Earticle

This study focuses on the errors in Japanese education regarding the humble languages ‘お+Conjunctive form+する’ for KL. To reduce errors of KL, this study would like to make the following educational recommendations. First of all, in the field of Japanese language education, teachers should make KL understand the concepts and forms of honorific languages. In addition, teachers should pay attention to the mix of honorific languages and Giving-and-receiving expressions. Second, it is difficult to spend a lot of paper on just honorific languages. However, it is desirable to briefly explain important points for learners, such as the importance of form, the inability to add a single-syllable verb, and differences of honorific languages and giving-and-receiving expressions.

In this study, I examined two conversation styles, casual conversation and debate, and conducted a comparative analysis of the use of the sentence-final particle ‘YONE’ by native speakers in interactional contexts. As a result, it was found that ‘YONE’, which serves as an expression of empathy, is frequently used in both conversation styles as a common feature. The difference lies in the significant prevalence of the confirmatory function of ‘YONE’ in casual conversation, whereas in debate, there is a higher frequency of both agreementseeking and information-providing functions. From the observed ratio of each function in casual conversation and examples of conversations, it was found that by using the confirmatory and empathetic functions of ‘YONE’, speakers confirm their understanding with their interlocutors, ensuring the accuracy of their own perceptions while building a shared understanding. On the other hand, in debate, when there is agreement with the interlocutor, speakers actively use the agreement-seeking function of ‘YONE’ to facilitate consensus. Even in cases of differing opinions, speakers utilize the information-providing and empathetic functions of ‘YONE’ to demonstrate understanding of the interlocutor’s position while presenting their own opinions.

The conjunctive particle “shi” in Japanese at the end of a sentence has a wide range of meanings, ranging from cases where it retains its original meaning and function, to cases where it acquires a new meaning and functions as a final particle. This paper studies how such changes in “shi” are brought about. First, based on prior research, we assume that there’s a “main situation” as a premise of utterances ending in “...shi”, and that “...shi” represents a “supporting situation” for the main one. It is stated that the transformation of “shi” into an ending particle correlates with the “backgrounding of the main situation”, the “abstraction of the main situation”, and the “unification of the supporting situation”. As “shi” transforms into an ending particle, there are more cases where an utterance can work without “shi,” However, the presence of “shi” allows the speaker to express a defiant attitude.

In this article, the prohibition signs found on street were studied and the prohibition items were divided by category. First, we observed what prohibited expressions were used and their usage patterns. Next, we examined strategies expressed in prohibited expressions from the perspective of Politeness and clarified the characteristics of both Korean and Japanese languages. Comparing the characteristics of Korean and Japanese, the Japanese used a stronger “direct prohibition.” This is the opposite of Kim Soon-nim (2011b), a previous study. The survey in this article was conducted more than 10 years after Kim Soon-in (2011b), and it is thought that the prohibited expression used for prohibition signs has changed over time. Analysis from the perspective of Politeness Strategy showed that the overall trend in Korean was to use Politeness Strategy, which takes into account the infringement of the listener’s negative face. Compared to Japanese, which has a high rate of direct prohibition, Korean uses more negative politeness strategies that “regularize” and indirectly prohibit prohibited acts than direct prohibition. In addition, the usage rate of incidental expressions is higher in Korean, and positive politeness strategies such as “inducing” actions or “reasoning” are used more to consider the reader’s face.

In this paper, an analysis was conducted on advertising expression techniques, advertising elements, advertising delivery patterns, discourse strategies, and discourse structures based on commercials and popular products in 1989~2019. It can be observed that various expressions such as repetition, emphasis, metaphor, question form, and analogy were used as advertising expression techniques during this era. Additionally, common elements in delivering the message of a product through the perspectives of visual and auditory senses were identified. Furthermore, the use of famous models in most beverage advertisements can also be considered a characteristic. On the other hand, while there were many popular carbonated beverages in 1989~2003, there was a shift towards popular health drinks in the later period. It is believed that the advertisements were designed to meet consumer desires for health and beauty by incorporating changes in the composition, functionality, and packaging of beverages. There were also advertising elements that challenged conventional notions related to work-life and food compatibility. This can be seen as a reflection of the increasing societal interest in health and the changing times, as well as attempts to incorporate various changes in beverages. Additionally, there were changes in discourse strategies and structures in product advertisements, adopting a persuasive form that induces empathy towards health-oriented goals.

