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This study aims to evaluate the degree of influence Korea's cultural products and Korea's image have on Chinese consumers' intention of coming to Korea for their medical tour. According to the results, we were able to identify what Chinese consumers like, and what could be done to enhance Korea's image and subsequently increase the number of Chinese consumers choosing to come to Korea for their medical tour.

Recently, Korea is actively promoting Free Trade Agreement(FTA) with major countries and expecting increasing the trade volume with the FTA partners. It is also expected that effects of FTA is the most beneficial for Automobile (component) industry. So, the effects of FTA-related factors and firm-related factors om management performance are tested in Automobile component industry in Korea. The results of empirical analysis with 159 Korean automobile component firms show that FTA has positive effects for the firms with high ratio of export and firms with high level of the width of internationalization experience. The effects of other factors are uncertain in this empirical analysis.

Developments in the global value chains have caused many hybrid products whose country of origin (COO) designations is no longer easy to identify. The main objective is to analyze the factors which are specifically affecting the consumers’ decision in favoring separately the country of design (COD) or the country of manufacture (COD) in the presence or absence of brand information which acts as a moderator. A sample of 462 respondents obtained from thirty one (31) nationals with Koreans and Chinese possess larger share. Data analysis was carried out using full factorial repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA with mixed designs and geared by Predictive Analytics Software (PASW) v.19. Results prove that, whether country of design or country of manufacture; it depends on the presence or absence of brand identity which acts as an important determinant among the two. In the absence of brand identity, consumers tend to separately favor either country of design or country of manufacture. In the presence of brand identity, consumers shifts and favor country of manufacture instead.

This research aim is to suggest a meaningful implication for airlines marketing strategy of cargo services. To achieve this study purpose, the survey was conducted by forwarders in air cargo industry for the Shanghai air cargo route. By using EFA (Exploratory Factor Analysis) and IPA (Importance-Performance Analysis) method, analysis was accomplished with the assessments done by the forwarders for air cargo service factors. The survey results were analyzed of importance and satisfaction for strategic factors. As a result, Customers had a higher degree of satisfaction in the immediacy area for national airlines, but they were found to have a high degree of dissatisfaction in the price. Therefore, national carriers would be required to give volume incentive and flexible price during slow season. By the result of IPA, it would be recommended to carry out appropriate measure and notice to forwarders when cargos were not loaded on time due to flight cancellation or long-time delay because of maintenance or other reason in Shanghai air cargo route. Moreover, it especially known that low price was the first priority for national airlines. Considering this, national airlines should focus their efforts on: operating a low cost aircraft, recovery of price competitiveness through cost reduction, development of a variety of rates based on service differentiation and providing volume incentives. We can say that this study is meaningful to provide analysis for airlines on Shanghai air cargo route and strategic implication for survival and prosperity in the harsh market situation featuring the revenue reduction and cost increase.

Recently, Chinese smart phone manufacturers have shown a good performance in China smart phone market. Accordingly, performances of smart phone manufacturers in Korea is becoming sluggish compared to the past in China. Due to technical improvements and price competitiveness of Chinese smart phone manufacturers, consumer ethnocentrism tendencies in Chinese people have increased. This study conducted the moderated multiple regression to analyze the impact of consumer ethnocentrism in Chinese people on the formation process of brand loyalty for Korean smart products. According to empirical analysis in this study, consumer ethnocentrism in Chinese people has significant negative impact on relationship between brand affect and brand loyalty of Korean smart products.

This paper will focus on the value-based services for sustainable business of Adidas and how Adidas managed to become what it is today: the second largest sports apparel manufacturer after Nike. The main part of this paper is the analysis of the industry where Adidas applies a 5-forces analysis in its business. Additionally, a SWOT analysis helps to understand the reasons behind the success of Adidas and show the current state of the company. We will have a look on the way how Adidas is positioning globally. In addition, there are some comparative analysis between Adidas and Nike to understand their differentiated marketing strategy. For the business analysis, Porter's Five Forces model and the SWOT analysis are very effective in analyzing the tactics of Adidas and employing them to the circumstances of the customers. In this paper, Section 2 analyzes the value-based services for sustainable business of Adidas. Section 3 examines Adidas by Porter's Five Forces analysis. Section 4 analyzes the SWOT, and finally, conclusions are provided in the Section 5.

