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The Japanese literary education at the University of Tokyo has two objectives. One is to enable the students to comprehensively read the Japanese literature as an educated people, and the other is leading them to initiate the fundamental way to study Japanese literature as an expert. In class, we put emphasis on a seminar that is to present the results, earned after the deep study, done by the students themselves, in front of other students and teachers. From 2013, in order to make Japanese literature globalized and the literature education in the university well connected with the high school education, we newly started a lecture called "Genera Japanese Literature .

There have been various nationalist discourses appearing in Taiwan, Japan and Korea aiming at the Senkaku Islands dispute. In this context, the Japanese writer Haruki Murakami proposed a warning by employing an analogy of “getting 　drunk from bad wine” to assert that it should be unwise to destroy the possibility of dialogue in the newly‐established East Asian Cultural Sphere, and his argument has raised widespread discussions. In the meantime, Kenzaburo Oe, the winner of Nobel Prize in Literature, also made criticism on the nationalist discourses in Japan while expressing the intent to confront the negative legacy of modern Japanese history. With the rapid acceleration of globalization, the relationships among all countries in the East Asia have been much closer than ever before. Therefore, it is imperative to manage a good relationship. To accomplish this goal, the most important thing is to cultivate professionals that have thorough understandings in diverse aspects of each country’s history, culture, language, politics, economics, etc., so as to promote more in‐depth exchanges. Even though the topic of this symposium should be talking about “the relationship between language and literature education,” this thesis intends to reflect on what we can do to retain “the East Asian Cultural Sphere” (as Murakami advocated) in the field of Japanese language and literature education when prompting the status quo of the first line of education in Taiwan. In particular, it may highlight the effectiveness of combining literature and culture in the field of language education from Murakami’s and Oe’s critical announcements on those agitative and superficial nationalist discourses.

This study is about the interview with Korean-Japanese(KJ) who live in Ikuno-ku, Osaka-si. The object of this study is to analyze and understand their bilingualism and the code-switching in that. According to Kim Mi-seon(2000, 2011) about bilingualism of KJ, first-generation KJ can change language they use depending on the situation or the people they are talking to. Also, in conversation among KJ, they use two language alternately for strategy to compensate for lack of Japanese and prevent declining of their Korean skills. This study contains the survey and interview of two KJ women to figure out their language use in different situation; in their family or not. One of them moved to Japan when child and the other one moved to when grown-up. Through this research, it was found that both of them mainly use Japanese in their family. And, not in their family, they use Japanese-code to Japanese, Korean-code to Korean from Korea, and mixed-code to KJ. In addition, it was found that they don't need to use the mixed code consciously while they use Japanese-code and Korean-code consciously. This study is also about the aspects of code-switching in the mixed-code. The functions of code-switching was classified into six categories(organization, meaning, interactivity, language learning, identity) and analyzed through each examples in this study. As a result, the aspects of code-switching caused by lack of language ability wasn't discovered. This means the aspects of code-switching as well as bilingualism of KJ depends on the individual.

The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of Japanese language teachers in cyber universities of Korea, and contemplate on the qualifications and abilities that the teachers need to have to play the roles. The study results are as follows. The main roles of Japanese language teachers in the e-learning contents production process are deciding types and functions of contents, making lecture drafts, filming and recording lectures, and inspecting the results. And the qualifications and abilities that the teachers need to have to play the roles are the material development ability, information collection ability related to contents, compromising ability, Korean language communication ability, autonomy, flexibility, precision, and self-reflection.

