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Heart of Darkness includes the element of realism. Conrad described Marlow as the narrator in this work. Conrad developed the story as if Marlow had the first-hand experience in his work. Heart of Darkness was expressed on a serious central topic about imperialism, where Conrad called the vilest scramble for loot that ever disfigured the history of human conscience and geographical exploration. Marlow’s portrayal is a main part of this theme and his appropriateness as a narrative vehicle is crucial to its presentation. Marlow is not a subtle, refined, and fastidious analyst. He has merely the power of observation. Consequently, Conrad expressed Marlow as a narrator who only partially understands his experiences. The viewpoint of Conrad’s imperialism, I think, is critical and cynical because the imperialism did the wrong things with a vice, powerful, immoral spirits armed with the mark of hypocrisy.

Bernard Shaw expressed his many-sided ideas covering politics, economy, society and labour problems in his dramas to overthrow the social contradiction and irrationality. Bernard Shaw was influenced upon the ethical attitude and optional addition of economical knowledge from Marx, Ricardo, and Adam Smith as well as Robert Owen. Shaw was greatly influenced by Robert Owen in the realization of socialistic policy as the criticism of the capitalism. R. Owen’s academical efforts and social participation focuses on improvement of economical position and cultivation of moral, intellectual quality of the poor, so to speak, realization of human-centered thinking. This accords with Bernard Shaw’s concentrating idea in his dramas. So Owen’s social advancement theory and human welfare view which influenced Shaw’s drama can be understood in view of love for humanity, philanthropic idea and liberal view. In Shaw’s drama Widower’s houses Robert Owen’s idea that security of society would be decided whether the society is based on low class is exposed and his socialistic concept can be found. In Major Barbara Shaw insists that unity of intellect and utility be needed for structural improvement and advancement of society, this is directly connected with Robert Owenl’s idea of cultivation of moral, intellectual quality.

The Vindication of the Rights of Woman was intended as an improvement on the legislation for national education Talleyrand submitted to the National Assembly after the Revolution. She of course does not confine her discussions to France; she argues that any civilized nation should open its school systems, especially the elementary level, to both boys and girls because only then men and women will develop a genuine understanding of each other, and thereby will be able to form a balanced and truly healthy relationship and become good parents for their offsprings. In the first section of the essay, I examine how the gender gap, was deepened and reinforced in the process of Industrial Revolution and the expansion of the middle class. In the second section, I look at the dire consequences of the misguided education Wollstonecraft describes in the Vindication. She then argues for a state-funded national school system for children of both sexes and describes how such a system will result in healthier and more enlightened society in the long run. Like many intellectuals of various political orientations in her time, Wollstonecraft felt education is one of the surest and most important means of social change, and her high expectations for it is reflected most clearly in her description of properly educated women and what they can do for the community.

Ann Radcliffe is called “a queen of Gothic novel writer”. Her novels were very popular her time at the near countries such as England, Italy, France and America. The reason why her novels was popular because she developed Gothic novel’s technique such as supernatural power, veiled pictures, technique of suspense, untold story and mysterious events. She is considered as a conservative writer by those techniques. Some critics call her as a conservative writer, but I agree that she is also a progressive writer. By using dualistic writing techniques, she is trying to avoid being criticized by conservative critics, who criticize women’s writing. It was a writing strategy to survive among the conservative male writers. This paper analyzes what kind of effects her dualistic writing techniques have and succeed by studying on supernatural gothic technique and a view of marriage.

The purpose of this paper is to attempt a comparative study of the novel and film of Orlando focusing on the feministic view. In Orlando Virginia Woolf criticizes the ideology of patriarchal society through an androgynous character. With fantastic devices for a new biographical convention, she subverts the traditional genre of biography. Woolf suggests a new gender identity and relationship beyond the binary opposition of male and female. Potter’s artful adaptation of Woolf’s novel not only faithfully reproduces Woolf’s narrative of Orlando’s life but captures successfully Woolf’s feminism by using cinematic devices. Potter’s Orlando breaks the illusion of the viewer’s experience of the film in the present through Brechtian techniques such as Orlando’s direct address, in combination with the voice-over. Theses techniques represents Orlando’s gender instability and subverts the gender identity based upon polarization. In addition, throughout the study of the comparison of the novel and film Orlando, the aesthetics of the difference between two genres is recognized.