This study analyzed financial data of logistic centers at North Container Port in Busan New Port. The material updated on DART website; http://dart.fss.or.kr/ for the last three years was used by DEA(Data Envelopment Analysis)method. Major results are identified as follows: Firstly, efficiency of port hinterland is gradually improving in the years between 2012 and 2014. Secondly, 7 among 19 companies are shown to be efficiently managed. Their Profitability Indicators were also high proving that efficient companies perform better. Thirdly, about 40% of our subjected companies is in need of further improvement in its profitability. Lastly, revenue, operating profit and net profit are peaked in 2012. In conclusion, timely increment of cargo volume are greatly needed and strategically management of cargo supply plan of logistic centers in New Port is also required to increase logistics centers' efficiency.

The purpose of this paper is to find the determinants of Busan area companies’ outward FDI in Asia and China using the spatial autoregressive model. This study employs a spatial autoregressive model to explore if FDI into a host country or region may depend on the FDI in proximate countries or regions with Busan area companies’ outward FDI. Most previous studies ignored spatial interdependence to analyze the determinants of outward FDI. This study used panel data from 12 countries in Asia and 12 regions in China during 1991 to 2013. Empirical results of total Asia area show per GDP, POP, OPEN and spatial effects are positive and significant variables. Results of Non-manufacturing industry’s FDI in Asia excluding China reveal that spatial effects are insignificant. Results of total Chinese area show per POP, EDUE and spatial effects are positive and significant variables.

The primary concern of this study is to investigate the stability of current account through the relationship between import and export in Korea. In our research we employ causality and cointegration based tests. Through the causality test on time domain, we find bilateral relationship between the variables. And Engle-Granger 2 stage cointegration test shows significant. Additionally, we employ multi-cointegration test to investigate deeper cointegration capturing cumulative current account properties. However, there is no relationships. Thus we employ alternative method to examine the causality, which has been proposed by Breitung and Candelon (2006). The results reveal no casual relationships between the variables. It is concluded that the stability of current account is not shown in Korea. These results imply that it is necessary to specify alternative theoretical and empirical model for export and import accounting for cumulative properties in future researches.

This paper attempts to provide a systematic assessment of the effectiveness of Millenium Development Goals(MDGs) which was an initiative to enhance the development effectiveness of Official Development Assistance(ODA). The empirical findings show mixed results in different goals of ODA. MDGs have been effective in assisting the economic growth of LDC recipients, but not for lower and upper middle income recipients. It was found that ODAs have mixed effects for specific individual MDG goals. Health sector ODA showed significantly positive effects on the reduction of child mortality. In particular, agricultural sector ODA seems important for the improvement of child’s health specially in LDCs. Education sector ODA is not directly related to primary school enrollment statistically. However, both child mortality and adult literacy have positive significant effect on primary school enrollment, implying that health ODA has an indirect impact on the improvement of education in recipient countries.

This study examined the effects of perceived value and innovation of Shanzhai phones towards Korean consumers’ attitude and purchase intention and the moderating role of China country-of-origin effects and original brand loyalty. The results are as follows. First, the perceived value and design innovation of Shanzhai mobile phones had a positive effect Korean consumers' attitude, but technical innovation had no effect. Secondly, the evaluation of the Chinese origin image reduces the influence of perceived value and design innovation of Shanzhai mobile phones on consumers’ attitude and purchase intention. Finally, higher original brand loyalty consumers appeared to reduce the impact of attitude on consumers’ purchase intention towards Shanzhai mobile phones. This study is intended to provide strategic implications to original brand companies in order to maintain their existing customers.

본 연구는 해외직접투자유입이 중국의 경제성장에 미치는 영향에 대해 분석하며, 해외직접투자유입국의 흡수능력이 큰 국가에서 해외직접투자유입은 경제성장에 더 기여한다는 흡수능력가설을 검증한다. 본 연구에서 흡수능력은 무역의존도와 교육수준으로 측정된다. 시게열자료를 이용한 본 연구는 해외직접투자유입 자체가 경제성장에 미치는 영향에 대해서는 혼재된 결과를 보여준다. 무역의존도나 중고등학교의 교육은 흡수능력 측면에서는 해외직접투자의 경제성장에 대한 효과에 영향을 주지 않으나, 대학교육은 의미있는 영향을 주는 것으로 나타난다.