Reflection activities by the learners and the teacher were integrated into an elementary Japanese course. Based on the results of these self-reflection activities, the present paper aims to understand how the learners consider the classes as well as learning and thus reconsider the roles of the teacher.　This analysis revealed the following: reflection means comprehensively considering the content of learning and the attitude toward, the ability of and the thinking about learning; and these considerations deepen, and become conscious and internalized, thereby triggering various emotions and leading to next learning. The paper reveals six roles of the teacher　.Firstly, when it comes to the “difficult level of classes” ad the “speed of classes”, what the learners often negatively consider is the content of learning, as they specifically mention the amount of learning in each class and the speed of classes. Therefore, in response to the reactions of the learners, the teacher must adjust the difficulty level and the speed in terms of teaching methods, teaching materials, and practice methods, as needed. Secondly, with regard to the “form of learning”, the “practice methods”, and the “proceedings of classes”, the learners very highly evaluated group work. This means that the teacher must consider activities and practice methods that suit the content of learning as well as the class members. Lastly, with respect to the “questions”, most of the negative opinions of the learners revolve around the difficulty of the learning content. Therefore, the teacher must understand which parts of the learning content the learners find difficult and do not understand. Based on such an understanding, the teacher must also add extra explanations, modify the practice methods, and in some cases engage in one-on-one interactions with each learner, as needed.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify structural characteristics in Japanese passive sentences in which subject possesses complement. Most studies have focused on semantic features of some typical types, and there seems that empirical consideration with examples from the corpus is insufficient. In this study, it is argued that the semantic relevance between the subject and the complement of passive sentences are classifiable into eight types: [family members], [body part], [nature], [behavior], [creations], [property], [associated space] and [associated time], and that the semantic relevance is supported by features of the noun (relatives noun): [Taro ga goutou ni korosareru.] (“A son of Taro is killed by robbery.”), [Taro ga aruotoko ni netorareru. ] (“A wife of Taro has slept with a man.”), modifier clause, and the context. The classification for [5.1.]~[5.8.] adopted for analysis is based on the types of semantic relevance and semantic verb categories. Furthermore, it is discussed on the relation between affectivity of passive subject and undesirable event for subject described by Type 5.7, 5.8, which is identified from classification of grammatical function of verb. This tendency is supported by modality, meaning of principal clause, context, and noun modifier.

This study is on the temporality of rhetorical sentences in Korean and Japanese. Rhetorical sentences express subjective thoughts or arguments by the generalized features which show actual situation instead of potential situation. One of the features is <tense shift> sentences which show actual situation with tenseless expressions. This study examined verb predicate , adjective predicate and noun predicate sentences in focus of temporal localization. As a result, Rhetorical sentences represent contingent accidence with constant essence, or express stronger arguments with rhetorical denial of constant essence. This article propose the groundwork for the integrated research in rhetorical sentences, for example, the relation between temporal aspects and cognitive aspects, constructive features and idiomatic expressions.

‘Ikinari’, ‘Huini’, and ‘Totuzen’ co-occur with sentence-final elements such as ‘-sihazimeru’, ‘-sidasu’, ‘-sikakaru’, and ‘-sikakeru’ to express a situation where a certain phenomenon occurs and co-occur with ‘-tekuru’ to express the beginning of a phenomenon or the change of status by indicating that it took a very small time for the situation to occur or start. Moreover, they share the common ground that such situations cannot be expected or predicted but took place suddenly without a sign. Considering the difference between the adverbs, ‘Ikinari’ represents the change that takes place without undergoing a process or steps that had to be and misses most or part of how the situation occurred. ‘Huini’ expresses unexpected changes involving the case where a continuous state changed out of expectation and the case where an expected situation changed out of expectation. For it could not be predicted at all and is a situation different from the preceding situation, it is outside presumption beyond expectation. ‘Totuzen’ indicates that a situation occurred or ended instantaneously in the objective view. It indicates that a situation or a change took place instantly, and the instantaneity of the change can represent the instantaneity of occurrence where a situation occurs and the instantaneity of termination where the continuous relationship is terminated.

The words tend to reflect the culture of the people who used them. And they have used it when they describe things, thoughts, ideas and so on. That's why we usually say 'The words contain their culture.'On a basis this idea, I've studied the connection between the words and the cultures of the New Generation. The following factors are what I've researched. 1. The new generation tend to not use the words conclusively compare to others while they want to express their feeling more honestly. 2. In accordance with the development of using the cell phones, they more use their unique expressions such as 'Ru words', 'I words', 'KY words' and so on when they communicate with others. 3. Compare to the past, the status of the women have been getting higher while the status of the men is getting lower and lower, the reason we call them so-called 'The weak men like a plant eating animal.'. 4. These days, the young people have a tendency to make new words regardless of the kinds of the words. And these kinds of words have been spread in the society more. 5. Today, they seem to not much have interest in 'Sexual'. Instead, they tend to more focus on the fashion field.

