Earticle

Meta-communicative expressions are words and phrases used to help express clearly what one is speaking or to avoid causing a discomfort feeling in one’s listener. This study aims to show the difference in communication style in Japanese and Korean languages, by analyzing closely how ‘focus-guiding’ and ‘attention-seeking’ meta-communicative expressions are used in Japanese and Korean film and drama scenarios to help listeners’ understanding. The finding was that meta-communicative expressions to guide listener’s focus to the conversation appeared more frequently in Japanese than in Korean, while those to seek attention of listener are more popular in Korean than in Japanese. This is because, compared to Japanese, Korean speakers are more concerned with, and try to check, if listeners are focusing on the conversation and understanding it properly.

This study verified a “Decorative form” which was discovered in the project to make Hentai‐Gana Unicode. I checked printing type samples of the Meiji era to collect Hentai‐Gana. These samples included the Hentai‐Gana which was not used in the woodblock print of the Edo era. These Hentai‐Gana were used for neither printing type print nor handwriting in the Meiji era. They come from old handwriting of the Heian era and the Kamakura era. However, it is not thought that they were used practically in the Edo era and the Meiji era. It is thought that they were used decoratively in art such as poetry or the calligraphy. In anticipation of the demand as a “Decorative form”, their printing types must have been made in the Meiji era. I should pay attention to not only the “Practical form” but also the “Decorative form” in the study of Hentai‐Gana

In this paper, the model of “possibility” is first established in pursuing the meaning and usage of the expression of possibility “N(ga)dekiru”, and the meanings of “possibility” into three types such as <potentiality>, <realization> and <intermediate type> are set, thinking that <potentiality> and <expression>, which are the grammatical meanings represented by “possibility”, are not different, but “possibility” is the concept that has both <potentiality> and <expression>. Next, it is investigated under which conditions the expression of possibility “N(ga)dekiru” can be represented by distinguishing three types from two viewpoints such as subject and possibility factors. The results are follows. First, it is confirmed that if the subject is “person”, and the subject of action can be specified, “ability possibility” that represents <potentiality>, “situation possibility” representing from <potentiality> to <expression> and “realization possibility” that represents <expression> can be thought according to the differences of possibility factors. Second, if the subject of action cannot be specified, “person” “object” and “incident” can be thought of as the subject, and they all are found to be “attribute possibility” that represents “potentiality”. In this regard, this paper has its significance in that it divided the meanings of “possibility” identified by the conventional dichotomy of <potentiality> or <expression> into three types in consideration of the relevance of <potentiality> and <expression> and confirmed that the meanings of “possibility” can be determined depending on the type of the subject and the factor of “possibility”.

This paper describes the results of a vowel perception test to Japanese learners in Saudi Arabia (JL) and native Japanese speakers (NS) using the Japanese vowels and the cardinal vowels by Daniel Jones. Concerning the vowels /a/ /i/ /e/, JL had difficulty in distinguishing /i/ from /e/. A highly important point from the results is that more mistakes on distinguishing /e/ from /a/ were observed than /e/ from /i/. This can be attributed to the pronunciation of /a/ in the Gulf dialect. Regarding the discrimination of front cardinal vowels, NS tended to consider open‐mid and open vowels as /e/, while JL tended to consider them as /a/. This is believed to be due to the influences of pronunciation in each mother tongue. With respect to the discrimination of back cardinal vowels, the result of NS and JL were almost same except that with the JL, there was confusion between /u/ and /o/.

The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast noda of colloquial style in Japanese and the final suffixes of hay(yo) style in Korean from the perspective of evidentiality. Analysis results are as follows. (1) The Korean language has the grammatical means of indicating the source of information i.e. evidentiality, whereas the Japanese language does not have the grammatical means. Instead noda of periphrastic construction in Japanese refers to evidentiality. (2) Because of the differences of way to express the evidentiality between Japanese and Korean, noda of colloquial style in Japanese does not correspond to kesita in Korean, in spite of their structural similarity. (3) Because Korean has the grammatical means of indicating evidentiality, kesita does not need to express evidentiality. On the other hand, because Japanese does not have the specific forms, noda is used to encode evidentiality.