This paper argues that while reading Frankenstein and Dracula, the best Gothic novels, the reader’s mind is drawn to the boundary of the self and feels the difference between the inside world of the self and the outside that is beyond the unity of signs in the text. Using the ethical theories of Emmanuel Levinas and Gilles Deluze/Felix Guatarri, I claim and discuss that the pure desire of the human subject for the other―the exteriority of the subjectivity―is the source of the Gothic surplus sensibility that the reader comes to have. The argument is also extended to a short analysis of the film versions―Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein(1994) and Bram Stoker’s Dracula(1992)―both of which are, among others, most faithful to the original.

Krapp’s Last Tape in which the life of Beckett’s fictive character is organized in a mode of the autobiography, recalls Beckett’s life in many respects. Three major biographies written by Bair, Knowlson, Cronin focus on Krapp’s vision as the source to explicate a significant moment in Beckett’s life and present it as the representation of Beckett’s artistic vision of 1946. Each biography’s interpretation of Beckett’s revelation could be compared with the way Beckett constructs the life story in Krapp. Krapp is a rare autobiographical text that Beckett projects his inner struggle as a writer into, yet at the same time he enacts his revelation through the detached (fictive) autobiographical writing. Avoiding the easy identification with Krapp’s vision, he projects into his own one into the inner world of selves spilt in the memory and time with the image of dark and light that could be not resolved at a moment. Considering the notion of failure in Beckett, the biography could be understood as a way to have a glimpse of the real. Even though each biography fails in capturing the real Beckett, it would be a positive failure to reach the life and self changing in time and memory.

It has been said, great poet shapes the culture into which they are born. Poems cannot avoid mirroring their poet’s thoughts. Eliot was born and grew up in a Unitarian family but did not settle in Unitarianism. While Harvard University student, he studied philosophy, various Western and Eastern religions in search of ultimate salvation. Finally he converted to the Anglo-Catholicism in 1927. Eliot’s religious quest is reflected personal feelings into poetry. Eliot’s early poems, such as “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” and The Waste Land, are examined to prove Eliot’s struggle for a pursuit for the possibility of Christian salvation. In this poem, Eliot’s Christian imagination was a strange and rather unpleasant survival from the waste land. In the poem of “Ash-Wednesday”, Eliot’s expresses the pleasure of accepting God and proceeding toward salvation. Eliot’s poems after “Ash-Wednesday” focus upon the Christian salvation. After he converted to the Anglo- Catholicism, his belief in Christianity and in Christian salvation becomes stronger and stronger. Christian belief was reflected in Eliot’s poetry. Four Quartets shows Eliot’s overcoming of spiritual sterility and achieving salvation by abandoning himself to God. Four Quartets explains the Paradise as the intersection of the Rose Garden, the Still Point, and the Incarnation. Eliot expressed in his poetry that he was pursuit the ultimate salvation. Eliot’s poetry reflected the process of his personal Christian belief. He believes that after all, human beings are created in the image of God.

In the summer of 2001, two doctoral students—an African American female of Hispanic ancestry and a Korean male—created an intriguing and challenging five-week course entitled “AFH 394: (Un)Ruly Voices of African American Women” at Arizona State University. During the second week of the course, when the instructors introduced such Western philosophies as those of Plato and Friedrich Nietzsche to help the students understand multiple discourses of a literary text, the students refuse to understand, claiming those theories as “the ideology of the dominance.” They also saw the instructors as cohorts with “the oppressor.” In the midst of the turmoil, they began to question the qualification of the instructors in terms of their race, gender, culture, and education. Scrutinizing the causes of this phenomenon, this essay frankly discusses the instructors’ missteps and in large reexamines racial and sexual conflicts in American society. Further, this essay offers possible suggestions to such cases which may happen in any American classroom where multi-ethnic personnel share the space of ideas.