In this paper, we conducted a study on the variety factors influence the text readability'. Especially through an analysis of 'the length of text(paragraphs, sentences, and the number of morphemes)', 'Japanese notation(Kanji, Hiragana, Katakana, etc.)', 'the Chinese character in Japanese text', we determined a certain standard and built a tool(AJ-JpnRa Tool) of 'the readability of Japanese text'. For this purpose, we built the Japanese Language Proficiency Test(JLPT, 1 to 4 degree) database of the last 20 years: 1990 to 2009. The 'AJ-JpnRa Tool' established through this study can provide objective criteria for determining the text readability, how easy a certain Japanese text is to read and understand for readers. And through this we will be allowed to have wide application: Japanese-language education and learning and the 'Easy Japanese(やさ しい日本語)'.

Korean and Japanese, show some resemblance in the types of sentence-final expressions and writing styles. To understand how the two languages actually been used in real sentences, this paper analyzed the texts of official website content from autonomous and government bodies of Korea and Japan. The findings show that the number of online honorifics of Korean autonomous and government bodies is almost the same whereas Japanese autonomous bodies use online honorifics 15% point more than Japanese governments’; the usage frequency of non-honorifics is the lowest on both autonomous and government bodies of Korea as well as Japan; substantive endings are more favored by governments than autonomous bodies in both Korea and Japan. This paper identified the total use of honorifics on autonomous and government bodies of the Japanese websites was higher than that of Korea's. It is partly due to the actual usage of sentence-final expressions of Korean is different from Japanese and partly the tendency of creating content: Japanese websites seem to create more of reader-focused content. It is often considered that a sentence-final expression of the two languages has an exact matching set of each other. However, the findings of this paper tell that, in actual texts, there are some difference in the usage. As various Korean government agencies are translating their online content into Japanese recently, they should pay more attention not only to convey the right meanings but also to select an appropriate sentence-final expression.

The thesis says a study of the replacement possibility about ｢wakeda｣ & ｢hazuda｣ and the semantic relation as ｢wakeda｣ replaces with｢hazuda｣, vice versa. ｢wakeda｣is an expression concluding a definite fact and｢hazuda｣is an expression conjecturing an unrisen or uncertain fact. The two expressions cannot be replaced to do generally, because it’s unnatural if sure judged something is used as conjecture. However, the thesis finds similar cases about the two expressions on the base of assurance. In brief, it’s possible, that the conclusion cases show the conjecture cases. In these cases have the replacement possibility. In case that the relations between P and Q don’t have difference in meaning, ｢ wakeda｣ & ｢hazuda｣ can show from a concluded expression to a conjectured expression. A concluded expression and conjectured expression appear subjective judgements. In case to select anything but the results are same, the two expressions are close in meaning. As ｢wakeda｣&｢hazuda｣is accepted, it’s possible to exchange each other because the two types are close. The concluding a definite fact and the conjecturing an unrisen or uncertain fact are not close expression. Consequently, there are a little bit similarities. The exchange of ｢wakeda｣ & ｢hazuda｣ is characteristic meaning. The exchange of ｢wakeda｣ & ｢hazuda｣ that show causes and results and so on has separate meaning.

This paper studies the meaning and function of "inflection-type" negative questions in Japanese. Analysis results are as follows. (1)From the perspective of the ‘bias’, "inflection-type" negative questions are subdivided into ‘neutral "inflection-type" negative questions’ and ‘biased "inflection-type" negative questions’. and the latter type are subdivided into ‘biased analytic negative questions’ and ‘biased unanalytic negative questions’. (2)‘Biased analytic negative questions’ and ‘biased unanalytic negative questions’ are different in the judgement state of the speaker. The former is in the judgement state that the speaker suspend judgement of truth about the proposition and the latter is in the judgement state that the speaker give a jugdement of truth about the proposition, though the result of the judgement is uncertain. (3)According to the result of comparison with the confirmation requests of NE and DAROU, ‘biased "inflection-type" negative questions’ have ‘the questioning characteristics’ and ‘the characteristics of settling the judgement’ in common and are subdivided into ‘the request of confirmation’ and ‘the request of consent’. Consequently ‘biased "inflection-type" negative questions’ can be positioned to the confirmation requests.

