Earticle

The following are revealed regarding the correspondence relationship, which primarily exists between the presence of factivity in O case complements and the complementizers NO and KOTO in modern Japanese. a. The presence or absence of factivity in O case complements and the selection of NO or KOTO complementizers is not a one-to-one relationship; however, under certain conditions, a correlation exists between the allowance of the NO complement and complement factivity. b. The correlation is as follows: generally, higher tolerance of NO in a tensed complement allowing KOTO results in a stronger factive interpretation of the complement. Based on the behavior related to the above, it is therefore appropriate to separate the predicates into four types as follows. Type A :represented by “kateisuru(suppose)” Type B: represented by “noberu(state,claim)” Type C :represented by “tsutaeru(tell,report)” Type D: represented by “zannengaru(regret)” Type D, Type C, Type B and Type A bring the higher factive interpretation to complement proposition in that order, in parallel, NO in type D, Type C, Type B and Type A Indicates a higher acceptability in that order.

As an important means of simultaneous interpretation, prediction has been widely discussed by scholars. However, the existing research is either too broad or too narrow. In order to explore this problem, this paper attempts to combine the simultaneous prediction research with the compound case auxiliary word research, taking the compound case auxiliary words ‘demotte’, ‘niyotte’, ‘wotsujite’ as the object of research, by analyzing their Semantic features and grammatical functions. This paper draws the correlation and difference between the three, and provide a certain range for the interpreter to predict the subsequent information of compound case auxiliary words based on this kind of language schema.

This paper examines the changes in educational kanji created after World War II and their historical background. Japan’s kanji restriction policy, which has been discussed since the Meiji era, has not been concretely implemented in the first half of the 20th century, although some policy decisions were made. In November 1946, the Toyo Kanji(kanji for general use at the time and are today) list, which can be said to be the beginning of full-scale Kanji restrictions, was created, and two years later, in February 1948, the Toyo Kanji Beppyo(basic requirement kanji = educational kanji(Kyoiku Kanji)) list was created to specify the kanji to be learned in the compulsory education course. After that, the concept of list of kanji by school year was created. At first, the total number of characters for elementary and junior high school students was 881, but only for elementary schools, and after 996 characters and 1006 characters, it became 1026 characters from 2020. The reason for the establishment of Kyoiku Kanji in 1948 is that it is very difficult from the original purpose of reducing the burden of learning Kanji and improving the content of education. While the need for learning Japanese was emphasized from a linguistic and cultural point of view, the number of Kyoiku kanji gradually increased. Under these circumstances, no concrete efforts have been made to verify how much the Japanese’s ability to read and write Japanese has improved. There is no way to confirm what has changed from the results of the 1948 and 1955 literacy surveys conducted immediately after World War II.

This thesis analyzes and examines the meanings and the functions of “toori” in modern Japanese based on practical examples sentences. Most studies show that “toori” is connected after a noun and a verb to indicate the meaning of “same”, but in perspective of meaning change and limitation of form, no previous research has presented on the definite relationship among the following three cases: ① the case of a noun usage, ② the case of postposition, and ③ the case of conjunctive particle. This paper aims to examine the meanings and the functions of these three cases. The results are as follows. First, when used as a noun usage, “toori” indicates the spatial meaning of “passage, street” pointed by the front noun. “N+toori” can take various cases. Second, when used as a postposition, it indicates the meaning of “same” that the front noun points out. Morphologically, it is limited to two forms: “N+toori” and “N+toorini”. Third, when used as a conjunctive particle, it indicates the meaning of “same” that the font verb points out. Morphologically, it is limited to two forms: “V+toori” and “V+toorini”. From the above results, “toori” in modern Japanese was analyzed to have the meanings and the functions of postposition or conjunctive particle in addition to the basic meaning of “passage, street” as a noun usage. When “toori” in the noun usage becomes a postposition or a conjunctive particle, changes occur in terms of form and meaning.

As part of the “Research on Language Education Methods Using the 4th Industrial Revolution Technology”, this study mainly focuses on Ai and audio, text and Movie Language.In this article, “Vrew-Soft” is used to create the audio language of Movie into captions (character language) and “Ai technology” is used. It can be said that it is impressive that the Technological advances of the 4th Industrial Revolution have eliminated the inefficiency of manual labor.In addition, in the humanities world, the search skills of Corpus, which uses similar technologies, are also considerably advanced. That is the starting and ending points of “speech language” and “subtitle = character language” are exactly the same. Also, there is no need for tedious rendering work. This is the amazing “Ai technology” that should be actively utilized in language education in the future. Through this study, I was surprised to find that Ai technology, which is only a small part of language education, was applied.On the other hand, as a more sophisticated methodology for language education, the 4th industrial revolution technology should be actively utilized and its performance should be improved.

