This also reflects Steinbeck’s paradoxical view of the world. However, Ethan’s salvation comes from the realization that his moral choices made. Consequently, this study is to examine how Ethan is struggling to find the place of an individual in an increasingly self-interested, immoral world and how Steinbeck’s never-ending faith and optimism in man’s ability to persevere and bring about change are reflected in the struggle of Ethan Hawley. (Jeonju University)

Kang, Nam-Kil. “The Reason why Ku 'he' cannot be A'-dependent: An Agree-based Approach.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 109-130. The ultimate goal of this paper is to provide an agree-based analysis of why the Korean singular pronoun ku 'he' is not interpreted as a variable bound by every-type quantifiers. This paper has attempted to show how the anti-variable binding of the so-called overt pronoun ku 'he' is accounted for within the conception of the agree-based approach without recourse to Binding Condition B. The fact that the Korean singular pronoun ku 'he' is not licensed by every-type quantifiers need not to be stipulated. It simply follows from the fact that if the overt pronoun ku 'he' which is singular does not agree in number with its antecedent, it cannot get its reference (R-feature) from its antecedent. With respect to the treatment of binding within the agree-based approach, one major point that is worth emphasizing is that the anti-variable binding of ku 'he' falls on our Reference Agreement Principle based on agree which requires the singular pronoun ku 'he' to be linked to its singular antecedent. More specifically, it is hypothesized in this paper that ku 'he' cannot be interpreted as a bound variable due to the number disagreement between every-type quantifiers and the singular dependent term ku 'he'. This hypothesis rests on the assumption that since every-type quantifiers in Korean involve a group of people, it is semantically plural, but ku 'he' is a singular NP whose referent must consist of a single entity. Finally, this paper provides several pieces of empirical evidence which entertains the hypothesis that the overt pronoun ku 'he' which is singular must agree in number with its antecedent. (Far East University)

Kim, Buja. “A Study on the Acquisition of English Verb Subcategorization Features by Korean College Students.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 131-167. The purpose of this study was to examine the acquisition of English verb subcategorization features by Korean college students. On the basis of the meaning of verb constructions produced according to subcategorization features, 42 verbs associated with 21 subcategorization features were selected. For the study, 102 low-intermediate fresh students at a Korean university participated in a grammaticality judgment test, an English to Korean translation test, and a Korean to English translation test. The grammaticality judgment test designed to examine the ability to recognize the correct subcategorization feature of a given verb showed that subcategorization features for 22 verbs were recognized by more than half of the participants. The English to Korean translation test designed to examine the ability to understand the meaning of a sentence generated according to a subcategorization feature revealed that sentences produced according to subcategorization features for 34 verbs were comprehended by more than half of the participants. The Korean to English translation test designed to examine the ability to produce a sentence according to a subcategorization feature showed that correct sentences on the basis of subcategorization features for 11 verbs were produced by more than half of the participants. The participants' ability to produce sentences according to subcategorization features was significantly low compared to their ability to recognize correct subcatgorization features and to understand sentences produced according to subcategorization features. (Seoul Christian University)

Lee, Eun-Kyeong. “A Reconsideration of Asymmetrical English Coordination.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 169-187. This paper sheds new light on how to explain the coordination asymmetry contingent on various syntactic standards. It is argued that the mirror-imaged coordination structure by building up the two separate criteria is accordingly driven: One is for binding, possessive with extraposition, substitution and insertion and the other is for Case, subcategorization and agreement. It follows in the flexible manner that while coordinator & is paired as one unit with the first conjunct for some occasions, coordinator & is combined with the second one for others. Thus, I propose that the former is under strong influence from head (T,V,P)'s locality and the latter is involved with the parametric conditions. Consequently, it is a reflection that the first-pair unit can be another potential configuration of the second-pair unit, which is caused by the head & parameter. (Chonbuk National University)

Chandrasoma, Ranamukalage・Lee, Jee Eun. “A Current Approach to EFL Writing: Identity and Learning in the Classroom.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 189-219. The objective of this empirical research was to investigate a prominent trend in EFL pedagogy where instructors utilized first-year students’ identities in writing classes at a university in Korea. Seventy-eight EFL instructors and 109 students participated in this one-semester-long research. This article explores approaches to EFL writing pedagogy under three distinct orientations: skill, text, and identity. Although this classification is based on prominent characteristics pertaining to each group, there is overlapping. EFL instructors often face challenging situations when dealing with first-year university students who are predominantly novice writers fresh from their high school environments. The outcomes of this research imply the significance of identity-oriented approaches to EFL writing pedagogy. Our instructor participants’ predilection for jettisoning traditional approaches in favor of student identities leading to a productive writing pedagogy heralds a new trend in Korea. Based on the findings of this research, we propose that EFL writing pedagogy in Korea should take into consideration the vital role of student identities in enhancing students’ writing competencies. (Woosong University)

Jeon, Gyeong Jeong. “Satisfiaction and Attitude Change of Adult Learners who Participated in English Study.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 39.3 (2013): 221-239. Living in the “era of globalization” people learn various languages, especially English. In our daily life, words and phrases of English are everywhere: signs of stores, lyrics, even from Korean conversations. The culture of computer and internet has made this phenomenon more frequent. In the professional world, on the other hand, English is necessary for not only obtaining a job, but also for career advancement. As a result, those who are not able to use English feel inferior to the others. For adults learning a second language, there are numbers of barriers such as memory loss, difficulty in pronunciation, blind memorization, problems in reasoning and application, and lastly, the age issue. Nevertheless, adult learners intend to study English because of the aforementioned reasons. This research paper covers change in attitude and level of satisfaction of adult learners after they studied English. As a brief conclusion, it is viewed that adult learners tend to have stronger confidence and no longer feel inferior to others. (Chonbuk National University)