This study is aimed to clarify differences between Korean and Japanese language behavior in scene of offer. In particular, language behavior which can be observed in ‘comparable,’ ‘acquainted’ and ‘difficult’ scenes in dynamics, degree of intimacy relation and degree of burden respectively has been examined. For this, both Korean and Japanese native speakers who study in university located in a capital region in each country have been investigated. After performing a questionnaire survey using the Discourse Completion Test, the results have been classified into ‘functional factors’ based on the analysis framework of Kumagai(2000). Then, they were analyzed from the four perspectives; ‘number of functional factors used,’ ‘communication function usage rate, ‘functional factor usage rate’ and ‘combination of functional factors.’ Then, the following results were obtained: In Japanese language, a feeling was expressed, and the other person’s intention was asked using the following communication factors in general; ‘beginning of narration,’ ‘remark of reason’ and ‘behavior scene of offer.’ In Korean language, on the contrary, scenes of offer suggesting ‘declaration’ and ‘terms of exchange’ were frequently found. Moreover, the scenes of offer using many other expressions in addition to ‘current personal situation’ have been found.

This study reviewed writing of American places shown in 「 Beioukairanzittki」 to review status of writing of American places in Meiji period in depth inclusively. In 「 Beioukairanzittki」 total 207 places are shown in 2034 different marking cases. Writing method can be divided into Translation using Chinese characters as media and Transliteration making original sound using Katakana. Western places written in Katakana account for 64.5% which shows predominantly higher ratio comparing to Chinese character marks. Therefore, it seems the delegation used Katakana to write original pronunciation in the location when they write names of small size villages and towns and natural places, although they can translate some places such as large cities and major regions using Chinese characters when they keep records their observations in USA. At that time, USA was the place that Japan has paid much intention to pursue modernization of Japan, and they recorded considerable number of places while they looked around for 200 days. In the course of keeping records, various methods were used to mark western places. While keeping the tradition to use Chinese characters, they also used Katakana characters when they could not get proper translation for the place. As a result, two methods came to coexist.

The purpose of this paper is to clarify the meaning construction of Japanese verb nuku. According to Daijirin Dictionary, nuku has 20 different meanings-pull out, chose, remove, omit, surpass etc. This paper investigates the semantic structure of nuku in the cognitive semantics view, especially image schema transformation that is supposed to offer an explanation with consistency and coherency. nuku means to ‘pull trajector B out from landmark A’ in prototypically. It means also to chose B or remove B from A subsequently. In prototipical meaning, an act of nuku make a hole in the A by pulling out B, because A and B stick to each other or compose one structure originally. This meaning extend to pierce or pass through A, moreover, pass by A, consequently. As a compund verb suffix, nuku represents a grammatical aspects that means to carry out an action completely and throughly. It is supposed that the meaning of passing through mapped the time concept.

Giving and receiving (donatory) expressions are difficult for learners of Japanese to acquire. This paper reports research identifying difficulties in acquisition of donatory expressions based on spoken data from Korean and Chinese speaking Japanese language learners. The results show that, in the case of Korean speakers, errors of non‐use or omission of donatory expressions were more common than errors in choosing among expressions (ageru, morau, and kureru) identified in previous research (error rates: choice 7.2%, omission 15.7%). In particular, omission of ‐te kureru, as in Sensei ga sakubun no kakikata wo osiemasita (osiete kuremasita) was striking. The same tendency to omit ‐te kureru was also found in the case of Chinese speakers (error rates: choice 5.3%, omission 12.0%), showing that errors of omission are more common than errors in discrimination regardless of the speaker’s native language. Although errors of choice of expression were comparatively uncommon, a characteristic tendency observed for Korean speakers was relatively frequent use of ‐te kureru in place of ‐te morau, as in Senpai kara osiete kureru (te morau) koto wa dekinai. A characteristic tendency observed for Chinese speakers, on the other hand, was the overuse of ‐te ageru as in (Anata wa) nihongo wo osiete agemasu ka? However, as there was not sufficient data to fully discuss these tendencies, their analysis is left as a topic for future research. Because previous research on differentiating among donatory expressions was premised on the choice of one of the expressions, it was difficult to deal with omissions. However, in actual Japanese language use, failure to use a donatory expression where one would be expected results in an inappropriate, rude expression, underlining the importance of this type of error.

