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First, it is necessary to participate in meaningful negotiations with the affected foreign countries in relation to technical regulations to harmonize environmental policies and to resolve administrative difficulties in implementing the technical regulations under consideration in the other country. Second, as a basic requirement of technical regulation, it is necessary to consider and exclude less restrictive alternatives. Third, when designing technical regulations, ensure that the same considerations are given to all regulated subjects, both domestic and foreign. Finally, with respect to the challenges at hand, it is necessary to build some flexibility in regulation when the regulatory conditions and capabilities of trading partners differ significantly.

This study analyzes the relationship between trade, FDI and economic growth in India from 1980 to 2019. India’s economic reform began in the early 1980s, but the full-scale liberalization and privatization process began in July 1980 due to the balance-of-payments crisis and liquidity crisis faced by the economy. India has been a protectionist country for a while, but has gradually changed to a country open to international trade, and as of 2019, trade accounted for 43.3% of the country’s GDP. The main export products are petroleum (14.6%) and diamonds (7.9%) as primary products, and major trading partners are the United Arab Emirates and China. South Korea recently signed a free trade agreement with ASEAN. The results of analyzing the relationship between trade, FDI, and economic growth in India are as follows. The results of the Granger causal relationship showed that there is a one-way causal relationship between GDP and exports, and that GDP affects the significance level of 5% of exports. In the case of India, an increase in imports or FDI has a positive effect on the increase in GDP, but it is not significant. An increase in exports has a rather negative effect on an increase in GDP, and the VECM results show that when exports increase, GDP decreases by 9% at a level of 10% significance.

Multidimensional distance/accessibility is the focus of interest for scholars globally in recent years. However, scholars have so far differed in the definition and distinction of the concept of multidimensional distance. Therefore, in this work, we first define the concept of multidimensional distance being based on previous research, and then classify major factors of multidimensional distances against the backdrop of strategic alliances which is emerging new paradigms of corporate management. The purpose of this study is to understand how the reclassified multidimensional distance affects the performance of corporate partnerships through empirical research. We also analyze whether alliance duration may moderate the relevance between multi-dimensional distances and alliance performance. This study analyzes the survey data by targeting Chinese companies in various industries. The results shows that organizational, social and cognitive distance between alliance partners have a positive impact on the alliance performance. Alliance duration has moderated the relationship between geographical and cognitive distance and alliance performances. This study may give a meaningful insights on the management of strategic alliances in terms of partners distance and alliance performance.

The prevention of health problems and ideas for successful aging have been major topics in many studies tue to the dramatic increase in the number of individuals age 65 and over worldwide. Despite awareness of the numerous benefits of increasing social and leisure activity levels, the association between the elders’ participation in leisure time physical activity and expenditure categories for understanding the silver market has remained largely unexplored. Therefore, in order to have a valuable information for promoting active lifestyle for the elders and gain a better insight of the effects of their monthly expenses in the current market, this study examined the responses from 1,389 Korean elders selected for 2018 Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). This study used SPSS to reveal the general tendencies and mean differences among expenses categories and implemented logistic regression to predict the significant factors influencing participation of leisure activities. The results of descriptive statistics showed that participants spent their money most on living expenses and least on family event, and the elders regularly participated in leisure activities spent more money compared to those who were not participated in leisure activities based on independent t-test. Moreover, the results of this study showed that increasing spending on eating out, medical insurance premium, and the cost of leisure was associated with an increased likelihood of participating leisure activities.

Manufacturing companies whose main purpose is to export are recognizing the importance of utilizing knowledge-based resources as a means to replace their very scarce resources and capabilities and are increasingly emphasizing them. This research studied the contribution and expansion strategies of companies that obtained international certification qualification to trade export performance due to the conclusion of the ICQ-MRA mutual reciprocity agreement. There are a number of AEO-MRA researches in the previous studies that reviewed MRA, but relatively a few researches specifically identified the actual relationship to ICQ international certified exporters through the conclusion of ICQ-MRA. Therefore, this thesis has been researched to present the effects that companies can actually feel from the economic point of view.