This paper studies the influence of Japanese pronunciation of six Korean learners of Japanese language on the evaluation viewpoint of presentation. After dividing listeners into 40 Japanese teachers and 40 Korean learners of Japanese language and then extracting each factor based on the factor analysis, the regression analysis was conducted with intonation of factor. In the results, among factors extracted through the factor analysis, especially [accuracy] and [fluency] were much influenced. Even though the Japanese language education field does not pay much attention to pronunciation education, the results of this study show that the pronunciation has influence on [accuracy] and [fluency] of Japanese language, which means that it would be necessary to put more effort into pronunciation education.

Modern Japanese ‘teoku’ has polysemous structure. A study on the polysemy of ‘teoku’ has been done by takahasi taro, yosikawa mutoki, suzuki sigeyuki, kasamachu ikuko, kikutchi yasuhito, yui kikuko, sakai mieko, and yamamoto yuko. However, it is too soon to tell that the classification, derivation process and semantic relations of ‘teoku’ have been completely explained. To answer this question, it is necessary to approach not only semantic but also formative aspects of ‘teoku’ as well as reconsider how to set fundamental meanings of it. In this respect, the present study attempted to classify ‘teoku’ based on the difference in sentence structure and reviewed it from the perspective of ‘teoku’ sematic transformation ‘Subject’, ‘Object’ and ‘Place’. The findings are as follows. Main verb ‘oku’ has the original meanings of (A) install: ‘to take a certain position’ and (B) fix: ‘to keep an object where it is’. When ‘teoku’ is used as auxiliary verb for the main verb ‘oku’, it has the fundamental meanings of (a) install: ‘to position a specific thing or person to a specific thing or place to intall’ and (b) fix: ‘to act on and change a specific thing or person to fix to a spatial place or a specific thing as it or he/she is’. Semantic transformation of ‘teoku’ is derived from (a) install and (b) fix. From ‘(a) install’ of ‘teoku’, ‘(①) act 1’: ‘uketeka’ meaning ‘place’ is derived; ‘(③) completion of act during a time’: temporalization of ‘place’ and ‘(④) completion of act before a set time and progression of consequence’. Among them, other derivations take place from ‘(①) act 1’ to ‘(①) act 2’ by abstractness of ‘an object’, and from ‘(④) completion of act before a set time and progression of consequence’ to ‘(⑤) prepare’ by the dropping of ni case). In addition, ‘(⑥) progression of act or state of a certain time’ is derived from ‘(b) fix’ by temporalization of ‘place’ and case substitution and ‘(⑦) neglect 1’ is derived by the dropping of hatarakikakesei and ni case. Again, ‘(⑧) neglect 2’ is derived from ‘(⑥) progression of act or state of a certain time’ by the dropping of hatarakikakesei.

This paper looks at how Japanese novels where dialects are used have been translated into Korean. Dialects are researched mostly on the phonological aspects within the realm of dialect geology, with the horizon widening on the sociolinguistic front, but hardly so in translation studies. Most researches on the translation of dialects tend to describe the ways regional dialects and social dialects are translated in British and American literature. Worse yet, for Japanese novels that surely take up the large st portion of foreign books translated in Korea, there are not anyway near enough researches on their translations. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss if social dialects aside from regional dialects are also present in Japan as in the case of other countries and to analyze what effects and functions dialects have in real works, thereby making sure that the authors’intentions with such effects and functions are respected in the translated versions. As three novels are selected for their dependence on dialects and analyzed under this research, it turns out that dialects are used for the effect of revealing the characters or for the sake of distinction: to indicate a positive or negative feeling toward a standard language user or a functional switch where a dialect user speaks a standard language under the circumstances. As such, a single work may present both the effective and functional side of dialects, and thus a thorough analysis of the scenes where dialects appear is needed to ensure that their effects and functions are not misunderstood, toned down, or lost. For that matter, translators must check in advance the image a certain dialect brings about in the original text, search for any special intention of using it in the overall context, and try to render a translation that serves to the best of its effect and functionality.

