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A short but enormously important biography written by Shirley Washington, his niece, a daughter of his youngest sister, titled Countee Cullen’s Secret Revealed by Miracle Book: A Biography of His Childhood in New Orleans, has at last come to shed some lights on his childhood which has never been disclosed by Cullen himself or anyone else. Now we can safely say that Countee Cullen was a combination of two personalities, James S. Carter, Jr. and Countee Cullen, And, actually, he was born in 1906, in New Orleans, Louisiana, not in 1903, in New York. In other words, he was not a native of Harlem but an immigrant like other Harlem Renaissance writers. Such disclosure of two conflicting personalities and new facts about his childhood gives us a rare chance to re-evaluate him and his literary works. We can now put in perspective why Countee Cullen was going to be a poet, not a negro poet. Also, we can understand why Cullen was trying so hard to reconcile African American experience and European literary tradition. Thanks to Washington’s biography, we are now able to situate him as a cultural hybrid who lived in the margin of two conflicting cultures. (Chonbuk University)

Emily Dickinson was regarded as “Vesuvius at Home” by Adrienne Rich because she frequently used the images of formidably destructive power including volcanos, bombs, earthquakes, and madness. Having huge energy, these images were found to be not so easy in elucidating the meaning of that huge power. Some critics considered this energy Emily Dickinson’s inner explosive power and creative desire without any social connection. This horribly destructive power, however, can be interpreted as revolutionary energy even though she did not express her social idea overtly. She presumed huge lava under the ground to negate the real negativity. Active volcanos connoted social unconsciousness desiring social changes strongly.

This paper examines how the concept of race and “passing” is formulated and conceptualized in Danzy Senna's Caucasia. It explores the complex phenomenon of race appearing when a passer crosses the color-line. Involuntarily put in situations of “passing” and living in Caucasia, Berdie Lee, the mixed-blood narrator, comes to realize the construction of the concept of race and how it is produced and disseminated in the American society. What Senna underscores for us in this novel is the need to forgo the rigid concept of race that has distorted the American race politics and to embrace a multiracial and multicultural America by establishing a reconceptualization of “passing” and race. This includes the deconstructing of the monolithic racial politics of the White/Black opposition by moving beyond the color-line to acknowledge and accept the diverse identities of racial and ethnic minorities.

Wide Sargasso Sea, Jean Rhys’ rewriting of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte from the perspective of Rochester’s mad Creole wife, is now discussed primarily in terms of post-colonialism and politics of race. There has been much written on the work as it relates to Caribbean history and culture, feminism, and personal identity. Several years after Wide Sargasso Sea was published, A. Alvarez declared in the New York Times Book Review that “Jean Rhys was the best living novelist.” The Protagonist of the work, Antoinette (Bertha) Cosway Mason (Rochester), undergoes sexual and class enslavement as a white Creole woman that positions her within multiplicitous West Indian histories of possession and dispossession. Concerns with sex, race, and the female body reappear in the novel. The recurrent motifs of race and sex are the central elements to get the point of the novel. Consequently, the relation of master to slave, with its knot of race and sex, desire and hatred, power and submission, is a kind of shadowy template behind every sexual relationship in Wide Sargasso Sea.

This paper examines Theodore Dreiser’s An American Tragedy(1925) on how the sociocultural code of dress addresses the price of upward mobility and symbolizes the firmly established stratification existing in an rapidly impersonalized, capitalistic society. Clyde Griffiths’s pursuance of materialistic wealth is represented by his desire for clothes, especially those worn by the upper class. The transition from the bellboy uniform, to the “high society” costumes, and to the prison uniform effectively conveys Dreiser’s view of pessimistic and materialistic determinism. Clyde pursues the illusion of gaining wealth and entry into the high class by wearing fancy dresses that cannot represent his true self. He turns Roberta into a victim of his ambition, and he himself dies, wearing a prison uniform, as a victim of deterministic social mechanism. The code of dress conveys Clyde Griffiths’s private and public spheres, which in this novel are each represented by his desire and society.

