Earticle

Rosario Ferré is recognized as one of the best Puerto Rican writers ofmodern times, her experience as a writer in all genres has enabled her to developa unique style. This style has resulted in a poetic narrative by using metaphoricallanguage, and intense writing by using the symbols in her fictiones. The novelVecindarios excéntricos / Eccentric Neighborhoods (1999-1998) consists of fiftyeightchapters grouped into six parts. The novel seems a collection of essays orstories that can be read independently, representing fragmented and hybridnature of identity questioned. The story includes four generations, one centuryof family history that is narrated by one of the great-granddaughters, which fallscompletely into the modernity, thanks to the sacrifice of the other characters thatrepresent and die by the myth that each represents his generation of them.

Rosario Ferré está reconocida como la mejor escritora puertorriqueñade los tiempos modernos. Su incursión en todos los géneros le ha permitidodesarrollar un estilo singular que ha derivado en una narrativa poética, por lometafórico del lenguaje, e intensa por la simbólica que reconfigura en la ficción. La novela Vecindarios excéntricos / Eccentric Neighborhoods (1999-1998) secompone de cincuenta y ocho capítulos agrupados en seis partes, como unasuma de cuentos o relatos que se podrían leer de forma independiente,representando el carácter fragmentario e híbrido de la identidad en cuestión. Elrelato comprende cuatro generaciones, un siglo de historia familiar narrado poruna de las bisnietas, la cual entra de lleno a la modernidad gracias al sacrificiodel resto de los personajes que encarnan y sucumben al mito que representan.

This paper analyses the path established by Korean learners ofSpanish L2 when using verbal morphology to narrate past events emerging fromthe oral component of the language. Using as a starting point the AspectHypothesis and the Default Past Tense Hypothesis, the discourse of 60 universitystudents distributed among the A2 and B2+ levels of the Common EuropeanFramework of Reference for Languages is being examined. The results obtainedreveal that even though our corpus demonstrates a greater tendency in the useof tenses according to the principles of the second hypothesis, there is a groupof stative verbs, those referring to feelings and emotions in particular, where thepredictions of the Aspect Hypothesis are being fulfilled. This data confirms thatwhen the learners select the verbal morphology in order to build their personalnarrative discourse, they are guided not only by the interaction between theinherent aspect of the verbs and the Spanish tenses, but also by the semanticsof the verbs; in other words, by its denotatum.

Este trabajo analiza el recorrido que establecen los aprendientes deELE coreanos a la hora de utilizar la morfología verbal para narrar hechospasados desde el componente oral de la lengua. Partiendo de los postuladosde la hipótesis del aspecto y de la hipótesis del tiempo pasado por defecto, seexamina el discurso de 60 estudiantes universitarios distribuidos entre los nivelesA2 y B2+ del Marco común europeo de referencia para las lenguas. Losresultados obtenidos revelan que, si bien en nuestro corpus se registra unamayor tendencia en el uso de los tiempos verbales según los postulados de lasegunda hipótesis analizada, existe un grupo de verbos estativos, concretamenteen los verbos de sentimiento, en el que se cumplen las predicciones de lahipótesis del aspecto. Estos datos permiten confirmar que al seleccionar lamorfología verbal para construir un discurso narrativo personal los aprendientesno solo se guían por la información proporcionada por la interacción entre lexemaverbal y los tiempos del sistema verbal español sino también por la semánticapropia de los verbos, es decir, por su denotatum.

The novel The Marquise of Yolombó is without a doubt a text over whichone can bask in a plenitude of perspectives, from the aesthetic to the historical. It bases itself on the memories, reminiscences, and serene reflections of the greatColombian writer Tomas Carrasquilla (1858-1940), who took it upon himself inhis old age to recompose, despite the lack of archives or any first handdocuments, an account of the tales or travails of the problematic and difficultencounter between three different peoples from three distinct cultures (HispanicEuropeans, indigenous Americans, and black Americans) that concurrently tookplace in the isolated region that would later become the province of Antioquia,Colombia. Within the narrow scope of his account, not only are we able to get aclose feel for the customs (dress, diet, rituals, etc.), we also enter as closely aspossible into the sociopolitical tensions that resulted from the tripartite encounter,and furthermore gain new tools to help us understand the still unfolding historyof the multicultural, multiethnic society that constitutes the people of Colombiaand of Latin America in general. The work presented here in gives an analysis of three notable women (with aspecial emphasize on Barbara Caballero), who from the moment they took actionin the times they lived in, act representatively of the values they profess and oftheir own consciences, which more or less become apparent through thecontradictions and wealth of refinement that they produce. It’s worth noting thatalthough the regular appearance of notable female figures in Colombian or LatinAmerican literature is common, those found in the works of Carrasquilla offer ussomething altogether new and a type of conscience that never fails to surpriseus for how revolutionary it is. This is true not only if we keep in mind the timeperiod in which this work was written and the aesthetic perspective of the author,but also the type of values embodied by his characters and what that represents in the history of mentalities.