The current study examines the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on the economic growth of China and tests the absorptive capacity hypothesis stating that FDI inflows are more beneficial to economic growth in a country with the capacity to absorb FDI inflows. Absorptive capacity is measured by the trade dependence ratio and education level. The study uses time series data. There is mixed evidence regarding the effect of FDI inflows per se on economic growth. Although neither trade dependence nor secondary-level education is revealed to enhance the positive effect of FDI inflows on economic growth, tertiary-level education is shown to enhance it.

This research aim to investigate the relationship of the innovativeness, the firm capability and the strategic alliance as a moderator on the export performance of SMEs exporting precision component. This research proposes 8 hypotheses including the moderated effects. After survey completed, 102 questionnaires were finally collected. Using a PLS, this study tested 7 hypotheses. Analysis result showed that the innovativeness has shown positive effect on the learning capacity and technology capacity. The learning capacity has a positive impact on the technology capacity. In addition, the learning capacity and the technology capacity have a positive impact on the export performance. The partner cooperation shows moderating effects between the learning capacity and the technology capacity It has a moderating effect between the technology capacity and the export performance. But it dose not show moderating effect between the learning capacity and the export performance.

This study has tried to search for the measures to settle the customs classification dispute based in the cases of Korea and come to the following conclusions: First, we need to develope a logic for the classification of relevant item to achieve a favorable decision for us. Second, the logic needs to comply with the General Rules for the Interpretation of the Harmonized System and be persuasive. Third, we need to ask the WCO to furnish information or guidance on any matters concerning the classification of goods in case the dispute can not be settled through bilateral negotiation. Fourth, the excessive state intervention can cause an adverse effect and lead to the other party’s strong objection. Fifth, we need to cooperate with the contracting parties sharing the same opinion when the WCO considers the dispute and makes recommendations for its settlement.

This Paper explores balancing test on issues of human life and health used by WTO panel and the Appellate Body. This paper compared two cases between Brazilian Case and US Case which the Appellate Body endorsed a balancing approach in deciding whether a measure in question is “necessary” in GATT Art XX (b). Through the report in Brazilian Case, the Appellate Body provided important and controversial views regarding the interpretation of “necessary” of GATT Art XX (b). The balancing test, used to determine Art XX (b) necessity in Brazilian Case, serves as a useful solution such as how the WTO should address the problem moving toward. By making the chapeau analysis part of balancing test, it would give the WTO flexibility and could stepped toward harmonization between trade and environment.

This study tries to find out the entry strategies for Korean logistics firms into South African transportation market, by analyzing it’s economic situation, national policy-making on transport and logistics sectors, and distribution of regional value-added. As results of study, the government has plan not only to allocate the function of each port to be a regional logistics hub but also to improve national rail and road infrastructure. It was analyzed that major economic activities in each of provinces in terms of logistics needs are different. These facts mean that logistics firms should plan individualized entry strategy and consider not only relocated port function and characteristics of value added in each province. Consequently, this study suggested two entry strategies into South African logistics market, the strategy on emphasized transportation function nearby port and inland logistics services such as warehousing with regional shippers.

Recently, the Kosher market has emerged as an important sector for Korean food industry. Therefore, the understanding of Kosher and Kosher certification are inevitable to access Kosher market. But Korea is rather lagged behind in Kosher business compared to other countries. The objective of this paper is to analyse the effective strategy for Korean firms' access to Kosher market by analysing the present state of Kosher market and an acquisition of Korean firms' Kosher certification and, to give managerial and policy implications for Korean firms and government. The results and suggestions of this study are as follows; 1) both Korean government and firms must recognize the importance of Kosher market and the understanding of Kosher certification. 2) Korean government must support Korean firms' access to Kosher market by establishing an agency that specializes in Kosher market and Kosher certification. 3) Korean firms must establish effective entering strategy to Kosher market on the basis of acquisition of Kosher certification.

The African economy is proving to be one of the most successful stories among emerging markets of the past decade. And growth is expected to accelerate going forward, creating new markets with huge potential. Therefore, it is vital to understand African consumers' national image of South Korea and purchase intention to Korean goods for Korean firms planning to enter African market. Under this reason, this research is designed to test Country Image Effect(CIE) of South Korea and to test a framework for investigating the impact of fit between Korean country image and product category image on purchase intention to Korean goods in South Africa. The results suggest that country image has strong positive impact on purchase intention. And when South African consumers have a positive fit between country image of Korea and product image perception, they tend to show higher purchase intention to the product made in Korea. However, it is showed significant effect of the positive fit between country and product image appear only in TV product category.