本論文は、方言が用いられた日本小説が韓国語でどのように翻訳されているかを考察する。方言に関する先行研究としては、音声学を中心とした方言地理学的研究と70年代以降の社会言語学研究等が行われている。しかし、翻訳に関連しては研究数が少なく、あるとしても英米文学の研究が主となる。韓国の出版業界で日本小説が占める割合は最も高く、日韓の方言翻訳の研究も必要である。従って、本論文では、日本の地域方言と社会方言を紹介し、日本の社会方言についての筆者の意見をも述べることにする。また、実際に、作品の中で方言が特別な効果と機能を果たしている分析結果を示すことで、方言翻訳の重要性を訴える。 本研究で選定した小説３編は、方言が作品の中で重要な役割を占めている。まず、原作を分析した結果、方言を使うことで独特の雰囲気を醸し出す効果や、キャラクターを作り出す効果などがあることがわかった。一方で、方言話者が標準語話者をあこがれることや、方言と共通語が両方使うことのできる人物が、場面によって方言と共通語を使い分けることから、方言が特別な機能を持っていることもわかった。このように、一つの作品の中でも方言の効果と機能が両方表れるという結果が出た。 本研究を通じて筆者は、日本の方言が文学的効果以外にも、多様な機能を持っていることがわかった。ということから、日本小説の中で方言は、色んな意味と目的を持つ可能性がある。結論として、日本の方言を翻訳する際には、まず現地のイメージを徹底して調査することが重要であることが言える。韓国の地域方言に対応させる際にはそのイメージを多角な面で比較することが必要である。特に、方言話者が標準語を使う場合には、より慎重に接近し、その効果と機能を考慮したストラテジーを立てるべきである。

Simultaneity and dual tasking are two concepts that best define the characteristics of simultaneous interpreting (SI). It is a process, in other words, of simultaneously carrying out the dual task of listening and speaking. One of the most common exercises for helping students understand and train for dual tasking is counting backwards. There have been many studies, however, that question the effectiveness of this exercise, challenging the definition of simultaneous interpreting as dual tasking (Le Féal,1997); arguing that the type of memory skills required for SI cannot be acquired through the exercise (Gile,1995); and that the exercise overburdens students with unnecessary pressure (Moser, 1978). This study is based on a survey carried out on instructors and students in five Korean institutions specializing in translation and interpreting training, which showed that the counting backwards exercise was practiced widely, but its effectiveness was not favorably evaluated. Because the exercise is generally carried out only once in a given semester, it might be almost impossible to gauge its effectiveness. But a thorough examination of the topic would offer insight into the concept of SI as a dual tasking process and how it relates to dual tasking training exercises like counting backwards.

同時性(simultaneity)と二重タスク(dual tasking)というのは同時通訳の特徴をもっともよく表すことばである。すなわち、｢聞きながら話す｣という２つのタスクを｢同時｣に行うことを言うが、その中で二重タスクがどういったものなのかを理解し、これを学ぶための訓練として数を逆から数えるカウントダウン方法がよく用いられている。ところが、この訓練の効果については以前から様々な研究を通して問題が提起され続けてきた。例えば、｢同時通訳は厳密に言えばマルチタスキングだとは言えない｣(Déjean Le Féal,1997)、｢同時通訳に必要な記憶力は、この訓練では得られない｣(Gile, 1995)、｢学習者に不必要な負担だけを与えるこの訓練をあえて行う必要はない｣(Moser,1978)といった主張などだ。本研究において、国内５つの通訳翻訳教育機関の教授者と学習者を対象に実施した調査結果を見ると、カウントダウン訓練は比較的よく活用されているが、効果に対する評価はそう高くないことが明らかになった。カウントダウン訓練は大抵１度だけ行われるため、その効果を検証することは非常に難しいと言える。しかし、二重タスクという指標で、この訓練と同時通訳の関連性を分析し、これが教育現場におけるツールとして効果があるかどうかを検証することには意義があるはずだ。

This paper examines the correctness of gloss reading in Mubatsubon Rongosikkai possessed by Tōyōbunko. This paper examined glossed reading of Classical Chinese from the perspective of considering them as a kind of translation, and presented a new research methodology of examining the correctness of glossed materials. Mubatsubon Rongosikkai is a book printed with the woodblocks of Shōheiban Rongo, which dates from the year 1364, and was the first printed Confucian classic in Japan. This book is highly valuable in that it contains the glosses of Nobukata Kiyohara, who was a representative scholar of the Kiyohara family, and was in charge of research and education of Confucian classics in the medieval era of Japan. I made translations based on the glosses of Mubatsubon Rongosikkai, and compared this with the original Chinese text. In result, I found 35 instances where the gloss is based on misreading of the Chinese text. Among them, 16 instances are in the main text, and 19 in annotations. It is interesting that the gloss by a representative scholar of medieval Japan contains such misreading. However, the misreading occupies only a small percentage of the entire text. Studies on glossed materials to date have concentrated on superficial linguistic facts, such as letters, orthography, vocabulary or expressions. There has been so few studies which concentrated on contents, such as whether the gloss reflects correct reading of the Chinese text or not. Scholars tended to judge the reliability of the glossed materials in terms of contents by that of the person who wrote the glosses, when we can know who he is from the notes written by him. However, the reliability or correctness of the glossed materials can be better judged by examining the interpretation derived from the glosses.

