Earticle

“The expression and action of the hand revealed in The Mayor of Casterbridge” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 1-18. This paper aims to study the expression and action of the hand presented with The Mayor of Casterbridge written by Thomas Hardy. In this work he says that non-verbal language shows the contemporary regional feature. In addition the body language is the means of communication which shows the other person's heart. Through the expression and action of the hero Henchard's hand we can see his character and action correctly. Here I will study how it affects the surrounding characters—Susan, Farfrae, Roucceta and Elizabeth Jane in this novel. The hand presented with Hardy's work is organized medium and embodied action. In special, among the bodily expressions the expression and action of the hand can be the symbol and the means of communication which reveals the emotion and volition of a man. Hardy shows that handwriting in the world is the most powerful of all the means created by mankind. Hardy's work The Mayor of Casterbridge identifies the characteristic of modernism about the country community. Hardy says that the daily expression and action of the hand signifies humanity, sociality and meditation, which reveals a kind of pattern naturally. (Kunsan University)

“A Study of the Comparative Elements in the Poetry of Philip Larkin and Ted Hughes: Reality and Myth.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 19-37. Larkin's poems often start from a chance of casual observation and end a universal statement. But he didn't show any individual didacticism or satire in the poems. And he often expresses pessimism depicting the image of passing time and solitude in old age, and the only end of age, death. This mood is deprived from Larkin's realistic look in the world, not through distorted lenses. That is, his major concern' s truth and reality in life, and he consistently wrote them in his poetry. Hughes, on the other hand, is essentially a poet of animal and nature, and imagination is a chief characteristic of his poetry. In his work, beneath the surface violence of the plot, there lies a deep mythic plan. He makes much account of powers of symbol and myth. Like this, for him, myth is part of the essence of his poetry. Larkin and Hughes's works are contemporary records of events in some ways. However, despite the fact that they lived in for the same period and that they lived in the same country with similar cultures, they got so many different things in their poetry, such as contents, styles, and techniques, etc. This paper presents these comparative elements in the poetry of these poets. (Youngdong University)

“A Study on Literature and Depression: Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 39-64. The aim of this study is to research the depressive illness presented in The Old Man and the Sea(1952) written by Ernest Hemingway(1899-1961). Why Ernest Hemingway and The Old Man and the Sea? Because the typical signs of depression appear outwardly in Hemingway's life and transmit into The Old Man and the Sea, especially the hero Santiago. While Hemingway was writing and publishing The Old Man and the Sea, he seriously suffered from depression. So we can suppose there must be influences and traces of the author's depression in this novel. In the standpoint of this, this study researches depression, mental disease found in this nove-especially through sayings, daily life of Santiago and natural surroundings around the hero. Even though the research of pathography in literature may be inferior to that of medicine, this can find an unexpected prescription and treatment about human depression. Frankly speaking, this research will be more preliminary actions than prescription and treatment. It is here that we can grasp the very message about depression which medicine can never give. In conclusion, this study will show that depression as well as other mental illness is deeply rooted in human conditions and one of the existential problems which we must overcome. (Howon University)

“The Trope of ‘Ruins’ and the Problem of Narration in Shelley’s Queen Mab.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 65-84. In Queen Mab, Shelley makes a sharp critique of contemporary society through the trope of ‘ruins.’ By drawing the reader’s attention to places of past civilizations, where numerous monuments of once powerful rulers have turned into ruins, Shelley predicts the future of the oppressive powers of his time, criticizing the English government and monarchy. The trope of ruins is also extended to the realm of discourse. Still focusing on the trope, Shelley also directs a poignant critique towards the way the ruling classes circulate lying words and use them ideologically for their purposes. Shelley indicts the institution of the Christian religion as one that oppresses people with empty words about God, Hell, and Heaven. Interestingly, however, Shelley’s indictment of the oppressive powers of the contemporary society through Queen Mab, is undermined by other narrators in the poem, especially by Ahasuerus, a phantom figure Queen Mab calls out. Ahasuerus’s statements, which are a curious mixture of strong social protest, passivism and self-indulging narcissism, seriously weaken the validity of Queen Mab’s statements. This also threatens the poet’s statements of social protest in that Queen Mab is just a mouthpiece of the poet. Ultimately, this conflict between radical social criticism and its passivism never seems to be resolved in the poem. (Hannam University)

“Finding True Self, and Death in Eugene O’Neill’s Plays.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 85-101. One of the most important themes in Eugene O'Neill's plays is finding true self. Robert in Beyond the Horizon and Yank in The Hairy Ape struggle against the Fate (Force behind) and try to find true self by overcoming the suffering and the sense of alienation and frustration, and accepting the absurd of human conditions and the death caused by the reversed position and the loss of harmony in their life. Robert finds his true self through his death caused by tuberculosis and Yank, also, through his death caught in a Gorilla's cage. Ultimately, their death is not only an evident tragic affair in appearance, but becomes a release from the alienation and the suffering of life, a blessing, and a perfection of finding true self and eternal belonging in reality. (Wonkwang University)