This thesis studied how Japanese tiger, "TORA" and Korean tiger, "HORANGI" appear in linguistic expressions and analyzed the common or similar aspects and the differences of those images which show in the expressions. In addition to analyzing the images of metaphorical usages, the study proved that they are based on the cultural background. Namely, it verified semantic variations that "TORA" and "HORANGI" signify, researching on how those images affect on the linguistic expressions in both two cultures. Japanese "TORA" means 'danger', 'strength, power, bravery', and 'wild force' in semantic positions. Korean "HORANGI" means 'danger', 'strength, power, bravery', and 'ferocity, cruelty'. Therefore, both "TORA" and "HORANGI" mainly show the common images, such as 'danger' and 'strength, power, bravery' in their semantic variations, which proved that both Japanese and Korean people strongly believe that the tiger, a king of beasts, is dangerous and ferocious. Through this research, the thesis explains that those powerful and strong images are also closely related with the tiger, one of the Twelve Earthly Branches. Japanese "TORA" is metaphorically used as a fierce animal, which emphasizes the feature as a wild nature. Since a tiger hasn't been an inhabitant of Japan, the term, "TORA", is not connected with Japanese original culture. In contrast, Korean people have been close to tigers and harmed by them. Accordingly, Korean "HORANGI" appears in semantic variations also as a scary and cruel character because it has been affected by the images of monsterology from its legends, narratives and old tales. Japanese "TORA" has a strong image as a wild animal. On the other hand, Korean "HORANGI" has deeply fused into its culture, which shows the power of influence in linguistic expressions.

Expression of consideration has a close relation with personal relation and shows various aspect, so it should take into account a meaning based on any speaking circumstance. This article aims at paying attention to a so-called indirect expression of consideration realized in a indirect form and indirect speech act and studying on various aspects from a pragmatic viewpoint. As a result of reviewing expressions of consideration by a unmarked form and an indirect speech act, following findings were clarified. Such forms as ｢-yoo｣｢-daroo｣｢-e/ro(yo)｣｢-ba｣｢-eru/rareru｣｢-tai｣are marked forms explicitly representing the meanings of volition, recommendation, conjecture, command, possibility and hope etc, while there are no marked forms involving expression of consideration. That is, there are any form used exclusively for expression of consideration, but various forms are involved depending on context, such as ｢-yoo｣｢-daroo｣｢-e/ro(yo)｣｢-ba｣｢-eru/rareru｣｢-tai｣｢-te kure/moraeru｣ etc., which indirectly includes the meaning of consideration. In that case, it is difficult to consistently that the case of using transitive verb rather than using intransitive verb becomes more expression of consideration, or the case of using a type of possibility or that of hope rather than using that of volition becomes more expression of consideration, it seems that it mainly relies on a context. Also expression of consideration in Japanese has a lot of cases of indicated as an indirect speech act.

