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Biocentric idea means that all living things are considered as equally important in a system. Nature can be regarded not only as the object of development or exploitation but as the place which has an interdependent symbiotic relationship with men, so we need to make an effort to maintain a harmonious relationship with nature. Lawrence has deplored the severance of the relation between human beings and nature with the process of life going against the order of life. He suggests ‘blood-intimacy’ as replacing consciousness or will to get over the severance and bring the life force to itself, and describes the aspect of coexistence with human beings and nature keeping life order in his novels. And he puts an importance on the spirit of place and the native. He thinks there is a unique spirit in every place connected with the native’s life directly and very closely. So it’s the essential thing to understand the spirit of the place and be a real native. This paper is an attempt to find the native in Lady Chatterley’s Lover and reconsider the spirit of our place.

“Wash”, one of a hundred-odd Faulkner’s short stories, deals with conflict between two white classes in the South. This paper focuses on how the hero, Wash, chooses a destructive action in the rigid social structure and ends his life tragically. Wash Jones is a poor white and cannot acknowledge his painful reality that the blacks are better fed and housed than he is. Instead, he idealizes and worships Sutpen, a Southern aristocrat, for life, believing in white supremacy. He even identifies himself with heroic Sutpen, but this is only his illusory world substituted for intolerable reality. His illusion, however, shatters and he becomes disillusioned when Sutpen treats his granddaughter and her baby inhumanely. Wash kills Sutpen not only for himself but for his whole class, because Sutpen’s evil is not independent and regional but prevalent in the world. Wash discards his humiliating servitude and becomes a figure with honor and dignity by resisting which is a virtue Faulkner admires and encourages.

The aim of this paper is to review why humans became devalued and why humanistic crisis occurred in Charles Dickens's Hard Times. The Victorian society prospered in terms of economy and industry. On the other hand, the Victorian people could not but lose their valuable customs and traditions such as conventional concepts of home and marriage, and their idealism of education to cultivate human dignity and culture in their life. The dark aspects of the Victorian age are well described in Hard Times. In particular, there are three reasons for such corruption and devaluation of humanity in the industrial society. Firstly, the utilitarian education emphasized the value of ‘reason,’ depreciating that of ‘emotions.’ Secondly, Coketown, portrayed as a typical industrial city in Victorian England, was a filthy residential area of poor urban workers, eventually causing bodily and mental corruption of the workers. Thirdly, a family home was not safe from the symptoms of materialism and selfishness as well as from the great evils of capitalism. As well portrayed in the novel, even a marriage was naturally taken to be one of the materialistic and social strategies to raise one’s status or improve one’s wealth. To sustain human dignity and value and avoid humanistic crisis in the capitalistic society, the roles of education, living environment, and family home should be much valued.

Frederic Jameson argues that “Third-world texts, even those which are seemingly private and invested with a properly libidinal dynamic—necessarily project a political dimension in the form of national allegory.” Mohsin Hamid's The Reluctant Fundamentalist is a fine example of what it means to be an allegorical novel belonging to the third-world: it is a love story that not only addresses a libidinal dynamic between two lovers but reflects and allegorizes Pakistani culture and society. Jameson’s “sweeping hypothesis,” however, needs to be qualified before being applied to Hamid’s novel, for the novel is not merely about the third-world culture and society but about between Pakistan and United States, between the third-world and the west. Its allegory is of a global dimension exceeding what Jamesons calls “national allegory.” The love story the novel presents is indeed not between two Pakistani couple but between a Pakistani man named Changez and an American woman named Erica. It appears that a “libidinal dynamic” between Changez and Erica is meant to be an allegory of what happens between Pakistan and America. The couple’s inability to forge a genuine love stages a drama in which turbulent relationship between the third-world and the West represented by America in the wake of 9/11 is highlighted. The novel becomes a powerful counter-discourse to fight back the dominant discourse regarding 9/11.

Set in World War Ⅱ London, Graham Greene’s The End of the Affair is a novel about the love affair of two major characters, Sarah Miles and Maurice Bendrilx. Sarah is a married woman and Bendrix is a single writer. Bendrix endeavors to write a novel describing the life of the high ranking civil servant Henry, who happens to be Sarah’s husband. To this end Bendrix becomes acquainted with Sarah and the two eventually becomes lovers. Once, during one of their trysts, London is bombed by Germany and Sarah fears Bendrix to be seriously injured. She prays and vows to the Absolute that if the Absolute saved Bendrix she would end the affair and not meet him again. Bendrix survives the bombing and Sarah keeps her vow to God. In the meanwhile Sarah seeks God in spite of the suffering incurred from giving up Bendrix. In the end Bendrix too seeks God owing to Sarah’s sacrificial love for him. Through this story Graham Greene shows us that after temporary human love comes to an end, eternal spiritual love begins. That is God’s appalling strangeness of His mercy for human beings because they realize eternal love and the eternal world.

