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This study investigates the effects of firms’ R&D investment and sales on exports in the Korean electronics and pharmaceutical industries. For estimation, we use the data of companies in the electronics and pharmaceutical industries during the period 2008 to 2015, which are listed on the KOSPI and KOSDAQ. The estimation results show that R&D investment determinations in one year prior, two years prior, and three years prior have a positive relationship with exports in the electronics industry while that only in three years prior period has a positive effect on exports in the pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, companies’ sales in the electronics industry have a positive effect on exports while those in the pharmaceutical industry have a negative effect on exports.

This study examines the effects of internal capabilities of SMEs on export performance in Busan, Ulsan, and Gyoungnam area. Especially, the effect of awareness level about Korean government support system for promoting is the focus of this analysis. For empirical analysis, 148 survey samples were used. The result shows that the risk sensitivity of entrepreneurs and the superiority of technology have a significant effect on SMEs export performance. In this process the level of awareness about government support system for promoting export has a moderating effect. Specifically, it has positive moderating effect on relationship between internal communication capability and export performance and negative moderating effect on relationship between superiority of technology and export performance.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of terms of trade on real GDP and inflation. We estimate the cointegration relationship and vector error correction model including 5 variables such as real GDP, consumer price index, terms of trade, producer price index and won/dollar exchange rate. The empirical results show that terms of trade and inflation are cointegrated, but not the case for the terms of trade and real GDP. This means that when there is a positive terms of trade shock, inflation increases in the long-run. Specifically the one standard deviation shock of terms of trade results in 0.12 % increase in the consumer price index. However, the terms of trade shock can not explain the variation of real GDP in the long-run and there is no significant statistical relationship between two variables.

The purpose of this paper is to compare the articles of passing of risk between CISG and Incoterms, suggest the application of those articles in the field of international commercial transactions. In ordinary case, most of trades apply for CISG in the contract of sale of goods, but when contracting parties only based on the provision of CISG, there are a lot of confusions and misunderstanding in interpretations and applications. Therefore, We suggest that CISG must play a main role while Incoterms 2010 and several national laws must be used supplementary role in international commercial transaction. Both parties have to insert their intention to use these two provisions in respect of passing of risk.

This paper examines the main controversial issues on the problems of reduction and elimination of agricultural subsidies as well as the related trade disputes in WTO, focusing on the dispute of cotton and sugar. As a result, we can find that contentions of the interested countries are being conflicted sharply, depending on their national positions regardless of the developed or underdeveloped countries. To settle harmoniously these subsidies issues in future, we think, firstly, that “phase-out mechanism is required through adjustment and reform of the export subsidies system. Secondly, WTO members should improve equity among the developed and developing countries through a compromise.

This study examines the current trade patterns as well as identifies the country-specific determinants of IIT in the textile and apparel industry between Vietnam and its twenty main trading partners during the 2010-2015 period. The results point to a substantial level of IIT, which is entirely VIIT, indicating that Vietnam’s textile and apparel trade focuses on the trade of intermediate goods. The IIT indices are extremely high among Asian countries. Using a random effect model, important determinants of IIT, HIIT and VIIT are estimated. Results indicate that IIT, HIIT and VIIT are positively correlated with economic size and differences in economic size, and they are negatively correlated with trade imbalance and distance. Differences in Human Development Index have a positive effect on IIT and VIIT. In contrast, participation in FTA increases the share of IIT and HIIT. Consequently, in order to increase IIT of the Vietnamese textile and apparel industry, Vietnam has to accelerate the negotiations of FTA; invest in human resources; support R&D activities and high-technology sectors as well as domestic enterprises that provide intermediate inputs.

If the method prescribed by the chapeau of Article 2.2.2 of Anti-Dumping Agreement, the investigating authorities construct normal value which they may opt to use Article 2.2.2(iii)’s ‘any other reasonable method’ to calculate amounts for SG & A and profits, subject only to a profit cap. Article 2.2.2(iii) of Anti-Dumping Agreement has been interpreted to give investigating authorities broad discretion and has engendered various overly discretionary. However, A guideline for the interpretation of Article 2.2.2(iii) that must be determined in the relevant context and structure of the Anti-Dumping Agreement and Article 2.2.2(iii) must be interpreted in light of the Anti-Dumping Agreement’s object and purpose. In order to clarify the ambiguity in Article 2.2.2(iii) of the Anti-Dumping Agreement, all Article 2.2.2(iii) methods must be consistent with this structural guideline of Article 2 of the Anti-Dumping Agreement.

Air transport plays a large part in the active trade of high value-added products as the global industry’s sophistication grows. With this trend, Incheon International airport, Korea’s representative airport serving most international air transport, hit the highest record in 2016 and, is also anticipated to record a continuous increase in air cargoes in the near future. This study analyzes the trade patterns of air cargoes between Korea and its trading countries for the last 10 years by using the gravity model, and furthermore, examines the impact of economic integration and FTA on the total, export and import as well as the transhipment air cargoes respectively. The result of this study demonstrates that the pattern of air cargo trade is proportional to the overall market size of its trading countries and the level of infrastructure. In addition, ASEAN+3 and NAFTA are discovered to have a positive impact on the patterns.

This study investigated existing theories on the object and insurable interests of liability insurance. The purpose of this study is to examine problems in the existing theories on the object and insurable interests of liability insurance published thus far and describe a new theory that can compensate the problems. Thus far, the object of liability insurance has been generally regarded as the whole fortune of the insured person or the liability of reparation of the insured person. However, this paper is intended to regard the objects of insurance accidents that are insured instead of the whole fortune or liability of reparation of the insured person and describe the legitimacy and validity of this theory. Therefore, this paper will argue that the object of liability insurance is not the whole fortune or liability of reparation of the insured person as argued by existing studies thus far but is the object of insurance accidents while explaining the reasons as well as actually presenting relevant cases to prove the argument. Thereafter, to understand the issue of insurable interests of liability insurance, the theory of whole fortune, the theory of financial conditions, the theory that denies the insurable interests, and the theory of liability interests will be compared and reviewed. Then, problems in the theory of whole fortune, the theory of financial conditions, and the theory that denies the insurable interests and the iniquity of these theories will be pointed out and the validity of the theory of liability interests, which is recognized as a relatively proper theory in the relative position, will be proved. Thereafter, a new theory that compensates the shortcomings of this theory will be made.