In this manuscript, for an integral consideration of a vocabulary transition, Amakusa heike and Amakusa isob are basically selected to discuss synonym of sentimental vocabulary “love(Ai)”, relating to “Tisechu” in Kirishitan literature. A sentimental vocabulary carries distinct characteristic of definition change in the comparison of others. According to Kirishitan documents, the great reasons are the written letters in Romans and an easily recognizable characteristic to precisely distinguish words. In those days, the document, such as Amakusa heike and Amakusa isob, became valuable to understand the depth of Japanese. The trends of historical transition are carefully summarized as below. In relation to “Tisechu”, “love(Ai)” appearance and the difference of definition are carefully examined. When Muromachi Kirishitan missionary confuted Christian love, it avoided Chinese character “love” definition. However, “God’s Love” and “Human’s Love” were considered to be applied in what actually explained their own definitions among procuring Tisechu’s Kotisechu and Koi letters. Along with “Love(Ai)”, “Koi”, “Tisechu”, and “Taiji” connection, “Taiji” has been apparently confirmed negative nuance after assessing the analysis of Kirishitan document examples. Those three letters are in case of point where it shows “Tisechu” and “Love(Ai)” are commonly classified as mankind and animals or else with description of love between genders. Unlikely, “Tisechu” essentially carries discrete definitions. For instance, “Tisechu” definition includes “value, precious, and significance.” However, “Koi”, “Tisechu”, and “Taiji” definitions actually enclose with “longing” “value and significance” “love and affection”. In addition, in order to justify the concept of love, “Ai” was pertinent, but in thereabout, Buddhism or Christian never presumes “God’s love” as similar as the concept of “Ai.”This indicated when the present Kirishitan missionary teaches God’s love, one of the great reasons for not being able to appoint “Ai” application is truly shown in Amakusa heike and Amakusa isob. According to their documents in Medieval Kirishitan documents and usage, it is recognized to avoid “Aisu” through God and to discern “Aisu” through a woman and animal. Thus, Kirishitans appended the new definition of “God’s love” to “Tisechu,” expressing “Koi” defined and expanded “A Gender Love,” which the concept of “Ai” was also manipulated under Chinese character “love,” called “Meiji” Including Medieval Kirishitan documents, “Ai” usage of definition and chronological changes were scrutinized. The result was a general change of vocabulary’s definition, leading to the phenomenon of expanding vocabulary’s definition change throughout dominant chronological, social period. As mentioned, in the course of definition change, the recognition of Japanese love was largely reflected to verbal facts as well. From this time forward, the previous and emotion lexicon will be our groundwork with expanding consideration and observing historical lexicon facts’ perspectives.

Classifiers functions as the unit of quantity expression and semantic classification. Classifiers are selected according to the semantic category of a countable thing, quantity can not be naturally expressed without Classifiers. In both Japanese and Korean languages, there are many numbers in all, this study aims at making a systematic consideration on the use patterns of Classifiers by expecting the difference of both languages, investigating, reviewing the use survey of Classifiers, extensively analyzing the use division of Classifiers and suggesting the similarities and differences of Japanese language and Korean language. Classifiers are not only loose in constraints of selection according to individuals but also subtle in use division according to circumstances and contexts. This study confirmed that there are Classifiers which are widely used and individual Classifiers which are used for specific objects and there is a use division according to occupation and style. Also similar points and different points were observed in the type of combination of numerals and Classifiers, so difference on the use patterns of both Japanese and Korean languages were clearly clarified. The findings through this contrast and consideration are thought to be a matter to pay attention and recognition of effort to broaden the width of use and significance of Classifiers should be emphasized.

Among the idioms related to body parts, hand (手)-related idioms take the second portions in number following eye(目)-related ones and take the most part among four limbs (四肢部)-related idioms. Unlike the previous studies insisting that hand-related idioms do not related to or provide emotional expression, however, this study focuses on hand-related idioms based on the belief that they can deliver emotional expressions. For example, “have sweats on hand”, “suck the finger”, “wave one’s hand dismissively”, or “rub the hands” cannot deliver its meaning without considering human emotions. We can learn that hand also has idioms that are based on emotions, like heart and eyes. Especially in Japanese idioms, ｢喉から手が出る｣can be translated as “Hands get out of the neck” but it actually means “to desire for or aspire to something desperately.” Also, ｢手を袖にする｣can be translated as “Hands become sleeves”, which means “to do nothing, taking no action at all”. We can see that the difference in idea on idioms. On the other hand, there are no idioms such as “to the torn hands and feet”, “to the worn hands and feet”, and “suck the finger” in Japanese expressions, which means Korean expression idioms are more detailed and delicate than Japanese expressions in terms of emotions. More profound research is required for emotional expressions on body parts in the future, based on this study of “hand-related idioms”.