La novela La Marquesa de Yolombó (1928) es sin lugar a dudas untexto sobre el cual pueden desplegarse muchas miradas que van desde lasestéticas hasta las históricas. Se basa en las memorias, los recuerdos y lasreflexiones serenas del gran escritor colombiano Tomás Carrasquilla (1858-1940), quien en la vejez decide recomponer, a falta de archivos y documentosde primera mano, los trazos o los destrozos del encuentro problemático y difícilque tuvo lugar entre tres pueblos de tres culturas (europea hispánica, indígenaamericana y negra africana) que concurrieron en la aislada región de la actualprovincia de Antioquia, Colombia. En ella la historia menuda no solo nos permiteacercarnos a las costumbres (vestuario, dieta, rituales, etc.), sino también a lastensiones sociopolíticas que se generaron en dicho encuentro y que podríanservir para la comprensión de la historia todavía en proceso de la sociedadpluricultural y multiétnica del pueblo colombiano y latinoamericano. El trabajo que aquí se presenta es un análisis de tres personajes femeninos -sobre todo de Bárbara Caballero- que desde su intervención en la época queles toca vivir actúan y dan cuenta de los valores que cada uno profesa, de laconciencia más o menos visible de ellos, así como de las contradicciones y lariqueza de matices que todo ello genera. Cabe resaltar que si bien es común laaparición de personajes femeninos en la novela colombiana o latinoamericana,los de Carrasquilla presentan una novedad y una conciencia que no dejan desorprendernos por lo revolucionarios. Esto no solo si tenemos en cuenta elmomento histórico de la producción de esta obra y la perspectiva estética del autor, también por el tipo de valores que encarnan y lo que ello representa parala historia de las mentalidades.

1492년 콜럼버스가 신대륙을 발견한 이후 아메리카 대륙의 정복 과정에서 두 세계를 언어적으로 매개하는 통역사의 역할은 대단히 중요한 것이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 이베로아메리카 역사 연구에서 통역사들은 큰 관심을 받지 못했다. 있다하더라도 이 시기 통역사들은 “배신의 상징으로 이들을 소비하는 대중문화로 인해 역사에서 대중의 상상 속 인물이 되어 버렸다”(Ríos 2005, 47). 가장 전형적인 인물이 말린체(la Malinche)라는 이름의 원주민 여성으로,그간 그녀는 민족의 배신자이자 정복자가 유린한 ‘칭가다(la Chingada)’였다(Paz 1950, 31). 최근 많은 연구들이 이 인물을 정복자 코르테스의 “동료이자, 조언자, 비밀 요원, 그리고 아이의어머니”(Bastin 2003, 487)로 재평가하고 옹호하고 있다. 그러나 그 어떤 경우에도 그녀는 두문명의 만남을 중개한 그 시대 통역사 중 한 명이었다. 본 연구는 신대륙 발견과 아스텍 제국정복 과정에서 필수적인 역할을 담당한 이들 통역사들에 대해 역사 기술의 관점에서 접근하여그들의 역할을 재조명하는 것을 목표로 삼는다. 결론적으로 이들은 두 문화의 만남에서 활약한통역사, 문화 중재자, 안내인, 정보제공자, 외교관이었다.

This study aims to explore the highly complex role of the interpreters inthe Conquest of America. Indeed, probably nowhere in the world is the historicalimportance of the linguist more evident than in the conquests of Mexico and Peru(Roland 1999, 59). Nevertheless, Hispanic American historiography has giveninterpreters a relatively scare attention. If any, conquistadors’ interpreters “havepassed from history into the public imagination, with popular culture using themas symbols of treachery” (Ríos 2005, 47). The most epitomized figure is an indianwoman named la Malinche, which was a traitor, mistress and la Chingada(Paz1950, 31). Recently, there are studies which revindicate this figure as a Cortés’“companion, advisor, secret agent, and the mother of this child”(Bastin 2003,487). In all cases, she was one of the interpreters at that time. This paper providesa historiographical approach to theses interpreters who have taken indispensablepart in the discovery of the New World and the conquest of Mexico, in order toshed new light on their roles and powers. This paper concludes that they wereinterpreters, cultural intermediaries, guides, informants and diplomats in a crossculturalencounter.