本稿は、日本の東洋文庫に所蔵されている訓点本󰡔論語集解󰡕(二Ca4。以下、無跋本集解)の訓読が、漢文構文の内容を正確に反映しているものであるかどうかについて考察したものである。本稿は漢文訓読を、翻訳という観点から考察し、漢文構文との比較をとおして誤訳はないか、内容的な面で検討する新しい方法論を提示したところに意義があると考える。 無跋本集解は、正平19年(1364)日本では最初に印刷・刊行された儒教経典である正平版論語の複刻本の一種である。無跋本集解は中世儒教経典の研究と講義を担当していた明経博士淸原家の代表的な学者である淸原宣賢(1475-1550)の訓点を伝えるものであるだけに、訓点本として高い評価を有するものである。 無跋本集解の訓点に基づいて漢文訓読文を作成し、訓読の対象となった漢文原文と比較してみた結果、漢文原文の理解に問題があると判断された用例は35例である。16例は本行、19例は割注のものである。しかし、無跋本集解の全体の分量からすると用例は少ないほうであると言える。 いままで訓点本を対象とした研究は、訓点本から見られる文字や表記、そして漢文訓読の語法および語彙などの表面的な言語様相に注目してきた。当該訓点が、漢文原文を正確に理解した上でのものであるかどうかのような内容的な側面での研究はいまだ見ない。そして訓点本の内容的な信頼性は今まで、当該訓点本に筆写記録や刊記、加点奥書などがあり、それによって加点者の学問的系統が把握できれば信頼性を確保したものと見なされてきた。しかし訓点本の訓読は、対象となる漢文、つまり中国古典文の翻訳であるので、漢文原文と翻訳文としての漢文訓読文を比較し、翻訳対象文の有する意味を正確に反映しているかどうかを検討する必要がある。 その意味では、本稿の考察をとおして、中世の代表的な学者である宣賢の訓点であるが、漢文原文に対する理解に誤謬が確認されたことは大変興味深く、今後漢文訓読について内容的な面でも考察する必要があることが判明したと言えよう。

In this paper, the learning situation of Korean Japanese learners of the middle and high levels who have studied Japanese complex case particles was investigated for the Japanese complex case particles having multiple forms such as ｢nituite/ nitaisite｣(=ey tayhayse in Korean), ｢nitotte/nioite/niatte｣(ey issese in Korean), ｢nisotte/nisitagatte｣(ey taraseo in Korean), and ｢nikakete/niwatatte｣(ey geolchoeseo in Korean). Based on the results of this investigation, effective guidance methods using the differences among these complex case particles and their proper usage were examined. The findings of this study are outlined below. First, the average percentage of correct answers for complex case particles was 60.3% which indicates that the learning of complex case particles is not easy. Next, the complex case particles that received the highest average percentages of correct answers were ｢nituite/nitaisite｣, followed by ｢nikakete/niwatatte｣, ｢nisotte/nisitagatte｣, and ｢nitotte/nioite/niatte｣. The highest percentage of correct answers for ｢nituite/nitaisite｣ was 86.7% and the lowest for ｢nitotte/nioite/niatte｣ was 48.2%. Thus, learning of the complex case particles ｢nitotte/nioite/niatte｣was much more difficult. Furthermore, the correlation between the percentages of correct answers and the learners’ levels for each example sentence of complex case particle was examined. For example sentences that showed a higher percentage of correct answers, higher levels were associated with higher percentages of correct answers, but some example sentences that showed lower percentages of correct answers showed no correlation with the learners’ levels.