“The Limits of Multiculturalism in Chang-rae Lee’s Native Speaker.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 103-124. This paper aims to note the limits of the American multiculturalism and the ethnocultural conflicts of Korean American immigrants who struggle with confused identities in Chang-rae Lee's Native Speaker. Multiculturalism is a significant critical concept as it encompasses the diversity and hybridity of ethnic groups and their culture without any bias in order to establish an entirely integrated national community. In Native Speaker, however, the issues of multiculturalim as to “language right” or “political representation” are problematic since those issues tend to force the ethnic group or immigrant community to assimilate into the rules of majority or remain silent in order not to be excluded. Despite their social integration models, the reality is that the collision and the conflict among multiple ethnic groups in many different parts of the country remain because the nation does not consider sharing “a cultural membership”, Native Speaker addresses the cultural issues related to the lack of cultural membership among the characters but simultaneously suggests the adjustment of their emotional confrontation in an attempt to compromise each other to produce the ideal multicultural society. Hence, multicultural reading of Native Speaker would urge the world to realize that a flexible perspective of others' cultures will provide membership in the world just like national citizenship. (Dankook University)

“An image of a strong female in John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums.” Studies in English Language & Literature 38.3 (2012): 125-144. The purpose of this paper is to examine a woman trapped in a man’s world in John Steinbeck's short novel “The Chrysanthemums.” Like his other novels, Steinbeck’s short stories feature realistic dialogue, nerve-racking dramas, and sympathetic examinations of characters trying to find happiness in the face of poverty and oppression. In “The Chrysanthemums,” these struggles are portrayed through Steinbeck's character Elisa Allen. Therefore, through the protagonist, Elisa Allen, I studied a strong, capable woman kept from personal, social, and sexual fulfillment by the prevailing conception of a woman's role in a world dominated by men. In fact, Elisa's appearance, actions, and speech depict the frustrated women felt in Steinbeck's masculine world of the 1930's. Her frustration with the male-dominated society causes her to let go of her dreams for liberation and to become what society expects her to be--a passive woman. By studying this paper, I can conclude how Steinbeck portrayed women according to his time period. Namely, Elisa has become the representative of the feminine ideal of equality and its inevitable defeat. (Jeonju University)

“British Women’s Subordination and The Ideology of “Separate Spheres” in the 19th Century.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012). 145-164. The feminist revival has recently resulted in a wave of critical historical interest over the lives of 19th century British women. The influential work of Kathryn Gleadle and Susan Okin, for example, has sought to bring to light those women who had remained hidden from history yet who were of vital significance to both cultural protest and early feminism. This paper examines British women’s subordination and the ideology of "separate spheres" in connection with the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill. My focus centers on women's gender history that had the potential to disrupt the essential meaning of mainstream history's ideology of "separate spheres." The ideology of "separate spheres" was a conventional idea which did not necessarily reflect the reality of women's experience. Examined through the visionary ideas of Wollstonecraft and Mill, women's subordination was challenged in the new social and cultural contexts in the 19th century. (Dongseo University)

“Differential Effects of Oral Metalinguistic Feedback Given during English Writing Task Performance and Written Metalinguistic Feedback Given after English Writing Task Performance.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 165-196. This study examined whether there would be any difference between the effect of oral and written metalinguistic feedback on learners' accurate use of some English verb tenses in their written production. To help low intermediate-proficiency Korean university students improve the ability to use the simple past, present progressive, and present perfect tense correctly in their written production, oral and written metalinguistic feedback was used. The oral group was provided with oral metalinguistic feedback while the learners were performing a translation task. The written metalinguistic group was provided with written metalinguistic feedback one week after a translation task was completed. The control group received no corrective feedback. The study showed both oral and written metalinguistic feedback had a significant effect on promoting the correct use of the target verb tenses in written production and that oral metalinguistic feedback had a significantly superior effect than written metalinguistic feedback due to differences between oral and written corrective feedback. It was concluded that oral metalinguistic feedback given during writing task performance can be more effective than written metalinguistic feedback given after writing task performance in helping learners gain greater control over already partially acquired forms in their written production and therefore can improve their writing accuracy. (Seoul Christian University)

“A Pragmatic Approach to English Negation.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 197-216. The purpose of this study is to investigate the meaning and function of negation in natural language. To reach the goal, we present that any studies on negation would be insufficient without the help of semantics and pragmatics because negation itself is connected with meaning. In addition, the ambiguity that negation takes cannot be regarded as a syntactic phenomenon. This study discusses pragmatic ambiguity, conversational implicature, and scalarity in terms of the metalinguistic negation. First, the fact that negation is pragmatically as well as semantically ambiguous is clarified. Second, an instance which conversational implicature and its relation to negation cancels the previous statements is found in conversational implicature and its relation to negation. Third, the relation between 'less than' and 'more than' understanding arising in scalar predicates is analyzed and can be unified as only one reading, 'less than'. I present that double negation, Neg-raising, external negation, tag question, and negative question take euphemistic characteristic, by observing some psychological motivation of negation in the phenomena of euphemism. As a consequence, the effect that negation enhances the communicative performance in the social interaction is shown. In conclusion, negation is difficult to understand by simple syntactic approach. Therefore, we should explore it on the basis of semantics and pragmatics to make a more comprehensive understanding of negation. (Keimyung University)