This study is to examine that Korean native speaker chose what kinds of response strategies their speaking and which factors can be influenced on her/his choices when a interlocutor speak to threaten a face and protect a face in the situation where the a interlocutor was at fault(Scene 1), or both sides of a participant and the interlocutor were at fault(Scene 2). The participants were conducted with 146 undergraduate students in their twenties(male:64, female:82). They completed a discourse completion test(DCT) which was created to examine influence of self-responsibility on the korean participants’ response strategies to the interlocutor. In order to explore the rank order of significance among the four factors(i.e.,independent variable), namely the interlocutors contradictory attitude, power, social distance, and gender, We conducted decision tree analyses for each of the two setting, using Decision Trees Analysis of SPSS(Ver.18). The attitude of the interlocutors was the most important factor when a participant selects her/his linguistic strategies in the Scene 1, and the strategy that mentioned a interlocutor’s inappropriate behavior was preferred when a interlocutor threatens a participant's face. Gender was the second most important factor, power was the third most important factor in case of female as a main factor influencing on choosing linguistic strategies. The attitude of a interlocutor was the most important factor when a participant selects her/his strategies in Scene 2. When a interlocutor threatens a participant's face, the strategy that mentioned about a interlocutor’s inappropriate behavior was preferred in like Scene 1. the second most important factor was power. Gender influenced on choosing the strategy of response in case of the senior relationship. Also, the social distance influenced on choosing the strategy in case of female.

This research analyses the Korean and Japanese writings of native Korean speakers and native Japanese speakers, where they were asked to fill in cartoon dialogues and then explain the story writing. Incidents where participants' cognitive processing could be studied selected, and these incidents were woven into the cartoon plot. Particular attention was paid to which characters the participants focused, and how they perceived the incident(construal). Results indicate that when the participants native Korean speakers and native Japanese speakers, they tend to verbalize the chain of events that, universality as observed when it comes to defining the passive expression and benefactives in construal. On the other hand, the movement expression in construal that when the participants shows relativity.

Up to the present, studies of the extended forms are insufficient in comparison with those of the abbreviated forms. Thus this paper extracted the extended forms, divided them into functional and semantic aspect, and inquired the features of each aspect. In functional aspect which can be categorized into five, extended forms are created in order to supplement the characteristic of Japanese language with a simple phonological structure and a relatively small number of phonemes. Addition of special mora, one of the major characteristics of Japanese, have played a role in making the speaker’s emotions expressed more affluently. In semantic aspect, extended forms appeared in taboo words, beautification words, and baby talks. This type of extended forms has been observed in the speaker’s linguistic behaviors to care about the listener. Though the frequency of the usage of the extended forms is not as high as that of the abbreviated forms, the extended forms are still in force, and their roles are also evident. In this article the extended forms in Japanese were studied, and further research on the extend forms in other languages will be made.

This paper aims at the development of the effective associative method materials for the Katakana teaching which overthrows the following difficulties. Even the instructors or teachers of the Japanese language feel the importance of Katakana instruction. It is difficult to increase the time spend on it in the present situation. Although a problem exists, the development of an effective method of instruction and teaching materials on the Katakana teaching is not progressing. The experiment lessons performed in 2013 were proposed by Tanaka and Wakatsuki(2013). In this experiment, one uses the associative method materials for Katakana teaching and the other does not use the associative method materials. The objects were 52 students who study Japanese under the general education curriculum at a Korean 4-year university. As a result of doing a Katakana reading test before and after the lessons, the outstanding effect was observed in the use of the associative method materials for the Katakana teaching. For those who received the lesson with the associative method materials, the percentage of correct answers of "'エ, カ, タ, and ツ" was 100%. Hence, the lesson which used such method for the students to memorize Katakana characters relating new information with the knowledge that they already have was more effective. Moreover, 24 characters were answered correctly by 80% or higher and only 3 characters were correctly answered by 50% or less. On the other hand, when the associative method was not used, only 3 characters were answered correctly by 80% or more and there were 50% or less for 37 characters. With different instructions in classes, the among the students’ levels became smaller when the associative method was used. And, it became larger when it was not used. Therefore, it is obvious that the usage of the associative method materials for the Katakana teaching has lower rates of dependence on students’ capability or efforts, and it has less burden on students.