本稿では既に日本語の複合格助詞を習った經驗のある中級、上級レベルの韓國人學習者を對象に、韓國語に対応したとき、複數の形を持っている日本語の複合格助詞｢について/に対して｣(=韓國語｢∼ey tayhayse｣),｢にあって/において/にとって(=韓國語｢∼ey issese｣)｣, ｢に沿って/にしたがって｣(=韓國語｢∼ey taraseo｣), ｢にわたって/にかけて｣(=韓國語｢∼ey geolchoeseo｣)を硏究對象にして、それらの習得狀況の調査結果を通して、各複合格助詞との相異點及び、使い分けなどについて考察してみた。その結果をまとめると、次のようである。 まず、複合格助詞についての全ての學習者の平均の正答率は60.3%を示しており、學習者において複合格助詞はその習得が容易ではないと言えよう。 次に、各複合格助詞についての學習者の平均の正答率は｢について/に対して｣>｢にかけて/にわたって｣>｢に沿って/にしたがって｣>｢にとって/において/にあって｣の順であり、｢について/に対して｣の正答率が86.7%で一番高いのに対して,｢にとって/において/にあって｣は48.2%で一番低い結果を示しており、學習者においては複合格助詞｢にとって/において/にあって｣の習得がより難しいことがわかる。 なお、アンケート問題についての各複合格助詞のレベル別の調査結果、比較的に正答率が高くてよく習得していると考えられる例文は、レベルが上がればその正答率も高くなるが、正答率の低い例文はレベルが上がっても正答率がのびない場合があった。

This paper studies metalanguage in the texts of Akutagawa. Metalanguage refers to “language about language.” Metalanguage is not language that indicates things directly, rather it is the language whose subject is another language. Akutagawa’s texts do not talk about the physical world directly, but while citing the stories of others–such as old records, traditions, and hearsay–they take the form of indirect reproduction, and primarily narrate stories in metalanguage. Similar to how metalanguage has the quality of being “‘language’ about ‘language’ about ‘language’” and so on, thus duplicating language endlessly, in the texts of Akutagawa, “I talk about the ‘hero’ who is ‘I,’ who talks about ‘I,’ who talks about…” and so on; the texts thus duplicate “I” countless number of times. In this manner, metalanguage and Akutagawa’s texts can be seen to be structurally similar. What then, is the background to this meta-type duplicate structure? This question is related to the skepticism in the texts of Akutagawa. In other words, he is skeptical of his own words. For instance, “‘The author wrote this a little while ago.’ But is this really true?” But, is this really true?” But, is this…” and so on. Such repeated duplication of language might have given rise to the similarity in structure. This paper investigates this issue of skepticism within a specific text analysis.

Kikutoudai, which appeared in literary journal Shincho (December 1985), is a short novel of Shibusawa Tatsuhiko’s later years. Shibusawa (1928‐1987) was a French literature scholar and translator, who introduced many Western literary works to Japan. He was known as his profound knowledge of rare books and uncommon literary works. Besides, because of his some famous short stories, he has been also well known as a fantasy writer. The work is based on the story Uga no Chozya Monogatari which is written by Tanaka Koutaro. Shibusawa Tatsuhiko explains in the end of Kikutoudai as follows: “I inflated the image freely to change the story to become a new one.” Based upon and having started from the original text, Shibusawa wrote a creative fantasy world. How did he refer to and then transform the original text, with regard to the plot development and the characters in Kikutoudai? By examining the intertextuality in the story, the memory of the protagonist, and the role of mask in the story, I will investigate how Shibusawa created his own narrative world.

This research is to analize the human model and nature of Kaoru by studying the expression structure presented in the beginning of 3rd chapter of 󰡔Ｔhe Tale of Ｇenji󰡕. Ostensibly, Kaoru is a son of Hikaru Genji but in the reality, he is an unexpected son of secret love affair between Kashawagi and Onnasannomiya who is a wife of Genji. The loves between Kaoru and women of Uji all ended up by either death or running away of woman and the purpose of this study is to analyze the reason for failure based on the characteristic called ‘Mame’ of Kaoru who is a main male character in Monogatari. ‘Sawarabi’ and ’Yadorigi’ were mainly studied as they unfold the story of Nakanokimi in which the characteristic of ‘Mame’ is described. In addition, this research assumed that the conflict between consciousness and physical desire of main character is projected in the floral scent left on the cloth of female character by addressing the issue of floral scent based on the relationship and main character described in Nakanokimi story. Also, it was assumed that floral scent of Kaoru helps to form the image of Kaoru as a main character in the expression structure of Monogatari and characteristic of Kaoru is originated originated from ‘positivity’ and ‘negativity’ within the Monogatari. In addition, ‘Mamebito’ used to Kaoru seems to be the ‘Mamebito’ loving only one woman as its meaning is ambiguous in the 3rd chapter, Monogatari but actually, Kaoru is the character showing ‘negativity’ of Monokatari as he continuously seeks for new love and is ended up having neither love nor religious mind.

