Earticle

This study is purposed to figure out the mechanism of interaction effects of bureaucrat’s policy idea and the role of institution operated by bureaucrats, which play the role as determinant both on the domestic trade policy decision-making and on inter-governmental trade negotiation. For an example, a case analysis of Korea’s FTA policy and trade negotiation with China showed that both bureaucrat’s policy idea and governmental trade institution are the determinants which have strong influence on the trade deal result. According to the analysis of Korea-China FTA deal, it reached on the agreement at the lower level of market liberalization than it had been expected at the starting stage of the deal. From the viewpoint of the Korean government, the first reason of the result was an institutional structure change of trade policy decision-making process, which had happened in the middle of negotiation. If the institutional support can't hold up the trade bureaucrat's policy enforcement volition, even though the bureaucrats' policy idea is quite liberal, the trade deal might not reach an agreement at the high level of liberalization. At the initial stage of the Korea-China FTA deal, the level of bureaucrats’ strategic exploitation of institutional autonomy(slack) was higher in Korean negotiation group than in China. However after the control tower of trade policy of the Korean government had been changed from the former Office of the Minister for Trade (OMT) to the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MOTIE), the negotiation power of the Korean government has been weakened at the negotiation with Chinese counterparts. As a consequence of interaction effect between the bureaucrat's policy idea and the trade policy institution, the FTA deal resulted in the lower level of degree in market opening. This result implies that both the bureaucrat's belief in deciding the policy direction and the government‘s internal institutional structure play a key role as determinant factors in domestic decision-making process and inter-governmental trade deal with foreign countries.

This study aims to investigate the relationship between relational antecedents of SNS, e-WOM (e-Word of Mouth) and e-loyalty of SNS users in Korea and Mongolia. In order to achieve this goal, this study has reviewed literature on e-WOM definition and previous research. This study posits that relational antecedents of SNS(tie strength, homophily, trust) are positively related to e-WOM (opinion seeking, giving, passing) and e-WOM has a positive relationship with e-loyalty. The survey questionnaire was prepared by reviewing existing literature and expert opinions. The data used in this study were collected from university and graduate students in Korea and Mongolia. The results are as follows. First, it shows that the relational antecedents of SNS is positively related to e-WOM in Korean SNS. Mongolian users are slightly different from the empirical research results in Korea. Only Thai strength and trust affect the e-WOM of Mongolian SNS users. Second, e-WOM has a positive effect on e-loyalty of SNS users in Korea and Mongolia.

There are cases in which domestic companies in China arrange foreign arbitration because of the problems in credibility and cost of domestic arbitration, the convenience of foreign arbitration, and problems in the application of arbitration procedures and practical laws. Even domestic companies have committed domestic disputes to foreign arbitration during the arbitration agreement. In other words, even though it is a contract between a Chinese company and a Chinese company without any international contract elements, they arrange foreign institutional arbitration or foreign ad hoc arbitration. Chinese current legal and judicial interpretation does not stipulate the effect of any foreign arbitration agreements on contracts without international contract elements. We only can verify the attitude of Chinese court on the foreign arbitration agreement through answering of Supreme People’s Court of China about the request of lower court. This paper examines the attitude of Chinese courts to foreign arbitration agreements for contracts without international contract elements through the actual case. In addition, through case analysis, the study also examined the precautions for Korean investment companies in China in case of that Korean companies arrange foreign arbitration institutions for the arbitration agreement with Chinese companies.

In particular, port distripark which can generate their own cargoes and also add values to the cargoes gain growing importance these days. Therefore, in this study, the actual economic impact of the port distripark was analyzed empirically by using real statistical data and based on the results, the implications for developing and operating port distriparks were also suggested. The economic effects of port distriparks were estimated separately according to the effect of cargo generation and employment inducement. The scale of total sales and securing foreign investment were also examined. The results indicated that each port hinterland analyzed in this study shows the differences in terms of the effect of creating cargoes, creating employment, creating investment.

As neo-liberalism economic innovation and FTA was progressed, 54 FTA global networks were built in 15 cases as of January 2018 through FTA roadmap and simultaneous strategy in Korea. However, diverse side effects have been steadily raised, e.g., collapse of the middle class, aggravation of Gini coefficient, increasing lower income class. If conflict among classes arise from income gap which result from market opening, procedural lawfulness of FTA will be damaged, thereby intimidating the social integration of whole society. Fortunately, Korean government has tried many strategic supplementary actions to overcome the side effect of FTA and to sustain social integration. Korean government has implemented strategic supplementary actions, e.g., strategic choice of negotiation target, compensation for damaged class. Consequently the effectiveness of FTA was not lost. Thus, the policy for Korea to simultaneously propel FTA for the goal to pursue FTA with large advanced economics is unchanged, the selection of target state, supporting for damage, effort to secure procedural authenticity under such policy can be said to belong to strategic supplementation to overcome the side effect of FTA.

This study aims to investigate how R&D and FDI affect the comparative advantages(CA) in Gangwon district, Korea by deriving Comparative Advantage Impairment Index that could identify how well CA realized in the export specialization. The results are as follows. First Gangwon-do was specified as a district where comparative advantages were not adequately revealed by exports than other local governments except Jeju. Secondly, although private R&D , FDI and capital returns could increase the CA, the effect did not link into a corresponding export specialization. Also, public R&D makes the CA worse controlling capital and factor endowments in public sector. Thirdly, comparative advantage in agriculture, forestry and mining sector which are classified into labor intensive industries, are not affected by private FDI and capital endowment. Forth, the FDI locational diversification reduces CA impairments. Lastly, private-public R&D ratio eases impairing comparative advantages.

Many countries have been involved in Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). These agreements make the trading relationships between those countries much more profitable by lowering barriers to trade between nations. Because of the importance of international trade and investment for promoting wellbeing and economic growth, the relationship between FDI and FTA is crucial to creating economic policies that foster international welfare. This paper models the effect of FTA on FDl, using an endogenous regime switching model. The final analysis is that the existence FTA is an inconsistent determinant of FDI between paired countries. Based on this model, I cannot say if the existence of a FTA is complementary or supplementary to FDl.