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“A Study on Human Nature in Twain’s Novels.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 1-19. This paper investigates Mark Twain’s critical attitude to human nature by analyzing two major novels. Because these novels illustrate the gradual change of Twain’s deepening pessimistic views on human nature. The first chapter pays close attention to the cruel and inhumane nature, for example, the conventional hypocrisy, materialism, violence and cruelty of the South. Through the raft-journey, Twain reveals his tragic view of human nature, but at the same time, shows his optimistic faith in Huck’s spiritual development. The next chapter presents an analysis of the social institutions of medieval society and the abuse of American technology in the 19th century. The battle between Hank and knights means that Twain abandons the optimistic view of technology and strengthens his doubt of human nature. Like this, Twain’s cynical attitude continues to appear in most of his novels through the emphasis of human cruelty or the mistrust of human nature. (Semyung University)

“Contemporary Meaning of the Body in W. H. Auden’s Poetry.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 21-37. W. H. Auden viewed human body as the ideal model which showed a dialectical process of body and spirit to overcome the dualistic point of view. He put more value on man’s perception rather than conception. For Auden, the emphasis on human perception could be the best way to recognize man’s uniqueness and wholeness. In Auden’s poetry, such view was regarded as a precondition for heteronomy and interexistence. Terry Eagleton diagnosed that in postmodern situation, the shift from Merleau-Ponty to Foucault was one from the body as subject to the body as object. For Merleau-Ponty, the body was ‘where there is something to be done’; for the new somatics, ‘the body is where something-gazing, imprinting, regulating-is being done to you’. (Daegu University)

“Andrew Lang and his non-Western Fairy Tales.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 39-64. Andrew Lang was a kind of Renaissance man in his prejudiced age and his versatility has been well-known in his valuable works on folk-lore and on primitive religion. Among many areas, however, as a pioneering writer and editor advocating for multicultural value and culture, Andrew Lang has played an important role in criticizing and overthrowing his contemporary Englishmen’s lopsided preference for logocentrism and factualism. Thanks to his studies and understanding of anthropological and mythological values, Andrew Lang recognized the significances of diversity and commonality implied in ethnic fairy tales translated into English. In his twelve books of fairy tales exceeding four hundred works in total, Andrew Lang inserted many ethnic folk lores and fairy tales through which English children can learn the tolerance and balanced world view from the early days. In this paper, I took some examples of non-Western stories in Lang’s fairy tales and explained their own cultural values focusing on differences and similitude with the mainstream culture. Last but not least, it is regretable that we cannot find any Korean fairy tale introduced either in Lang’s collection or other major multicultural collection of English-written children’s literature. In order to avoid the otherness among others, our global generation first needs to learn the multiculturally balanced viewpoints instead of one-sided worship upon the Anglo-American culture. (Hannam University)

“Reading Ntozake Shange’s Male Character: sean david in a photograph: lovers in motion.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 65-85. Ntozake Shange’s characterization of the black male characters on stage has urged the black male critics to criticize her works as a black feminist’s ruthless and unjustified attack on all black men. Yet a closer look at and reading black male characters in Shange’s a photograph: lovers in action shows that Shange reserves sympathy for them. In a photograph: lovers in motion redefines Shange manhood as jealousy, emotional vulnerability and sensitivity often attributed to female characters. Shange wants the audience to understand black men’s vulnerability is not far from that of black women. Shange believes that with this understanding black men and women are able to work together against racist society that victimizes them both. (Chonbuk National University)

“Reading Enlightened Aspects of Shaw’s Pygmalion.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 87-109. In Pygmalion Act I thrives in chaos, the delight of the sideshow. Act Ⅱ plays levels of comprehension against each other, provoking a humor of misunderstanding, of fact versus fairy tale, of science versus melodrama. Act Ⅲ is Bergsonian, Eliza being comic as she is mechanical, the decorous manner of her presence being sharply incongruous with the earthy matter of her speech. Act Ⅳ involves the humor of a lovers’ quarrel, with a comic peripeteia occurring when the underdog triumphs and the master loses all dignity. And Act Ⅴ carries this to greater personal depths through a humor of inversion, involving a psychological and spiritual search in which the total complex is sensitively analyzed. With humor, myth, didacticism, and spiritual evolution thus reflecting dynamically upon one another and incorporated vitally into the vigorous story, Pygmalion emerges as an effective synthesis of Shaw’s careful dramaturgy, intrinsic fun, and thoughtful aesthetics. (Yewon Arts University)