본 연구는 꼬레아 정부의 가장 대표적인 프로젝트인 새로운 경제개발 모델로서의 야차이 지식도시에 대해 다룬다. 2010년부터 에콰도르는 전통적 경제모델인 원자재수출경제를 탈피하여 지식경제로의 전환을 시도하고 있다. 야차이 지식도시 건설 프로젝트를 통하여 국가 경제와 사회 개선을 추구하며, 1차 산품 수출경제를 지식기반의 경제와 사회로 변화시켜 수막 카우사이를 실천하는 것이다. 야차이 프로젝트는 높은 원자재 수출 의존도를 개선하고, 첨단기술산업 클러스터 형성을 통해 고급 일자리의 창출과 국토의 균형개발을 도모하는 프로젝트이다. 에콰도르 정부가 대덕연구단지의 한국형 과학기술단지 개발 정책에서 영감을 얻어 이와 유사한 야차이 지식도시 건설 프로젝트를 개발하였다. 그러나 이 프로젝트가 에콰도르에 알맞은 모델인가에 대한 논란의 여지는 있으며, 이는 한국과 에콰도르는 발전과정에 많은 차이가 있기때문이다. 이 프로젝트는 정치제도와 문화적 차이를 비롯하여 사회조직 형태가 본질적으로 다르다는 것을 감안하여 에콰도르 현실에 맞고 라틴아메리카 지역의 특성이 추진전략에 적절히반영되어야 한다. 에콰도르의 산업발전 정도와 과학기술의 현실을 감안하다면 이 프로젝트가의미 있는 성과를 도출하기 위해서 해결해야 할 과제들이 아직 많이 있다. 지식도시 건설의 성패 여부는 정권교체의 여부와 관계없이 지속적인 정치적 지원과 정부의 재정적 지원에 달려있다. 야차이 프로젝트는 국제시장의 변동에 의존된 원자재수출경제에서 지식경제로 전환하기위한 에콰도르 정부의 과감하고 혁신적인 시도이다.

This article discusses the most emblematic project of the governmentof Correa, Yachay Knowledge City as a new model of economic development. Since 2010 Ecuador has been attempting to transform their traditional economymodel of raw materials exportation to that of knowledge. To achieve this they areconstructing the project Yachay Knowledge City of which proposes to better thesociety and economy, by transforming the extractive economy to an economybased in knowledge with the motive of reaching Good Living. The Yachay Projectproposes to achieve different objectives such as, correcting the highdependency of raw matter exportation; creation of quality employment with thedevelopment of technology and the balanced development of their nationalterritory. Inspired by the development politics from the Science and Researchpark of Daedeok Research complex in Korea, Ecuador’s government decidedto take on a similar project with the erection of Yachay Knowledge City. However,some doubts are present such as the appropriateness of this project due to thegreat differences in process development between Korea and Ecuador. TheProject needs to adapt to Ecuador’s reality and take into account the LatinAmerican region characteristics in their strategies for implementation alsoconsider the differences in the political system, culture, and the social hierarchy. Seeing the current state of Science and industrial development including thetechnological advances in Ecuador, there are still many tasks they must completebefore the project can bear substantial results. The success or failure of theconstruction of Yachay Knowledge City will depend on political backing andgovernmental financing remaining constant no matter the changes ingovernment. Yachay Project is a daring and innovative attempt that Ecuador’sgovernment is using to transform their raw matter export economy, which is always dependent on international pricing to an economy that deals knowledge.

본 연구는 미국-멕시코 국경 지역인 멕시코 따마울리빠스주(州)의 레이노사 시(市)를 중심으로 위치하고 있는 마킬라 공장, 멕시코 납품업체를 중심으로 하고 지역 대학, 지역 정부 그리고 마킬라 공장 협회를 추가적으로 인터뷰하여 멕시코 납품업체의 역량 발전을 위한 정책적방안을 연구하였다. 본 연구의 인터뷰 결과로서 제시된 정책적 방안은 다음과 같다. 멕시코 납품업체는 마킬라 공장의 요구 사항에 관한 빠른 대응 및 짧은 운송 기간과 적은 운송비용이라는 근접성 이익을 바탕으로 하여 마킬라 공장과 더 많은 사업을 하고 이를 통하여 더 많은 지식 이전과 수익 창출을 할 필요가 있다. 이와 함께 멕시코 납품업체의 기술적, 윤리적 그리고재정적 약점들을 초래하며 마킬라 공장과 멕시코 납품업체와의 지속적인 지식 이전을 제약하는 미국-멕시코 국경 지역의 불황, 부패 그리고 국경 범죄와 같은 재정적, 윤리적 그리고 인적비안정성 요인들에 대한 완충적인 제도적 장치의 수립과 실행이 이루어져야 한다.

In this study, the author examined policy implications related to thecapability development of Mexico suppliers through knowledge transfer withmaquila plants. As a research method, the author interviewed local academics,local government officials and a member of a maquila plant association, as wellas the management of maquila plants and Mexico suppliers. The interviewsubjects were located around Reynosa, Tamaulipas near the US-Mexico border. The policy implications suggested from the interview results are as follows:Mexico suppliers need to do more business with maquila plants due to theadvantage of proximity-rapid response to maquila plant’s needs and lowtransportation time and cost. Also, as Mexico suppliers do more business withmaquila plants, they must attempt to create more profit streams and learn more. In addition, the financial, ethical and personal vulnerabilities such as recession,corruption and crime in the US-Mexico border region result in technical, ethicaland financial limitations for Mexico suppliers. Furthermore, the vulnerabilities inthe US-Mexico border region constrain continuous knowledge transfer betweenmaquila plants and Mexico suppliers. To address the vulnerabilities in the USMexicoborder region, institutional devices need to be established andimplemented as a buffer.