The purpose of this paper is to explain the vowel epenthesis arising in both plural noun forms and past-tense verb forms. At first I adopted a rule-based approach for analyzing the phonological phenomena, but there were a few analytical problems. Next I considered a hierarchical feature method as an alternative. In this analytical process, I explained how the Obligatory Contour Principle (hereinafter, OCP) works within the framework of hierarchical feature method. In this paper, I will show that the OCP, which may be a rule-trigger or a rule-blocker in rule application, plays an important role in the vowel insertion rule as the rule-blocker. Although these give us some understanding about vowel insertion, they don’t provide a completely satisfying explanation for the phenomenon. Therefore, I adopted a new approach based on the Optimality Theory, which provides us a synthetic explanation by using some constraints and ranking these appropriately without depending on rule-ordering and derivation.

This study investigates the quality of three Korean children’s English development over the observation period and explores how efficiently their scaffolding and learning strategies affect their L2 improvement on the sociocultural perspectives, since the (co)relation to the strategies used by the children in the process of L2 learning/acquisition should presuppose improvement in their L2 use. It will suggest effective teaching and learning strategies, materials, and scaffolding strategies for parents or other family members as well as English teachers, by investigating the learning context and the children’s development of their English literacy and proficiency. The application of the teaching implication in an EFL classroom will be discussed.

This paper examines Verb Gapping and Pseudogapping constructions in English and provides computational algorithms by which we can easily calculate the semantic interpretations for these constructions. After we closely examine these constructions, we will modify Steedman’s Combinatory Categorial Grammar, which will be called a CCG-like system. In this CCG-like system, the meaning of those constructions will be calculated compositionally from the semantic interpretations of their constituents. Through the analyses of Verb Gapping and Pseudogapping constructions in English, this paper proposes the computational algorithms for calculating semantic interpretations for those constructions.

Microsoft PowerPoint which the practical use is possible in the computer assisted language learning has been used as a simple presentation tool in the education. Although VBA(Visual Basic for Applications) can give an interaction method to the teachers and leaners, it has not been utilized friendly. In this paper, the researchers described to be developed an English writing assistance model with an effective, economical, and easily accessible tools as well as the possible feedback system using VBA.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the correlations between affective variables and communicative language ability of university students who are learning English as a Foreign Language(EFL) in Korea. The results of the study based on descriptive statistics, factor analysis, reliability coefficients, correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis, indicate that high willingness to communicate, internal motivation, low general anxiety and communicative anxiety were affective variables which influence foreign language oral proficiency. In addition, the analysis revealed that Korean female students showed higher rates of communicative anxiety, motivation and willingness to communicate than male students, and students in higher grades of schooling showed slightly higher rates of motivation and willingness to communicate outside the classroom. The current study recognizes the potential for using affective variables as a strategic approach to develop communicative language ability.

This study focuses on syncope, consonant deletion and consonant insertion and provides an Optimality Theoretic account. One constraint ranking explains syncope while the other two constraint rankings account for consonant deletion and insertion. The variation in syncope and consonant insertion can be explicated by reranking the relevant low ranking constraints. The study reveals a more refined sonority scale with respect to a flapped consonant for English phonology. The result of the analysis shows that the two separate processes, a segmental deletion and insertion, share a functional aspect together: they are in part triggered by easy of articulation.*This paper was supported by research funds of Chonbuk National University. I am grateful to three anonymous AELLK reviewers for their insightful comments. I alone am responsible for shortcomings in this paper. Easy of articulation can be replaced by “less efforts” in speech production. The ranking difference in phonological processes affects the pronunciation of non-native speakers so they should be aware of ranking difference if they want to improve their pronunciation.