“Henry Thoreau’s Idea of Simplicity: Toward a More Durable and Natural Life.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 111-127. American transcendentalism is a strain of idealism informed by a mind-over-matter outlook. Its practitioners put their faith in their own moral sense, and emphasized a life of virtue. Thus they endeavored to live on a higher plane of moral or spiritual perfection. This transcendentalist impulse Henry Thoreau translated into a regime of simplifying his share of material and social needs. Though disparaged by some critics as an individualistic bid for self-culture with little civic virtue, it was a sobering attempt to reconcile the ever distracting forces of society to his ideal of the good life. His principle goes beyond its use as a private ethic to address the universal need to forge more sustainable and wholesome relations with our environment. This insightful vision has given Thoreauvian simplicity an ever new lease on life. (Korea University)

“Washington Square: The Objective Self-reflection of Catherine.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 129-141. This paper aims at exploring Henry James’s Washington Square. The focus is given to the depiction of a woman who is sacrificed by men who rule the American society of 1860’s. During the years of 1830s and 1840s, despite the remarkable accumulation of wealth and the progress of civilization, women were alienated from social development. The protagonist of Washington Square, Catherine Sloper is described as a woman who is governed by her father, Dr. Sloper who has authoritative, suppressive temper and big expectation. She is also sacrificed by Morris Townsend’s deception who tries to take advantage of her property. Catherine establishes her identity through hardships which her father and her sweetheart make for her. Her faith in honesty makes her dignified in the surroundings of hypocritical men and the dignity is gradually reinforced by her increasing self-respect. (Jeonju University)

“Ralph Ellison and American Identity.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 143-158. Ellison takes writing novels to be a pious act and a meaningful reclamation of the details of human experience. He finds the potential for fundamental kinship with the enemy in the complexities. Ellisonian piety means responsible ownership of the entirety of one’s history. His pious posture is one of antagonistic cooperation. Jazz serves Ellison as a metaphor for democracy. True jazz is an art of individual assertion within and against the group. He doesn’t want to talk about guilt, but he wants to talk of an identification which goes beyond race. For Ellison, humanity lies in affirmative possibilities. (Changwon University)

“Coetzee’s History in Waiting for the Barbarians, Dusklands, and Life and Times of Michael K.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 159-177. This paper seeks to read Coetzee’s understanding of history revealed in his novel. It uses Hegelian history as a lens to look at how he understands and criticizes the imperialistic history which involves re-ordering, modification and omitting according to the interest of authoritative groups. With the nature of this imposing inscription of history, the vivid examples Coetzee implements in his stories will be explored as to how he urges his readers in general to see through the apparent purport and move on from the distorted history writing. (Oxford University)

“The difference of time concept between the Koreans and Westerners.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 201-218. Many Studies on intercultural communication have described the differences of nonverbal behavior including the time concept between Koreans and Westerners, but with no supportive data. This study testify the claim that Koreans have polychronic time concept contrary to Westerners by correlating verbal and nonverbal communicative behavior, which was based on the data gathered from real communication by observing people in ordering setting. The results are then discussed, showing Koreans’ time concept is different from that of Westerners’. This difference of time concept derived from underlying cognitive culture could lead misunderstanding in cross-cultural communication because people tend to encode or decode a message from the framework of their own cultural background. Thus the aim of this paper is to testify the difference of time concept with empirical base in order to reduce the misunderstanding and improve the effectiveness of intercommunication in cross cultural interactions. (Ulsan University)

“The Authenticity of English Maximizers in High School English Textbooks: The Cases of absolutely, totally, utterly, completely and entirely.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 219-244. The present corpus study discusses the English maximizers such as absolutely, totally, utterly, completely and entirely. The analysis is conducted by using one American authentic corpus and Korean English Textbook corpus in order to make a comparison of the genuine usage and teaching materials. The general framework is provided by a group of researchers (Biber & Reppen 2002; Carter 1998; Hill 1999; Holmes 1998; O’Keeffe, McCarthy & Carter 2007; Ward 2000) who assert that English learning should be based on naturally occurring genuine data. The American National Corpus (ANC) was selected for the present study to examine the natural usage of the target words and scripted dialogues extracted from several Korean English textbooks were compiled together to make textbook data. Results from the analysis show that there are discrepancies between corpus data and textbook data in terms of frequency, collocation pattern and semantic prosody. We have seen that the spoken ANC has by far emphasized the negative semantic prosody(64.22%) of completely with its co-usage with negative predicates such as blocked, out, wrong, unrelated, lost, forgot and abolished. English textbooks, on the other hand, had the completely opposite results exhibiting positive prosody(41.38%) as highest. In the case of totally, while ANC data showed negative prosody(54.79%) as being three times more frequent than the positive prosody(18.43%), textbook data revealed equal rates(40%) of positive and negative contexts. These findings suggest that future textbooks should better reflect the collocation pattern of conversation or features of naturally spoken discourse to acquire native-like fluency. (Cyber Hankuk University of Foreign Studies & Hankuk University of Foreign Studies)