This study analyzed the men and women conversation between Japanese learners and Japanese speakers, focusing on the silence and the utterance after the silence that appeared in the first meeting. As a result, Japanese learners appeared more often than Japanese speakers(KF>JF), (KM>JM), and native language situation (JF<JM), (KF>KM), in contact situation(JF>JM), (KF>KM). According to the number of silence by time zone, Japanese learners and Japanese speakers had the most silence between 10 and 15 minutes, and the contact scene was the most frequent between 5 and 10 minutes. After silence, KF, KM and JF, JM showed the most self-disclosure and questions followed by evalution, additional information(KF, JF), additional opinion, additional information(KM, FM).In particular, the clear demand,confirmation request, re-question was only shown in the KF, JF. Silence is not necessarily a hindrance to the flow of conversation, but it has become clear that it is easier to appear in a time when the topic is gradually disappearing than in the early days of the information exchange.

In this study, the linguistic expression patterns of Korean and Japanese appearing in Internet knowledge searching site in Korea and Japan were examined from the perspective of the sentence-final types. Results in this study are summarized as follows. First, as for sentence-final form, in the title, the ratio of interrogative form was relatively high in Korea, and the ratio of declarative form was relatively high in Japan. In other words, in the title, Korean questioners have a relatively strong tendency to directly request answers from respondents, but Japanese questioners have a strong tendency to ask for answers indirectly. On the other hand, as for the request-sentence in the main text, both Korean and Japanese used the interrogative type that directly asks the answer to the question overwhelmingly. It can be interpreted that interrogative form, which directly asks respondent the answer to the question, is used a lot in order to achieve the effective purpose of the questioner. Next, in the case of the speech level, both Korean and Japanese overwhelmingly used the polite-forms in the titles and in request-sentence in the main text. It can be interpreted that in the position of requesting an answer to the question, the polite language form was used as much as possible to show consideration for the respondent.

It was 1833 when Itoi-takesi activities to solidify its position as a successor to the name Jippensya-ikku II. First of all, in the epilogue of the three volumes of “Adakurabe-imayogusi”, I researched a person named “Kyogechusya-Yomono- masaki” who talks about Itoi’s name. As a result, it was possible to point out the fallacy of the preceding catalog that “Kyogechusya-Yomono－masaki” is “Yomono- umehiko”. I have demonstrated that Yomono-masaki was neither “Kyokabo- Yomono-takisui II” nor his son “Yomono-umehiko=Machusono-umehiko”. Then, a volume of Itoi’s ninzyobon “Koino-wakatake” was published in 1833. In fact, the time when this ninzyobon was established has not been determined even in previous studies. Therefore, it was necessary to investigate the bibliography. As a result, it was found that the publisher, Chyoziya, who obtained one volume published in 1830, used the board as it was for the text, and remade the daisen(題簽), prologue, kuchie(口絵), illustrations, dvertisements, and okuzuke(奥付). When announcing that the author had named Jippensha Ikku, it was concluded that the first edition of 1833 was reprinted in line with the trend of Ninjyobon.