A Comparative Study on the Meanings and Collocations of the Verbs look at and watch.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 217-241. This study aims at showing the difference between the verbs look at and watch by analyzing and comparing their meanings and collocations. From the BYU/COCA(The Corpus of Contemporary American English) program, the noun collocations which are strongly related with the verbs look at and watch are chosen and categorized for this purpose. This study shows that the verbs look at and watch have a similar meaning, like ‘the act of viewing’ that makes both words look similar and collocate with the same nouns; however, the meanings of the sentences which include the nouns are translated in a different way, and the preferred nouns of each verb are also totally different from each other. It's because of the fact that each verb has its own semantic characteristic. That is to say, the verb look at has its own semantic characteristic that it implies ‘to purposely direct your eyes at it’ and ‘to investigate(to consider, to check)’, so it collocates with something that is stationary. The verb watch, however, has one that it implies ‘to pay attention to it and keep it in sight’ and ‘to have care and supervision of, to look after’ and collocates with something which moves or changes as we view it. Through this study, it is found that the different semantic characteristics of look at and watch are reflected in each of the noun collocations directly. This study proves that the meanings of the words and their collocations are strongly related with each other; therefore, it's essential that one acquire the knowledge about the implied meanings and collocations of each word exactly to distinguish the synonyms from each other. (Silla University)

“Does Raters’ Rating Experience Influence English-speaking Test Ratings?” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 243-263. In second language performance tests, rater effect has been a major concern in that it is a potential source of measurement error. The purpose of the study is to examine if raters' rating experience affects their English-speaking ratings. Two experienced and two less experienced native English-speaking raters scored 116 Korean college test-takers' English-speaking test responses. The data were analyzed with the GENOVA program and independent samples t-tests. The results revealed that both experienced and less experienced raters yielded almost identical dependability indices, showing that they scored with consistency the English-speaking samples within their group. The findings of this study also indicate that there is no significant rater effect on combined scores between experienced and less experienced raters. However, there is a significant rater experience effect on some analytic rating components such as pronunciation. Based on the findings, theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (Mokwon University)

“A Study on the position and operational domain in English adverbials.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 265-279. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate the location and operational domain of adverbials in English sentences. Adverbials are elements different from the subjects, verbs, objects and complements which produce a constituent in a sentence. That is to say, the adverbials appear in a variety of adverbial phrases, prepositional phrases, nominal phrases, adverbial clauses, to-infinitives and participles. Adverbials are particularly classified by three syntactic functions; adjunct, disjunct and conjunct. Morever, this paper is aimed at reviewing the positions of adverbials, operational domains, analyzing the limitation of co-occurrence. Additionally the regulations which are based on syntactic structures, operational domains of disjunct, negation and of localization are widely analyzed. (Chodang University)

“A Phenomenological Research of the Scaffolded Transactional Method in a College Class of History of English Literature.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012). 281-308. Focusing on the teaching of English Literature, this paper describes designed to identify settings in which effective strategies instruction was being carried out and details the conclusions that can be drawn from the study. The paper begins with a descriptor of transactional instruction and the scaffolding theory which is an effective supporting system. The paper is a phenomenological research which is one of the qualitative studies undertaken of successful scaffolded transactional instruction-Chung-Ang University which serves English major students in a History of English Literature class. The main objective of this research is to study of the presentation of learning experiences, the role of the professor, and the intrinsic and extrinsic changes during the course. This paper then analyzes the instruction in terms of the scaffolded transactional qualities, its place among constructivist theories of learning, and with regard to theories of intelligent assistance using NVivo program. It concludes with a discussion of three directions for future research: better understanding of literature class, teaching method development, and diversified qualitative studies about the literature classes. (Chung-Ang University)

“Segmental Insertion and Deletion in English: A Phonotactic Perspective.” Studies in English Language & Literature. 38.3 (2012): 309-328. The goal of this paper is to observe phonotactically motivated segmental epenthesis and deletion in English and provide an alternative constraint-based analysis of them. The two segmentally related processes occur in English to repair phonotactically unallowable coda clusters. A neutral vowel is only epenthesized between two phonotactically unallowable consonants when they have rising sonority from C1 to C2. On the other hand, either of two consonants is deleted when the coda clusters have falling sonority between them or consist of stop consonants. However, when the two coda clusters are separated into different syllables, neither insertion nor deletion occurs. (Chonbuk National University)