This thesis examines Natsume Soseki’s imperialistic attitude in his novel 󰡔The Gate󰡕 and his travelogue 󰡔Journey to Manchuria and Korea󰡕. These two books belong to different genres but were written consecutively. 󰡔The Gate󰡕 being a novel has ways to conceal the writer’s unconscious orientation toward imperialism; however, 󰡔Journey to Manchuria and Korea󰡕 is more illuminating as it reveals the writer’s true voice. The itinerary of 󰡔Journey to Manchuria and Korea󰡕 was cautiously and meticulously planned by the South Manchuria Railway. Therefore, it appears that Soseki was expressing Japan’s views on the management of its colonies and the enterprising spirit of the Japanese people. This view can be regarded as congruent with the imperialistic ideology that Japan was pursuing. We find Japan’s version of Orientalism in Soseki’s considerations of Manchuria and Korea, which were Japan’s colonies. Differences were interpreted in terms of superiority and inferiority. This view greatly influenced the formation of Japanese consciousness. Soseki is an intellectual figure who represents early modern Japan, a time that laid emphasis on morals. In his critical essays and lectures, he stressed balanced judgment. His writings, however, display his view of Manchuria and Korea, which is defined by the dualistic counterposition of civilization and barbarism. 󰡔The Gate󰡕 also distinguishes Japan from its colonies, employing the same dualistic view. This leads to a discussion that justifies Japan’s colonizing of those areas. The colonies in Soseki’s texts are places of opportunity where those who failed to join the newly rising capitalistic system moved to. Soseki avoided dealing with the imperialist period that he lived in. His texts, however, could not conceal his unconscious bias.

本論文は漱石の紀行文󰡔満韓ところどころ󰡕と小説󰡔門󰡕を延長線で扱い、作家の帝 国主義に対する認識を考察したのである。両作品はジャンルは違うが、時期的に重 なっている。󰡔門󰡕は虚構を土台とした小説であるがため、作家の帝国主義的無意識を 隠蔽するのに良い仕掛けとなっているが、󰡔滿韓ところどころ󰡕は紀行文であるだけに 作家の肉声がそのまま表れている点で注目される。 󰡔満韓ところどころ󰡕の日程は満州鉄道株式会社の周到な企画下に行われた。それ ゆえ漱石は日本の海外植民地経営と進取的な日本人の気象について誇りを表出したと 思われる。このような視線は日本が志す帝国主義路線に対する同調であるといえる。 漱石が日本の植民地である満州と朝鮮を見る態度の中にはオリエンタリズム的要素が 見られる。差異を優劣と受け入れ、差別的視線で把握している。このような態度は日 本国民の意識形成に大きな影響を及ぼしたと思われる。漱石は平素倫理的態度を標榜 した近代日本を代表する知性である。彼の評論と講演は偏りのないバランスのとれた 思考が強調される。しかし彼のテキストを見ると、文明と野蛮という二分法的尺度て 満州と朝鮮を見ている。 󰡔門󰡕の中にも日本と植民地を文明と野蛮という構図で処理している。これは、植 民地侵略を正当化する談論にもつながる。漱石のテキストに現れる植民地は当時、新 たに登場した資本主義の流れに便乗できず落伍した者たちが機会を得るための場所と して出て来る。漱石は彼が直面した時代の実状を真っ向から突破しないで回避してい る。漱石は帝国主義を公には表さなかったが、テキストの中には作家の帝国主義への 無意識が潜んでいた。

In this paper, we examine the transformation process of the central motifs of the legend of Mmuyoung Tower "Mmuyoung Tower " of Hyun Jin-geon, and the value of Korea discovered by Japanese research group and a relationship with a Japanese translation. The basic structure of the legend of Mmuyoung Tower was embodied in "The Legand of Gyeongju" translated by Osaka Kintaro and the nature of the characters, naming, the strengthening of narrative structure were embodied in Hamaguchi Ryoko's "Play Muyoung Tower Story" during the colonial period. Hyun Jin-geon's took over the basic structure, character, motifs of thouse in "Mmuyoung Tower" and was to implement a nationalism by setting a hero to Baekje people. However, Hyun Jin-geon's nationalism is consistent with the colonial ideology of Japan. As described above, in the process of transformation of Korean tradition literary, we could glimpse the politics inherent in the colonial translation.