In this paper, was carried out in the second semester 2013 and the second semester in 2012 as a major elective fourth year of undergraduate Japanese H cyber school a large "cyber Japan experience". It was composed of items that are believed to be necessary in order to go started life in Japan at the center alien registration and Japan entry, residence, and bank is composed of all 15 weeks. And the second half, it was composed of items that should be noted in order to continue to care while living such as exchanges with Japanese and disaster recovery. In addition, to be able to experience similar to that in Japan actually learner, and movies background materials and also using the materials and those of Japan real. I was able to say a result of the final exam and midterm exam, the learner and understood about 80% or more of the learning content from the percentage of questions answered correctly, it is confirmed that there is enough learning effect of this content. However, I can be considered for the percentage of correct answers, the content of which is concerned with disaster recovery and content related to administrative systems is low as an issue, that there is a need to continue to improve in the lecture and how to work with more meaningful. I had to write freely their opinions on the contents of the content and evaluation of "cyber Japan experience" to the learner. As a result, the evaluation of the student who was a high level of satisfaction in 2012 is 4.44 in 2013 is 4.28. And, "how to use the public office and manners of life, such as that outlined the most meaningful in real life," "It was content to help life in Japan" to be Nadogami, opinion on this content, virtual space of the learner it can be considered to have served well in Japan experiential learning at.

As a result of the bibliographic research for Gakutei’s Hanasibon, Hakubutusyu, Mitategebun and major publisher of Gakutei’s works, it was possible to elucidate new items such as the following: The first is a book three types has been collection in one volume story this “OtosibanasiNazonazoAwase”, second type in it is Gakutei’s work. In addition, Hakubutusyu “ChiekurabeHakubutusen” Volume 3 is Gakutei’s work, Volume１ ＆ ２ is Yosimori’s work　and also publisher is Yosidaya Bunzaburo. Second, about the publication period of MitateGebun “Nitamonokurabe”, I estimated to be published under the title of SinkaiAzumanoKotobuki what was printed on the different times of 1855, 1858 and 1863 or later also spelled in conjunction. Third, in Publisher to do a lot of Gakutei’s work, BunkodoYosidayaBunzaburo and SinsyodoItoyaSyobe requested Gakutei about the Kiritukebon, KinkodoYamagutiyaTobe requested only war chronicle of Kiritukebon, ToseidoSinagawayaKyusuke requested the works of various genres.

In Genjimonogatari, a sense of color in case related to characters represents their appearance and inner side and status in the work. A style of expression of a group of women with chain of colors contributes to making a long work and forming a subject over each individual's status. In Genjimonogatari a winter jasmine(yamabuki) means regret for fancy beauty and love, lost love of nobles and it is the best symbolic expression of Tamakazura. And so sharing the same expression of Tamakazura and Oigimi, his daughter, reveals the similarity of the two. The picture of Takegawa suggests Kurodo shosho's peeping at a scene of playing go of Tamakazura's daughters. Generally peeping symbolizes an intrusion and the power of owenership of woman by man and functions as main mechanism of developing Monogatari story. But the function of peeping in Takegawa was nullified as Kurodo shosho himself abandoned intrusion of his eyes. The picture is characterized by arrangement of yellow as color of clothes which is drawn from a winter jasmine, the common expression of Tamakazura and Oigimi. This means in Takegawa, the priority is given not to Kurodo shosho's peeping but to the meaning of Oigimi's marriage and eventually the intention of revealing the status of Oigimi as a substitution(Yukari) for Tamakazura is embedded in it. In other words, it is thought that the similarity of the fate of mother and daughter. In summary, Genjimonogatari and Genjimonogatari Emaki shares sencs of color, it is based on the painter's consciousness and design of selecting a scene which is revealed from understanding and acceptance on text.

The concept of "multiple cultures" did not exist in postwar Japan, but the "international understanding" which gives priority to its race had substituted for the ideology. Those days most foreigners were Koreans in Japan, and the policy to them was an "assimilation policy." and assimilation was "kyosei" ideology containing the meaning of "parasitism." The 90s in Japan, although newcomers increased in number, but the governmental plan was "Japanesization" of them. It was only extension of the "assimilation policy" to a Korean in Japan. The Japanese government began to use the word "tabunka-kyosei" under such circumstances. However, even if it used the word "tabunka-kyosei", it is extension of an "assimilation policy" and there was no change in the meaning of "parasitism" being contained. Furthermore, the civic movement in connection with a newcomer advanced activity which assists with a governmental policy, without considering "tabunka-kyosei" ideology deeply. The 1980s, only the Korean educational movement in Japan put the ideology "mutualism", and promoted the movement. However, now it can concluded that the movement will also be controlled by the "tabunka-kyosei" ideology containing the meaning of "parasitism" .