Earticle

The historical sequence of On Heroes traces a progressive skepticism that threatens the possibility of a unifying belief. Carlyle's own modern awareness of the historical relativity of all ideas forces him to replace his demand for belief with a demand for order. In the book On Heroes, Carlyle stresses the necessity of an authoritarian governor. Carlyle fears that modern printing technology, by offering a diversity of ideas to the public market, will only increase social disorder.Emerson's Representative Men, on a contrary concept, offers an individualist response to Carlyle's doctrine of hero-worship. The proper uses of great men, Emerson insists, are as symbols of the cultural resources available to individuals, and as inspiring examples of individuals who used those resources to do their own work. Goethe, the culminating figure in Representative Men, exemplifies this individualist attitude toward culture. (Pusan National University)

This paper first identifies three elements which characterize Trey Ellis's New Black Aesthetic(NBA). The elements include a challenge to the traditional expectation about the role of African American writers, a postmodernist impulse to satirize, and a multicultural, evasive stance on racial issues. The paper then shows how these three characteristics of Ellis's NBA are reflected in George C. Wolfe's The Colored Museum. Among the three characteristics, the paper concludes, the evasive stance on racial issues is most problematic because if, as the use of the word ‘black’ in NBA implies, Ellis and other NBA writers want to maintain “organic links” with other African Americans, they could not and should not turn away from racial issues. (Daegu University)

Arguably the best writer on Vietnam War, Tim O'Brien deals again with his Vietnam subject in his Tomcat in Love. However, unlike his earlier books focusing on individuals' conflicts in wartime circumstances, his main concern in this book is to reveal and critique American tradition of deep-rooted violence. In doing so, not only does O'Brien trace the origin of American notion of manhood which has been one of the dominant sources throughout his works, but also provide his reader with the alternative to it that proves dangerous. Tracing the origin of violence to the era of founding fathers, O'Brien now furthers his perception to the realm of religion that has strongly shaped American mentality and posed as the absolute authority in American mind. The tendency toward violence differs its appearances in different situations, and one of its various forms is the desire to be a hero and to be recognized as such. When this desire fails, each individual, male or female, is liable to depend on violence to achieve his/her desire. Criticizing such tendency, O'Brien offers feminine values of love, endurance, and embrace as one alternative to such dangerous and limited American manhood. (Sogang University)

Eugene O'Neill and George Bernard Shaw had a great concern about ‘women.’ Through their plays they created the essence of various types of women having the inscrutable forces, the triumph of life over death, and the significant values. The interrelated plays of O'Neill and Shaw were selected to study the roles of such women overcoming the disruption and achieving the harmony through the soul's introspection and the spiritual salvation, as Abbie in Desire Under the Elms, and Barbara in Major Barbara. The world of disruption was associated with the confrontation of conflict and struggle of beings. The would of harmony, on the other hand, was associated with the unification of beings and the perfection of self. O'Neill and Shaw, through the women in their plays, show an acute insight and an intuition, and suggest various views of art and life. So, for them, women are not only main factors that puts emphasis on the artistic truth and the lesson of life but an object of reflection and wisdom which enables us to create a live feeling and a thought of reality and illusion and carry out both an illustrative purpose of life and an aesthetic purpose of art. (Wonkwang University)

Richard Wright's Native Son begins and ends with death. In the opening scene Bigger Thoma kills a big rat in the kitchenette living with his mom and his siblings. The rat is a symbol of the living conditions of urban black people and a foreshadowing metaphor for Bigger's fate. Bigger is incapable of nonracial thinking because of his obsession with his own black skin. He thinks and acts with aggressions and atrocities as a way of getting out of racial pain or escaping all the negatives in his life. Bigger's ultimate act of violence is to cut off Mary's head. Bigger's defamation of Mary's dead body represents the deconstruction of body as a biological device of racial segregation. Mary's head in his nightmare which Bigger hacked off is a reflection of his own head. The substitution of his head for Mary's means the possibility of interchangeability between subject and object, murderer and murdered, oppressor and oppressed. After he kills Mary he thinks his murder is an act of creation. The fear and shame and hate which white people make rise so hard and hot in Bigger have cooled and softened. (Chung-Ang University)

The relationship of a married couple has frequently assumed a core role in Pinter's plays. In Landscape, he uses desolate separation of stage designs and verbal tension to imply the distance and friction within characters' relationships. This visuality emphasizes the contrast between the two different mental landscapes, between the preoccupations of a married couple. Two incompatible people, once loving, are isolated from each other and live in completely different mental worlds. Beth's role embodies some primitive and repressed desires, but social rules do not allow the mixing of certain roles, diffusion of inner passion and docility. Therefore, her life can be seen, to a certain degree, as self-deceptive, keeping external gentility against inner passion. This is a proper way for her to be able to escape from the shackles of reality. Therefore, one should not fall for the temptation to cast moral judgements on Beth just like Pinter's other women. (Yeungnam University)

Children and nature are not yet highly regarded in Korea because they are not the responsible or acting agent unlike adult and technology. However, as the pure mirrors reflecting human society interacting with nature, the sacrifice of children and their rebirth through water in children’s literature such as Princess Bari, Sim Cheong and The Water Babies reveal both the idealized value-laden ecosystem and some moral conflicts in human society. This study aims at the recovery of the innocence of children and affinity with nature in our postindustrial society, and argues that the sacrifice of children through water is commonly used in the texts as a source of inspiration, implying the importance of ecocentric values in our efforts to recover wholeness, along with the cultural differences of ecological and societal ethics. Overall, the victimization of innocent children in these stories is the very process of kenotic ethics toward great Love for all living and non-living things. By emptying our selves through the tears of sacrificed children, we can come closest to the heart of the ecosystem. (Hannam University)

