Earticle

The main essay in Preface to Film, "Film and Dramatic Tradition' shows Williams' most insight into the development of the concept of structure of feeling. Roughly surveyed, the idea of it used as a deliberate challenge and alternative to the existing explanatory framework of Marxist literary and cultural analysis. New Left Review team criticize it; it seems to refer to a generation, and yet at time to have a longer lifespan than any single generation, it seems far too unitary in its expression of social consciousness with its casual reference across classes. Williams thinks the dramatic conventions of any given period are fundamentally related to the structure of feeling in that period, and it is only realizable through experience of the work of art itself, as a whole. He uses this term because it seems more accurate than idea or general life. If we examine the actual emergence of the term, we soon know that it is best understood as Williams's most significant attempt to preserve and yet to go beyond the Marxist argument concerning literary and cultural reproduction which had been so thoroughly criticised within the literary criticism of Cambridge English. The means of this supersession is to be the idea of 'structure of feeling'. Its task is then twofold: first, to explain the nature of major shifts in dramatic convention, but second, to explain these shifts without recourse to the clumsy Marxist metaphor of 'base and superstructure.' The analysis and interpretation of dramatic form make us to see through to the fundamental convention with we classify as society itself, what Williams refers to as 'a structure of feeling in a precise comtemporary world.

This article is to study that biotechnologists may create designer babies with the development of biotechnology in the future and to analyze the relationship between creation of life and bioethics. The term ‘designer baby’ first appeared in 2004. The term was not defined on a scientific basis, but was coined by a journalist. A designer baby is a human embryo which has been genetically modified, usually following guidelines set by the parent or scientist, to produce desirable traits. This technology of genetic editing is the subject of ethical debate, bringing up the concept of genetically modified ‘superbabies’ to interbreed with and eventually replace modern humans. No matter how well scientists conduct their research with good intentions, they should stop it themselves if their work can lead to destruction of the natural order. Man wants to live a long life without a disease. But manmade technology should not break the order of society. In order to concentrate on research on biotechnology that can cure incurable diseases and serious diseases without violating bioethics, laws, institutions and ethical frameworks should be created to make an environment for stable research.

This purpose of this study is to analyze Hemingway's famous Iceberg Theory and its effect, silent language. The definition of the Iceberg Theory is as follows; one eighth of the iceberg is above water and seven eighths of it are under water. Like this iceberg principle, the writer should omit and eliminate the many unnecessary parts and details. Also the writer should select the sin qua non and the basic words to strengthen the expressed one eighth part of the iceberg. The creation of Hemingway's Iceberg Theory was influenced by Paul Cezanne's basic geometric patterns: the cylinder, the cone, and the sphere. One aspect of writing using the Iceberg Theory is the technique of omission and simplicity. However, the simplicity is deceptive, so in Hemingway's style of deceptive simplicity, "the essence of what is said often lies in what is suggested or left unsaid." The effective use of this technique is a further testimony to the rigidity of Hemingway's style as much as to its potential power. He also developed a highly selective use of image words in a way that, by repeating them, hidden meanings are implied or silent rather than stated. By this principle we see "the irony of the unsaid," silent language, space language, unsaid sayings, objective correlative symbolism, and image words in Hemingway's novels.

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of grit on English learning motivations for college students with low level of English achievement. To achieve the goal of this research, for the quantitative research, the researcher conducted a survey of 154 students. Qualitative research was also conducted through interviews with four research participants. The researcher measured general grit(G-grit) and English learning grit(E-grit), and analyzed them. The results showed that grit levels of students with low English achievement were lower than those of average adults. The research also found that E-grit was lower than G-grit, which indicates students have less interest and make less effort in learning English than those of doing general work. The result of interviews showed that even though participants faced difficulties learning English, they tried to overcome difficulties and showed grit for remotivation of English learning. The results imply that fostering grit is needed for low level English learners to improve English learning motivation and make continuous efforts.