本稿では、1989~2019年にヒットしたCMやヒット商品の広告を対象に、キャッチ コピーと広告フレーズにおける広告表現手法や広告表現要素、広告伝達パターン、談 話戦略および談話構造について分析･考察した。 1989~2019年における広告表現手法に共通する特徴は、繰り返し、強調、比喩表 現、擬人法などの多様な表現が使われたという点と購買者の視覚と聴覚を通じて製品 のメッセージを伝達する広告表現要素を使用したという共通点を把握することができ る。そして、ほとんどの飲料類の広告で有名モデルの起用が行われたという点も特徴 と見られる。視覚と聴覚に働きかける表現である。 1989~2003年(前期)には清涼飲料のヒット商品が多かったが、中盤以降は健康飲料 のヒット商品への変化が現れた。飲料の成分と機能、そして商品のパッケージ変化す べてが健康と美容に対する消費者の欲求に合う広告を制作したと考えられる。また、 職場生活および食べ物の相性と関連した既存の固定観念を破る広告要素があった。こ れは健康に対する関心度が高まる社会現象と時代の変化に合わせて飲み物の多様な変 化の試みを反映したものと見られる。また、商品広告には健康志向の共感誘発と説得 形態を取った談話戦略および構造への変化も現れた。 本研究では、飲料類の広告に限定して分析考察を行ったが、今後は平成における 飲料類以外の商品に関する広告表現の様相及び特徴についても考察していきたい。

This study examines the grammatical characteristics of inactive verbs, also known as imperfect verbs, observed in Japanese honorific expressions. Kaneda et al.(2014) has a verb’s characteristic of ‘おいで(御出で)’ ‘ご存じ’ ‘お帰り’ ‘お買い’, which receives the formula of the organization modifier, but unlike other verbs, They are defined as ‘incomplete verbs’ or ‘non-conjugated verbs’ in that they are used only in the formed form. However, conflicting views are also presented regarding ‘おいで’ and ‘お帰り’, which say that they should be treated as nouns in that they are both continuous modifiers and empty words. However, this view cannot erase the impression that it is a contradictory claim in that it defines the same word as two parts of speech. This is consistent with the fact that the continuous adjective below, which has been transformed into a noun in its original form, is not defined as a verb. Accordingly, in this paper, we point out that the appearance of such imperfect verbs is possible only within a specific syntactic environment, that is, within an honorific expression, while also trying to reveal the syntactic environment for the formation of imperfect verbs through comparative analysis with continuous adjectives.

本研究は、日本語敬語表現にてよく見られる不活用動詞、いわば不完全動詞の文 法的振る舞いについて考察したものである。会田他(2014)では、連用修飾語の修飾を 受ける｢おいで｣｢ご存じ｣｢お帰り｣｢お買い｣などの類に対し、動詞としての特性を有す るものの、他の動詞とは違って活用をせず決まった形でしか用いられないという点を もって、｢不完全動詞｣、または｢不活用動詞｣と称している。その一方で、｢おいで｣や ｢お帰り｣に限っては、連体修飾語と共起しうるために名詞として扱うべきとの、一見 矛盾しているような見解も示されている。しかしながら、一つのことばに二つの品詞 をあてるためにはそれ相応の十分な理論的根拠が提供されなければならない。これ は、現に動詞の連用形がそのままの形で名詞への転成した連用形名詞を動詞と認めな いことからも裏付けられる。そこで本研究では、このような不完全動詞の出現が特定 の構文環境、つまり敬語表現において顕著な現象であることに着目し、連用形名詞と の比較を通してこの動詞類ならではの特性について考察を試みる。

This paper aims to demonstrate from the perspective of rhetoric that what is called “dream-telling communities,” although seen as peculiar occurrences particularly identified in the medieval period in Japan, are a universal activity of human beings that makes society work. The dream-telling community is a sort of society formed by those who are aware of their being aboard the same boat and, by sharing their dream narrations, nurture their sense of unity, with the intensified aspiration for their shared ambition. The act of dream-telling, making the individual experience of dreaming dreams shareable with community members, turns it into being social. This paper argues that the act of dream-telling, which is indispensable for the formation of dream-telling communities, plays a role of epideictic discourse. Typically identified as ceremonial oratories, the epideictic, one of the three types of rhetoric identified by Aristotle, concerns praise and/or blame. Ch. Perelman and L. Olbrechts-Tyteca (1971) foregrounded the hitherto underestimated importance of the epideictic; “it strengthens the disposition toward action by increasing adherence to the values it lauds” (70).