Sadness, fear, anger and confusion. The death of a loved one brings a whole range of feelings. Children may have many of the same feelings as adults. Yet, their understanding of death is different. When children are facing on that situation, they never recover their condition without helping of adults. So in my and other scholars’s views the importance of bibliotherapy. We can easily find the books about various, serious issues including death from everywhere. Because of that, if we use the books that connected with social problems, they’ll look at their own problems. All family and each person within a family is unique. Past experiences, individual personalities, economic and social standing, and political and religious orientation have an effect on the way death is viewed. While stages of dealing with grief and loss about death have been analysed, we need to take care of children’s emotional problems and recovering. So we must know the meaning and effect of bibliotherapy and then apply for them using books. Through concrete process of bibliotherapy, I’ve researched and analysed three books(Annie and the Old One, Olive’s Ocean, Shizuko’s Daughter), those are appropriate to respectively to the lower grade and the higher grade in elementary school and adolescence. I’m assuring the effect of using books for helping children cope with death in conclusion.

This paper aims to analyze Faulkner’s sensational novel, Sanctuary, focusing on its repetitious and complex structure. This novel provides a structural approach to elucidate its ambiguous plot and confusing temporal backdrops. The key to understand Sanctuary’s narrative lies in its contrapuntal composition and structural flashback. This novel consists of distinctive stories of two protagonists, followed by each other in turn. Whenever one protagonist’s story alternates with the other one’s, a structural flashback sets in, because the latter begins where it ended several chapters ago. The seemingly disparate traumatic experiences of the protagonists are the same in essential. These devices contribute to heightening the dramatic effect of main theme, disclosing the prevalent hypocrisy and violence of the American South in the 1930s.

In John Barth's The Sot-Weed Factor the link between text and the world is reforged by intensification of textuality. Once history has been rendered into discourse, there is no longer any gap to be leapt between text and the world. When Barth returns to the origin of American history, he repeats it in a different way through the infiltration of fiction into history, and we only find chaos at the origin of American history. While historical document tries to create an ideological fantasy of an innocent American Adam, the blurring of history and fiction only makes the repressed return. The repressed turns out to be an American Adam as a rapist. But Barth does not argue that this is the only right version of early American history. To him both historical document and his own fictional text are simulacra whose originals have not existed. History is defined as sliding over these repeated simulacra.

Beckett’s Endgame is a desirable example to which Deleuze and Guattri’s theory of minor literature is able to be applied. The purpose of this study is to deal with Samuel Beckett’s Endgame centered on Deleuze and Guattari’s theory of minor literature. Firstly, the drama tries the deterritorialization of language, by scattering strange Irish English expressions, using sentences with rare grammaticality, and drying the language. The tough language attacks the bad desires hidden in standard English which have something to do with dominance. Secondly, the bureaucratic machine that appears in the play shows the extremely political tendency of Beckett as an individual. Though the machine, which has firm hierarchy and is a highly specialized one, looks very powerful, it reveals its negative aspects through Beckett’s exaggeration, and gets in predicament for drawing the strong line of flight by unlimited postponement. Thirdly, the drama exhibits collective tendency of minor’s enunciation, refusing conservatism and opposing to traditional drama. As the standpoints of ruled people in the colony and aliens in Paris dissolve into it, we can hear the voices of Irish writers and absurd dramatists in the work.

The purpose of this paper is to be aware of deep ecology by studying of William Wordsworth, The Prelude, Walt Whitman “Song of Myself”, A. R. Ammons Tape and Garbage. These poets are common in their concern with environmental, natural destruction or damages which are made by the industrial, technological society of their won age in their country They works include ecological crisis, we must recognize that literary consciousness aims to pursue the harmony between the relationship of nature and human being. Wordsworth is fundamentally a true ecological poet, a poet of nature, showed in his poems. Whitman thinks that men and nature should enjoy equal status. Ammons emphasize the importance of ecological humility and restoration to the law of nature for our survival. They think that the nature is a whole and a living organism . These poet’s aims are to produce a harmony and peaceful coexistence of nature and human being.

This papers aim to show how a poem can have an iconic meaning in addition to the literary or figurative meaning. When we say that a sign is iconic, we mean that the form of the sign reflects the meaning of the sign and that the form of the sign determines the meaning of the sign. A poem is the collection of literary words. The meaning of a poem can be determined depending on how its forms can be combined and which words the poet selects in his poem. This kind of meaning is the iconic meaning of the poem. I take the text-internal approach to show the iconic meaning of the poem. In other words, I closely focus on the forms consisting of a text, and then analyze the way these forms are combined in the text. To this end, chapter 2 deals with the nature of iconicity. Especially I look at the icon which is dealt with in the area of Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics and principles of iconicity which are one of the subjects dealt with in cognitive linguistics. Section 3 examines at the way the iconic meaning in ‘To Autumn’ by Keats can be revealed.