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility of Agree in situ about ATB-movement in a coordinate structure. In Minimalist Inquires and Derivation by Phase (Chomsky 2000, 2001), Chomsky proposes a theory of AGREE, in which there is, in principle, no movement at all. In Agree theory, agreement between a probe and its goal can lead feature checking in situ. In coordinate structures, however, there are some problems with regard to DIC and PIC when we take a look at the relation between agreement and merge. In this paper, adopting a version of Hiraiwa's (2001, 2004) conception of Multiple Agree, I attempted to solve these problems by using a Chain Uniformity Principle in the Probe Theory of Parallel Derivation. (Konyang University)

This paper investigates the causes and modes of post-vocalic [r] changes in the view of historical sociolinguistics using Milroy's(1992) model, which focuses on social conditions in linguistic change. Firstly, this paper gives an account of the post-vocalic [r] loss in England due to both linguistic and non-linguistic conditions. Secondly, the shift in the prestige norm [r] from British [r] loss accent to [r]-ful in New York was caused by the national power shift from the UK to the USA after World WarⅡ. Finally, this study suggests that post-vocalic [r] sound is susceptible to change depending on non-linguistic circumstances such as the change of ruling group and national power rather than linguistic circumstances. (University of Ulsan)

The purpose of the present study was to find out a new way of the Softs for reviving English villages. This study analyzed the present problems regarding English villages and their systems. And it proposed the four methods of the Softs as follows: firstly, the Program Soft was designed by a viable system model and by promoting a new training program for English teachers, secondly, the Management Soft was to suggest increasing the number of well-trained Korean teachers to replace native English speaking teachers, thirdly, the On-line Soft was to insist on installing e-learning systems through blended learning methods, and last the System Soft was to put emphasis on connecting to the 8th national English curriculum to keep continuing English learning and supporting by the government. Based on the four softs, the teaching-learning model of the Soft was applied to the 5th and 6th primary school students as the experiment group. The analyses of the results showed that the students were improved in their confidence and communication skills. Some practical implications were suggested based on the results of the study.(Jeonju National University of Education. (Jeonju National University of Education․ Chung-Ang University)

The studies to a distributive meaning have usually explained it in terms of different respects and each approach is distinguished from others. For example, Lakoff(1972) tried to interpret it in terms of a movement rule, Link(1983, 1987) in terms of a distributive operator of predication, Scha(1981) in terms of a meaning postulate, Roberts(1987) in terms of a lambda operator, Choe(1987) in terms of an anti-quantifier, and so on. But any attempt to unify such diverse approaches has not made until now. This paper aims to examine the examples of distributive meaning, to review the selected approaches to it and to propose an alternative with which all the examples of distributive meaning can be explained uniformly. To do this, the distributive meaning is defined as a distributive relation, which consists of a distributive key and a distributive share in terms of a distributive trigger instead of a distributive assigner. (Chungbuk National University)

It is essential to understand American social values for better communication between Korea and America. This study is about American social value changes based on the trends in naming babies. Generally, parents throughout the world have expectations when they name their newborn babies. Social values include parents' views of life and occupations. This study analyzes, by decade, the top 20 American names used in naming the newborn for the last 110 years. The names are divided into types signifying power, justice, honor, and service in reference to scholars' classifications in this area. Thus this study arranges changes in American social values based on the interrelation between names and their types. The result of this study shows American parents' social values have changed during the last 110 years. This study finds its import in showing that American social value changes are reflected in naming the newborn. (University of Incheon)

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the connection between the past tense and some crucial discourse factors such as the speaker's point of view or the purpose in performing a speech act. This paper attempts to show that the past tense may be widely associated with the present event, depending on the speaker's perspective and intention. On the basis of the discussion of various discourse factors affecting the temporal perspectives on tense, this paper examines various sources that support Riddle (1986)'s assumption that discourse factors are pivotal in determining the uses of the past tense. Following Riddle(1986), who claims that the major reasons why the speakers have the past point of view fall into past association and background information in the direct speech clauses, this paper examines analytic and authentic examples, both of which demonstrate that the claim is empirically right. An extensive analysis of authentic data where past tenses interact with various discourse factors has substantiated the assumption. (Changwon University)

The language informant for this study is a Korean child learner of English named Grace. She began to receive formal English instruction in the U.S.A. at the age of 8;6. The researcher’s interest was: How soon and how accurately can she speak English as her L2? Primarily, her accuracy in the use of the English copula be was studied. Three semi-structured tasks were administered: monologue Role-play, Description of two Picture Books, and Reading & Conversation. Grace’s spontaneous utterances were collected from March to October, 2006 using a digital voice recorder (Model: SVR-S820). 15 sessions of Grace’s oral production were analyzed. The child's average accuracy increased from 43% in March/April performances to 61% in September/October performances. As time went on, the correct use of copula be in Task 1 showed a pretty wide range of distribution. According to Grace's data, English copula emerged from the very beginning of her learning. (Jeonju National University of Education)

This paper examines fragment constructions mainly focusing on their scope phenomena. The comparison of fragment answers and full clause answers shows that there are both differences and similarities in their scope patterns. Unlike Ahn & Cho (2005) who argue for the systematic scope differences between fragment and full clause answers, I will show that there are few differences between fragment and full clause answers in QP-QP scope interactions while there are clear differences between them in neg-QP scope interactions These differences, I argue, follow from the prevalent assumptions about movement, phase, and negation scope. (Hannam University)