“L-Nasalization, N-Lateralization, and Initial Sound Law: An Optimality Theoretic Approach.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 245-258. The purpose of this study is twofold: (a) to account for some counterexamples of Davis and Shin’s (1999) analysis of l-nasalization and n-lateralization; (b) to explore how Optimality Theory can deal with Initial Sound Law in Korean. Davis and Shin (1999) account for l-nasalization and n-lateralization by using phonologically-motivated syllable contact constraint, which means avoidance of rising sonority over a syllable boundary, and other constraints. However, they do not account for some counterexamples, as illustrated in /cinlyo/ [cillyo] ‘medical examination’ and /waŋcinlyo/ [waŋcinnyo], ‘fee for a doctor’s visit,’ in which the former is related to n-lateralization and the latter is related to l-nasalization in spite of their same environment of the sequence -nl-. We propose the constraint MAX[nas]]+ in order to account for them. In addition, we account for Initial Sound Law by using some phonetically/phonologically-motivated constraints—*[w Lateral and *[w[+son, +cor, -high][+son, +cor, +high]. (Chungbuk National University)

“A Study on Existentiality of There-Construction.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 259-281. This study aims to closely examine ‘existentiality,’ the central concept of existential there-construction in terms of pragmatic and cognitive analyses mainly based on Bolinger(1977) and Lakoff(1987) and then modestly propose that existential there-construction has a dual function simultaneously performed by existential ‘there’ itself: sentence-internal and sentence-external function. Most of the foregoing studies on the there-construction in the traditional grammar and the modern generative grammar as well are arguably based on the intrasentential existence and have failed to explain the significant difference in the use of the two examples below from Bolinger(1977: 95). a. In my right hand is a pencil. [deictic] b. In my left hand there’s an eraser. [existential] (a) and (b) are never interchangeable and each presupposes its own pragmatic context. (b) only is an existential there-construction, where there’s function is to bring something into th hearer’s awareness. We argue that this extrasentential function must be distinguished from the intrasentential function which realizes the existence of the indefinite associate NP in the general existential there-construction. (Ulsan University)

“Korean University Students’ Willingness to Communicate.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 283-311. This study aims to investigate how Korean university students are willing to communicate in English and how their willingness to communicate (WTC) in English is correlated with individual difference factors such as self-perceived communication competence (PC), communication apprehension (CA), their self-evaluated English proficiency, and their personality. The participants were 124 Korean university students who were studying English as a foreign language in Korea. They responded to the questionnaires concerning their perceptions of WTC and the individual difference factors. Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and multiple regression were used for this study. The findings indicated that: (a) students tended to perceive themselves to have intermediate English proficiency, to be more or less extroverted, and to have moderate WTC, PC, and CA; (b) overall, there were no significant gender differences in WTC and the individual difference factors; (c) WTC was significantly positively correlated with proficiency, personality, and PC, while WTC was significantly negatively correlated with CA; (d) PC was the strongest predictor of WTC. (Geumgang University)

"TESOL Graduate Students’ Self-Perceptions as Nonnative English Speaking Teachers.” Studies on English Language & Literature. 36.1(2010): 313-338. This study examines the way TESOL graduate students perceive themselves as nonnative English speaking teachers (NNESTs), employing a mixed method research design. Quantitative data were collected through a questionnaire administered to 45 TESOL graduate students in a Korean TESOL program, while qualitative data were collected from intensive interviews with 10 focal participants. A high percentage of the participants believed that their English proficiency was high. However, in a comparison with native English speaking teachers (NESTs), they considered NESTs superior to NNESTs in all areas of English skills. For teaching methods, communicative language teaching (CLT) was regarded as the best method although most of the participants did not use CLT in their actual classrooms. The reasons for the discrepancy were: (1) lack of English speaking proficiency, (2) lack of knowledge about the target culture, (3) students’ expectations on NNESTs, (4) parents’ expectations on NNESTs, and (5) reading-focused Korean SAT. (Hankuk University of Foreign Studies․Jeonju University)