This research suggested plan for reaction of domestic companies to prepare for environment regulation related to automobile which is the one of major export items to EU from Korea. Since environment regulation and policy in EU are evaluated to be advancing any other developing countries, EU environment regulations should be dealt in advance and this should be utilized as the chance to reinforce environment competitiveness of domestic products. After analyzing whether it falls into the category of regulation targets upon product exports by implementing prior research job on environment regulation field, suitable product making regarding environment regulation of products is done. If we take these as our specimen and react properly, establish strategy accordingly, it could rather be our chance to increase the competitiveness of our domestic products in EU market.

본 연구는 “필요성” 심사의 적용에 있어 WTO 상소기구가 채용한 두 가지의 접근방법을 가장 무역제한적인 접근법과 비교형량접근법을 포함하여 검토하고 있다． “필요성” 심사의 요건에 대한 문제점은 첫째, GATT 패널이 “필요성”이라는 용어의 해석을 좁게 해석함으로써, 채택된 조치가 GATT 20조하에서 정당화되지 못하였다. 둘째, WTO 상소기구는 보호의 수준을 선택하는 자유가 비교형량접근법과 일치하지 않았기 때문에, 비교형량접근법의 적용에 실패하였다. 셋째, WTO 상소기구가 회원국의 정당한 자율권에 적절히 개입하는 것이 어렵기 때문에, “필요성” 심사의 적용은 국내규제자율권에 부정적인 효과를 일으킬 가능성이 있다는 것이다. 하지만, WTO 패널과 상소기구는 필요성 요건에 관한 법적 추론에 대해 “관련 요소에 관한 형량 과정”의 접근 방식으로 무역제한 조치의 “필요성”을 판단하였다. 이는 예외와 관련된 필요성 심사로 충돌 가능한 요소들 간의 형량을 통한 사법기관의 재량이 합리적으로 조정되기 때문에, 필요성 요건을 통과하는 것은 쉬워지고 회원국의 정당한 “자율권”은 확보되고 있다. 그러나 “필요성”의 해석과 관련된 상소기구의 시도나 접근 방식은 모두 일정한 한계를 지니고 있는 바, 향후 회원국의 정당한 규제권한을 존중하면서 판정의 일관성을 유지하는 것이 중요한 과제가 될 것이다.

This paper examines the two approaches employed by the WTO adjudicating bodies in the application of the “necessity” test, including the least trade restrictive approach and the weighing and balancing approach. It discusses the problems resulting from the application of “necessity”. Firstly, the GATT Panel interpreted the term “necessary” narrowly, thereby, no challenged measures were justified under the GATT Art. XX. Secondly, the WTO adjudicating bodies failed to apply a weighing and balancing approach test because the freedom to choose their own level of protection was inconsistent with the weighing and balancing test. Thirdly, due to the difficulty on considering the proper interference into the national regulatory autonomy from the WTO adjudicating body, the application of the “necessity” test would likely cause a negative impact on domestic regulatory autonomy. This paper gives some suggestions to the WTO adjudicating bodies for a clear and definite interpretation on the “necessity” test. Considering the criticisms resulting from the application of the “necessity” test, it is very important to clarify the uncertainty of the “necessity” test and provide predictability for future cases.

The purpose of the current paper is to examine the direct influence of brand experience on brand satisfaction and brand loyalty and the role of brand satisfaction. In addition, domestic and global brands were compared with respect to the relationships among the three constructs, brand experience, brand satisfaction, and brand loyalty. 371 usable responses were collected from online and offline survey using convenience sampling technique. The results indicate that brand experience has an direct impact on both brand satisfaction and brand loyalty. Brand satisfaction which is influenced by experience has an direct impact on loyalty. Sensory experience is a stronger direct predictor of brand satisfaction and brand loyalty in global than domestic brands. Intellectual experience is the weakest effect in domestic brands while behavioral experience is the weakest effect in global brands. The findings provided academic contribution to the brand management research field and strategic implications for experiential marketing in domestic and global brands.