本論文では玄鎭健の長編小説『無影塔』の中心モチーフである無影塔(釋迦塔)伝説の変容過程を検討し、植民地時期日本人研究者の朝鮮古代研究と朝鮮価値の発見、それから日本語翻訳との関係を検討した。 その結果、釋迦塔伝説の基本構造即ち石工と彼の妻の悲恋のモチーフは、植民地時期大阪金太郎の『慶州の伝説』ではじめて現れ、具体的な登場人物の性格、名付け、相好関係など人物造形や芸術至上主義としての叙事構造の強化は浜口良光の｢戯曲無影塔覃(1場)｣ではじめて現れていることが分かった。それから、玄鎭健の󰡔無影塔󰡕はそのような恋愛小説やと藝術至上主義小說のモチーフ、登場人物の造形などを援用し、主人公を夫餘(百濟)人として設定することによって、｢民族主義思想｣を具現していることが確認できた。 しかし、玄鎭健の具現している民族主義とは、唐(中國)への事大主義を排撃し、新羅固有の國仙徒(花郞徒)の士気をふるい起こし尙武之風を養うことによって昔の三国時代の領土を取戻し、統一新羅の国民として統一以前の民族を同腹の兄弟のように思い和合を図るべしというものであった。このような玄鎭健の民族主義は中日戰爭を起し、內鮮一體･日鮮同祖論･大東亞共榮圈などのイデオロギーをもって五族協和を図り、朝鮮民族に天皇の忠良な臣民として国民道徳を強要して戦争に動員しようとした、日帝の殖民支配イデオロギーと合している。 以上のように、玄鎭健が󰡔無影塔󰡕で具現した民族主義というものが結局は日帝の植民地支配イデオロギーの反復であったという事実は、玄鎭健の『無影塔』が大阪金太郎の『慶州の伝説』や浜口良光の戯曲─植民地支配イデオロギーの根幹をなしている日鮮同祖論を裏付け支配の正当性を見つけようとする日帝の古代史研究や古蹟調査の脈絡で見つけられ翻訳された朝鮮の文芸物─に頼っている事実と無関係ではないと思われる。即ち、朝鮮の伝統文芸物･文化の価値が日本人研究者によって発掘され再創造され日本語に翻訳され、またそれが韓国人作家によって援用される過程で、植民地翻訳に内在する政治性の一端─支配イデオロギー開発の必要性によって構築された植民地学知が被殖民地作家の作品創作に転移される様相─が窺われた。

Koreans in Japan established ‘Poets’ Society in Osaka’, a club in 1953 and published 󰡔Jin Dal Rae󰡕, their poetry magazine. There was no doubt that main agents of club poetry movement in 50’s were men, but it couldn’t be ignored that there were records and testifications of female descriptors in the magazine. This study was aimed to examine how the female descriptors specifically described the age and what kinds of lives they were through by focusing on 󰡔Jin Dal Rae󰡕, their club magazine. In Japanese society after war, women education and women's organizations made rapid progress after ‘enfranchisement’ of GHQ and ‘Japanese women's emancipation’ directive. Koreans in Japan formed an organization, ‘Democratic Female Union of Koreans in Japan’(Female Union), and led an active movement. Unfortunately, ‘women´s liberation’ became a secondary problem before a political barrier of ‘nationality’ to Japanese women's organizations or ‘Female Union’ of Koreans in Japan. As the female descriptors of 󰡔Jin Dal Rae󰡕were benefited from public education in the Japanese language, they were aware of their national identity in Japanese society and actively participated in national movements with militant writing. Though they had a perception that it was the feudal family system that has restrained women, ‘women’s rights’ were not an urgent issue to ethnically discriminatory lives in Japan. Furthermore, more time was needed for Korean women in Japan in 50’s to overcome their internalized limitation, a wise mother and good wife syndrome. On the other hand, they were through lives in Japan in 50’s as unidentified Korean women in Japan wrote for Korean nation with fighting spirit and strong will at a place of public expression,󰡔Jin Dal Rae󰡕or sometimes shouted woe by realizing themselves as a woman, a wife, a daughter-in-law, and a mother.