Yook, Sung Hee. “(Re)membering Trauma: Joy Harjo’s Prose Poetry and Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s Dictee.” Studies in English Language & Literature 42.4 (2016): 71-90. Both Joy Harjo's prose poetry and Theresa Hak Kyung Cha's Dictee deal with historical memories resulting from traumatic events including colonialism, genocide, displacement, racism, and so on. These two women remember these traumatic histories by writing long poems, which, as Susan Stanford Friedman points out, are a very important tool for marginalized subjects to claim their status of subject and recover agency. Transcending the established binary between lyric and narrative, the lyric narrative and prose poetry used by Harjo and Cha evokes and historicizes their hidden and silenced stories and experiences. This paper is particularly interested in the ways Harjo, a Native American poet, views the past as connected to the present and the future, and Cha, a Korean American avant-garde artist, displays how traumatic memories are formed and characterized through her fragmented, broken, and disintegrated language, attempting to revive traumatic remnants of the past through a diseuse. This paper also emphasizes how Harjo and Cha politically take part in the struggle against the colonial power of the dominant discourses and the symbolic order of reality. (Sookmyung Women’s University)

The vignettes of The House on Mango Street by Sandra Cisneros are about the maturing of a young Chicana and the development of a writer, Esperanza Cordero. Esperanza wants to be a writer and tries to discover the complexity of the dual identity as a Chicana woman. Although she wants to escape the Chicano community, Esperanza wishes to remember the certain aspects of the poor and dirty community. She realizes that she should find it a source of her inspiration. As a writer, she believes that she can find her voice and overcome sexism, classism, and racism. Through telling stories about her own experiences, she can find her own identity as a Mexican American. In the end, Esperanza tries to find a way to bridge the gap between both Chicana women’s American and Mexican identity.

This essay aims to study the collective violence of the Puritan society and the social role of Hester, heroine of The Scarlet Letter. The scientific revolution began in the 17th Century Europe, which brought about the development of rationality. Since then, the subject of individual who acts independently based on his/her rational decision had become important in European society of modern times. In the novel Hester is charged with felony adultery. Her punishment on the scaffold and the following isolation are understood as a type of René Girard’s collective violence. It seems that Puritans overcome the crisis of their society by using Hester as the scapegoat through which they relieve their negative feelings. Meanwhile, Hester imbibes the progressive ideas of Europe while living in solitude, which changes her to an individual with the thinking ability. The novel suggests that Hester’s self-development eventually contributes to social progress in the way in which she gains people’s trust and shares her idea with them.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the syntactic text variables related to the item difficulties of CSAT through the indices in the Coh-metrix, the computational tool, using the 299 reading texts from the 2014 to 2018 CSAT and mock CSAT. The 299 texts of CSAT and mock CSAT from The Korea Institute for Curriculum and Evaluation were made into corpora and the percentage of correct answers were obtained from EBSi website. These texts were analyzed by Coh-Metrix, a linguistic computational program, and then, the correlation analysis was conducted to find out what syntactic text variables have influence on the item difficulties. The results of this study are as follows. First, the more sentences with syntactic similarity in the passage, and the longer the distance between new words, the higher percentage of correct answers. Second, frequencies of negative expression was negatively correlated with the percentage of correct answers. Although there are many variables having an effect on the item difficulty and the rate of the correct answer, the objective figures of the text variables offered by linguistic devices is expected to be useful in successful predicting the item difficulty of the reading part in CSAT.

Park, Geumhee. “Carnivalesque Subversion in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 43.1 (2017): 21-42. This article aims to use M. M. Bakhtin's perspective to examine the interrelationship between J. K. Rowling’s carnivalesque narratology and the caustic social criticism in Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. In this novel, Rowling criticizes the Dursleys’ ostentatious self-display and Lord Voldemort’s paranoid power abuse for his own gratification. As a social criticism written for adolescents, this novel presents all the socially critical discussions as comic happenings with Rubeus Hagrid and children’s games or entertainment with Harry Potter. Especially, Hagrid, as Harry’s protector, can be thought of as a variation of festive and folkloric comic characters in that he is easygoing and enjoys eating and drinking, and his comments contain bitter criticisms about both Muggles and Sorcerers. Hagrid encourages Harry to overcome his traumas from the Dursleys through comic magical games and generous foods, which help Harry to reveal Voldemort's horrible conspiracies. This narration of Rowling’s, connected to Harry's heroization and Voldemort's caricaturization can be read as a decrowning/crowning play, dating back to Middle Age carnivals. Through this carnivalesque narration, Rowling enables adolescent readers to develop socioeconomic and political consciousness while reading Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone. As a result, Rowling succeeds in developing her own narratology. (Chosun University)