Ishiguro’s first full-length novel A Pale View of Hills delivers the narrative of a woman who recently passed through her daughter’s suicide in England. The narrator, Etsuko, reminisces about her past experience in Nagasaki, Japan, of which she had a variety of memories which have hardly been eliminated from her mind: memory of a bomb and the deaths of her parents and lover, divorce from husband, Jiro, etc. These events have been buried in some blind spot of her memory until she faces her daughter’s death. In order to incorporate the shocking event into her horizon of understanding, she endeavors to detect the cause of the death and to justify her own decision of emigrating to England. In the process of recasting her past, she acts as a detective who explores her past and also as a criminal who blurs some events to conceal her negligence in taking care of her daughter’s trauma. Through Etsuko’s narrative the readers can understand the background against which Etsuko/Sachiko’s struggle to pursue their own self-accomplishments and independence were made. Their hardship in confronting the traditional patriarchal structure, the drive toward the reconstruction of society without the continuous proper work of mourning, and responsibility to take care of their daughters is persuasively addressed. However, Etusko’s possible negligence in giving scrupulous care to Keiko is not obviously rendered, but scattered and concealed in the story about Mariko.

In many of George MacDonald's fantasies, death is one of the main issues that inspires him. Death is not an end but merely a continuation of life in different physical form and temporal state in his fantasies. In At the Back of the North Wind, Diamond's life in this world has only been a preparation for the another world crossing the door step, which goes on forever and is much better than the one before. MacDonald introduces two types of time passages; limited (lineal) and eternal (luminal) in this fantasy. Limited time trances along a limited axis from point to point, from birth to death. On the other hand, there is eternal time – the time after passing the luminal time of death. MacDonald endeavors to explain the eternal time which governs the outside world. The eternal time world is not the same and cannot be measured or experienced in the same way as the limited time world. It is operated by the luminal time of “good life, the happily ever after.”

The purpose of this study is to examine what factors motivate schwa deletion and to analyze how schwa deletion can be applied. Three main reasons of schwa deletion are stress position, sonority sequencing, and lexical frequency. First, deletion more frequently occurs in a post-stressed environment rather than in a pre-stressed environment. Second, sonority sequencing principle requires that a newly formed consonant sequence keep rising sonority. Finally, high frequency words undergo more schwa deletion than low frequency words because the frequency of a word is closely related to its recoverability. In OT analysis, ANCHORING constraints and FAITH-FINAL-V constraint play a crucial role in prohibiting deletion at the both edges of a word, With respect to foot assignment, PARSE-SYLL requires foot licensing as much as possible and *CLASH is used to ban stress clash. This study may imply the result that syncope or deletion is able to not only contribute the ease of articulation, but also improve foot licensing for syllables of a word.

The purpose of this paper is to study the use of the alternating verbs of ditransitive construction by English native speakers and Korean learners of English. The distinctive patterns used by Korean learners are compared to native English corpus and tested by quantitative statistical analysis. In the process of learning constructions like ditransitive, Korean learners show the particular patterns that are influenced by their proficiency and their native language L1. Korean students favor dative with preposition in alternative patterns. These distinctive patterns are resulted from students’ lack of confidence on frequency level and the characteristics of L1. This study also examines how the learners handle the expressions that are not used in native corpus. It is also suggested that learners arrive enough empirical exposure to native expressions necessary for the constructional preemption.

This study focuses on the realizations of /y/ in Cor-yV sequences in English. The onglide /y/ after coronals in syllable onset is variably realized depending on its position within a word, the presence of stress on the vowel, and the manner of articulation of coronals. Since the pronunciation of /y/ is influenced by several factors and the application of such factors is not identical between dialects (NE and BE), each important factor for the realization of /y/ in Cor-yV sequences should be reflected in an analysis. Unlike previous rule-based analyses, it is argued in this paper that non-occurrence of /y/ in word-initial and non-initial stressed onset positions is attributed to the implementation of positional faithfulness. In such privileged positions, an onset consonant strongly maintains its features by not allowing co-articulation with the following [y]. In non-privileged positions such as non-word initial unstressed syllables, it is difficult for an onset coronal to preserve its features and it is subject to change its features by being co-articulated with the following [y]. This positional faithfulness does not seem to apply to BE except for the coronal fricative /s/ in word-initial position. This dialectal variation between NE and BE is accounted for by changing some of the relevant constraints used for NE.

The present study investigated college students’ perception of and attitude toward the role of grammar and effective grammar instruction in a reading class in Korea. A questionnaire composed of twenty-seven close-ended questions and four open-ended questions was used to collect data from ninety-nine university students. The data were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The findings of the study showed that: 1) the participants found grammar study stressful, tedious, and difficult, while recognizing it was important for improvement of their overall English proficiency; 2) students were not confident in their grammatical competence; 3) they felt that grammatical knowledge facilitated L2 reading comprehension; 4) they preferred the use of inductive grammar instruction in reading classes as they believed that the inductive approach allowed them to participate in the learning process actively by discovering rules by themselves, which they considered conducive to long-term memory; and 5) the participants expressed their distaste for the meaning-deprived, rote learning of grammar, hoping to study the subject with ample examples and opportunities to use their grammatical knowledge in actual communication situations instead. This study draws attention to the importance of context-embedded and production-oriented grammar instruction in reading classes.

Lindner (1981) and Morgan (1997) claim that meanings of verb-particle constructions are not idiomatic nor arbitrary, but they are rather compositional and thus motivational. They demonstrate how verbs and particles contribute to the whole meanings of verb-particle constructions. Following their lead, the paper examines the meanings of across and those of verb-across constructions, such as get across, put across, come across, run across, and cut across, which have long been construed very differently from each other and from the meanings of across. From the perspective of cognitive semantics, the paper reveals that the verb-across constructions are closely related to each other and to the meanings of across.