This paper analyzes the vowel length contrast and word-final stop deletion in the phonological acquisition of English. It examines Dinnsen, McGarrity, O’Connor & Swanson’s(2000) ‘sympathy’ analysis of Weismer, Dinnsen & Elbert’s(1981) children’s data and points out that the flaw of the ‘sympathy’ analysis is caused by the input of child production set under the principle of “richness of the base.” Then, adopting an assumption that “the output of adult production is the input of child production”(Smolensky 1996a: 19) on the basis of the argument proposed by Smolensky(1996a, b) and Hayes(2004), this paper shows that a long vowel before a deleted word-final voiced stop is to satisfy ID(weight) which is ranked above LENGTHEN and that the deletion of a word-final stop is to satisfy NOCODA which is ranked above MAX.

This paper is an attempt to explore double object constructions (DOC, henceforth) in English within the framework of Minimalist Theory. Chomsky(1981) analyzed DOCs with the concept of an inherent case, but his theory still remains to be problematic. Larson(1988), on the other hand, approached DOCs by means of VP-shell structure, Dative Shift, and V-Raising. However, his analysis is not without problems. As an alternative, I propose an analysis based on Chomsky’s(1992) theory of Spec-Head Agreement in assigning cases and Pesetsky’s(1992) notion of zero preposition(φ).

The purpose of this interview study is to report how six Korean primary school parents perceived Korean primary English education. Based on the data from interviews, the research uncovered five perceptions: (1) 2 parents perceived the importance of primary school students’ English learning very confidently, but 4 parents perceived it hesitantly; (2) they perceived that the best English learning methods were word memorization and talking/listening-based English learning; (3) two informants had very strong beliefs about how their children learn English while the other four informants were not very sure of their children’s English learning methods; (4) all but one informant were not clearly aware of the current primary school English curriculum; (5) five parents planned or wanted to send their children overseas to help their children learn English, but one parent did not want to sacrifice his family life for the sake of his child’s English education. The findings from this study of six parents’ voices on primary English education shed light on the urgent need for the education of parents on how to assist their children’s English learning at home, as well as on how to balance their children’s English learning and family lives. Further implications of the findings are also discussed.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how students react differently when they are prepared for an English conversation class, which is a general education requirement, and is taught by a native speaker as opposed to the reactions and satisfaction of those who did not prepare for the class. Freshman students of the year 2008 that took the English conversation course from spring semester throughout fall semester in Dongshin University were randomly selected for a survey. The survey was conducted from November 24th of 2008 and December 5th of 2008. 339 questionnaires were analyzed for the research. Various statistics were appropriately used to test the hypotheses. The major findings of the study were as follows: Students who have basic knowledge and interest in English conversation have a high satisfaction with the class. In addition, those who prepared for the class, such as completing their assignments, have more confidence in basic conversation and have more confidence. The instructor who is a native speaker should select appropriate textbooks and teach with various and effective strategies such as using the media visually. They should also evaluate grades fairly and throw in feedback when necessary, so that the students will be able to feel as if the class was helpful in achieving their goals. Students who took the English conversation class thought that the class was a great help for them to prepare for a better future. Now they are confident in English conversations and highly recommend that others should take it.

The purpose of this study was to compare two learning strategies for EFL vocabulary in order to identify beneficial strategies in accordance with learners’ proficiency level. A total of 71 subjects at a secondary school were grouped in two intact classes. Upper and lower levels of students were all included to examine the differential effects of these strategies: the first strategy is using of a new word in sentences, and the other strategy is the written repetition. Several findings provide possible insight by comparing the two vocabulary learning strategies. First, both groups have showed steady progress, which implies the benefit of vocabulary learning strategy instruction. Second, the differential effects of the two learning strategies indicate that learning strategies should be encouraged in accordance with student’s level of proficiency. This study provides pedagogical implications that vocabulary learning strategy instruction is one of the major factors that teachers should pay attention to.