This paper considers some prefer nettles of Junichiro Tanizaki as a transitional work from his early Western-inspired works to his later traditional Japanese works. This is a study on the theme of the eternal woman. Most　research into some prefer nettles has concentrated on Junichiro Tanizaki’s autobiographical novel. The author, however, intends to identify the eternal woman of Junichiro Tanizaki by analyzing some prefer nettles from the structural aspect of the novel. The novel consists of three stories: the first story concerns the world of a couple foreshadowing the divorce of the protagonist Kaname and his wife Misako; and the second, a traditional world where Kaname, his wife Misako, his father in law, the old man’s mistress Louise go on a trip to Awaji to see a puppet theater play Bunraku; and the third, the Western world where Kaname and his lover Louise have the physical pleasures. It can be said that this novel is composed of the story of the protagonist Kaname falling into the Asian world against the backdrop of the couple’s world and the Western world. In Chapter2 of this paper, we examined his move to the Kansai area that influenced the traditional regression in Junichiro Tanizaki’s literature. As a result, it can be said that after his relocation to the Kansai area in the Taishō 12 (1923), from the end of the Taishō period to the early Shōwa period, it was a period of confusion from Westernism to Orientalism, while at the same time exotic sentiment toward the West was to be changed into Kansai. In Chapter 3, 4 we looked at the eternal woman of Junichiro Tanizaki by focusing on the story of the protagonist Kaname getting into the puppet theater play Bunraku. It can be seen that the eternal woman with a young and beautiful Western appearance in the past is being transformed into an Asian woman at the time of writing some prefer nettles. It is a figure of the eternal woman like doll that does not easily reveal personality in the Japanese tradition. However, Junichiro Tanizaki’s admiration for his own young and beautiful mother is inherent in Junichiro Tanizaki’s literature. His feelings for any admiring woman are idealized in fantasy and she is admired as the eternal woman. In Chapter 5 of this paper, we examined the whitish face of the eternal woman. In particular, the whitish face of the eternal woman is taken from the image of Junichiro Tanizaki’s own mother’s pure white face. It can be said that it is the face of an etenal woman with classical beauty.

In terms of connection with Doson’s previous works, the works dealing with the statue of the father stand out. Ironically, in the study of the father-related part, Doson’s author’s character exerts its full power, making it impossible to deviate from the triangle of ‘Doson, Doson’s real father, Doson’s previous works’. It is difficult to deny that the content to be dealt with in this paper will also be located somewhere near the sides of the triangle. Previous studies have only partially or fragmentarily considered the figure of the father of 󰡔Before Dawn󰡕, that is, the figure of the main character Hanjo. Comparing the life of Masaki Shimazaki, Doson’s real father, with the novel’s content, it does not deviate much from the framework of finding out whether there is a factual relationship, and it is highly dependent on what the author, Doson, is saying about his father. Therefore, in this paper, we are going to examine the overall image of what <ideal> ultimately refers to in <idealized image of father>.

This study proposes the future evaluation method while comparing the cases of Korea and Japan in the problems of university grade evaluation. First, I explained the process in which both countries are repeating revisions and progress while operating absolute evaluation and relative evaluation. This left a big question as to whether the system introduced under the leadership of the Korean Ministry of Education and the Japanese Ministry of Education, would be effective. And it became clear that it is an evaluation method that is far from the educational goals required in the future post-corona era. In the case of South Korea, it seems necessary to correct the disadvantages of rigid relative evaluation and develop a versatile evaluation method that has been fully discussed between teachers and learners while acknowledging the autonomy of teaching authority. The Japanese should also clarify the problem of quantifying the ranking of the GPA system so that the characteristics evaluated based on the authority and trust of the professor are not distorted. Then, it is necessary to reconsider the method of sharing evaluation methods that would lose the original purpose of grade evaluation by blindly believing in the acceptance of accreditation and global quantification by a third party.

本研究は、大学の成績評価が抱えている問題について韓国と日本とを比較しながら、今後の評価の在り方を提案したものである。まずは、両国が絶対評価と相対評価とを運用しながら、修正･進歩を繰り返している過程について説明をした。 それによって、韓国の教育部および日本の文部科学省の主導のもとに導入してきた制度というものが、果たして効果的でかつ有効性を有しているかについては大きな疑問が残った。そして将来のポストコロナ時代に求められている教育目標から掛け離れた評価方法であることが明らかになった。 韓国の場合は、堅い相対評価のデメリットを修正し、教権の自律を認めながら、教員と学習者の間で十分に協議した多用な評価方法を開発する必要があると思われる。しかも、主観的評価に信憑性のないと決めつけている雰囲気を、かえって第四次革命時代を迎えては、主観的特性をいかしてより創意的な力量を育てる雰囲気に変えていかねばならない。 日本の方も、教授の権威と信頼に基づいて評価してきた特徴が歪むことのないように、数値化するGPA制度の順位撹乱の問題を明らかにすべきである。そして、第三者による認定およびグロバール的数値化の受け入れを盲信して、成績評価の本来の目的を失うような評価方法の共有の方向性についてはもう一度検討を要する。 将来は｢問題の解決力｣および｢創造的思惟力｣など計量が容易ではない評価が求められる時代となる。したがって、教育の当事者(教授と学生)間の疎通と共有を最優先にしてより創造的な多様な評価方法を開発して行く必要がある。｢主観的な評価はだめだ。｣という幻想から目を醒すべきである。