在日朝鮮人たちは、1953年｢大阪詩人集団｣というサークルを作って、詩誌󰡔ヂン ダレ󰡕という機関誌を発行した。50年代當時のサークル運動の主体が男性であったこ とに疑問の余地はないが、サークル雑誌の中に収録されている女性表現者たちの記録 と証言を無視することはできないであろう。本稿では50年代のサークル誌である󰡔ヂ ンダレ󰡕の女性表現者たちの書き物を通して、彼女らが具体的にどのような形態で時 代を表現しようとしたのか、また彼女らはどのような人生を生きてきたのかを見てい く。戦後、日本社会はGHQの｢参政権付与｣と｢日本女性の解放｣の指令によって、女 性教育と女性団体は飛躍的に発展した。在日朝鮮人も、｢在日本朝鮮民主女性同盟｣ (女盟)という組織を結成して、活発な活動を見せた。しかし、日本女性団体や在日朝 鮮人の｢女盟｣は、政治的に｢民族｣という障壁の前に、｢女性解放｣を副次的な問題とし た。 󰡔 ヂンダレ󰡕の女性表現者たちは、日本語で公教育の恩恵を受けた女性たちであ り、日本社会の中で民族的アイデンティティを自覚し、闘争的な文章で民族運動に積 極的に参加した。女性を束縛してきたものは封建的家族制度であると認識していた が、日本での民族差別的な生活の中で｢女性の権利｣は差し迫った問題ではなかった。 また、50年代の在日女性たちにとって内在化された良妻賢母の限界を乗り越えるに は、さらに時間が必要だった。しかしながら、󰡔ヂンダレ󰡕という公の表現の場で、名 もない在日女性詩人たちは、時には固い闘志と意志で民族を謳い、また時には女性、 妻、嫁、母としての自分自身を認識しながら、苦悩に充ちた叫びで50年代の日本を生 きてきた。

In Japan society, there is an unique view of minority. It is different from as set out in an international organization or are generally accepted usage of minority. The most noticeable feature of the unique view of minority is it regards minority as an ‘Being discriminated underdog’. Therefore, when looking at various contexts of the minority of Japanese society, the existing definition of minority doesn't help to read it. The case of literature work that has more wide range for interpretation, is even more so. The 3.11 Great East Japan Earthquake and the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident. There has never been and never will be such a disaster as this and it has great influence with the Japanese society as a whole. ‘Reconstruction of the minority’ into this category as one of a violent change. Especially nuclear power plant, it has an inextricable connection between the past and the present with ‘Being discriminated underdog’. This paper is focusing that Who or What of Japanese society is making the ‘group that called minority’, considering the unique view of Japanese society. Through disaster literacy work after the 3.11 great east Japan earthquake, it can guess how the nuclear power plant accident is making and reconstructing the minority of Japan society.

日本社会でのマイノリティ概念は既存の国際的マイノリティ概念定義や用語の用法とは相当な差異を持つ。もっとも顕著な差異は日本社会がマイノリティを＇差別される弱者＇としてとらえている点である。にもかかわらず先行の研究では日本社会特有のマイノリティ概念ではなく、一般的定義にしたがってマイノリティ文学やマイノリティ表象を考察してきた。 本稿では日本社会特有のマイノリティ概念をふまえつつ、3.11東日本大震災以降日本の震災文学でマイノリティがどのように描かれているのかを考察する。 3.11以降、とくに福嶋原発事故発生以降の放射能流出と汚染は日本社会のマイノリティ再編成と不可分の関係をなす。原発労働者の被曝問題、事故のリスクを背負って原発を誘致した地域と原発から得られる利益だけを享受してきた地域の対立構図など、原発は3.11以前からも犠牲と差別を起こす原因として論難の対象になってきた。 本稿ではとくに原発と差別、排除というキーワードを元に作品と震災以降の日本社会とのコンテクスト的解釈をもとめて作品を考察しようとする。