The purpose of this paper is to extract the characteristics of Ikku’s work, which was able to continue to use the old world of “folktales” in the Gokan. First of all, I analyzed the text and pictures of “Mukasibanasi-momotaro” which brought Momotaro to the world, and came up with the following observations. The first, the nature of Ikku’s work, “Mukasibanasi-momotaro” was different from the general “folktales Group” Gokan. In other words, it does not use the general creative method of adding meat to the outline of an old tale as a framework. In the descriptive part and pictures, the framework is used as it is without any fleshing out. Then, new content is incorporated into the marginal notes dialogue, which occupies about nine times the volume of the descriptive part. The second, the rhetoric of writing the characters’ banter in colloquial style is Ikku’s specialty. The technique of making people laugh by mixing obscene content into such banter was demonstrated in the marginal notes of “Mukashibanashi momotaro”. The third, the marginal notes of “Mukashibanashi momotaro” deliberately perverts the crude plot, which is recorded in the descriptive parts and pictures. Such new perspectives were to be tied to the dirty jokes. Sexual jokes are meant to provoke laughter. The fact that this work is characterized by its superiority in terms of its comicality compared to other works of the “folktales Group” Gokan by other authors that capture the same world is a result of such obscene stories.

This study focused on the fact that “Family Meeting” is an economic novel as a ‘pure novel’ and examined the meaning of stocks depicted in “Family Meeting”. The “Family Meeting” tells the story of a brokerage firm in Kabutocho, Tokyo, which suffered heavy losses from the collapse of the Japanese financial markets due to the European War, the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, and the Great Depression, being attacked by broker Nire from Osaka in the relationship between Takayuki and Taiko. The ‘pure novel’ discussed in ‘pure novel theory’ creates a possible world by reconstructing reality rather than depicting society as it is. This study analyzed description of Takayuki’s stock brokerage collapse and Nire’s stock price problem by comparing it to contemporary reality, and examined the differences and commonalities between reality pursued by Yokomitsu and reality as a social criticism aimed at by proletarian literature. In addition, this study clarified that Yokomitsu did not reveal the actual events as they are in “Family Meeting” and drew the absurdity of the Japanese financial system, and furthermore, “money” itself through the love story of the two young people, and that Yokomitsu wanted to convey to the reader that the economic damage revealed in the “Family Meeting”, especially the fall of the middle class, was the decisive cause of shaking the living base, housing, and traditional values and entering an era of anxiety.

This study examined the survival strategies and “value co-creation” strategies of local companies that are changing, focusing on Shoyeido, a traditional incense local company in Kyoto 300 years ago. Through sensory marketing called “sense of smell,” Songyeongdang proposes an experience where consumers can feel, experience, enjoy, and connect with people. It proposes contextual value to customers through mysterious experiences and experiences mediated by fragrance. It is well projected on the fragrance production content of the Kenseikan. In addition, the Kounyukan serves as a base for connecting consumers, communities and local residents while actively promoting Japanese incense culture. In addition, Songyeongdang provides consumers with a process of creating and sharing unique experiences together through “fragrance production” by utilizing the characteristics of traditional incense companies. The fragrance production content of the custom continues to meet customers by suggesting a mysterious experience of experiencing a unique scent in their own space. Shoyeido, which used to create high-quality scents with a “monodzukuri orientation,” was constantly trying to innovate and change in line with the rapidly changing environment of the times. Based on Kyoto’s historical and cultural heritage, Shoyeido provides a collection of new sensory experiences that customers “feel, experience and enjoy” through fragrance production, a sensory marketing. This served as a base for creating mysterious and enjoyable experiences with customers visiting the store in harmony with the “hospitality orientation,” one of Kyoto’s cultural characteristics.

本研究では、300年前の京都の伝統香のローカル企業である松栄堂を中心に、変化 しつつあるローカル企業の生存戦略と｢価値共創｣戦略について考察した。松栄堂は ｢嗅覚｣という感覚マーケティングを通じて消費者が香りを感じ、体験し、楽しみなが ら人々とつながる経験を提案している。香りを媒介とした不思議な経験と体験を通じ て顧客に文脈的価値を提案する。それは薫習館の香りの演出コンテンツによく投影さ れている。 松栄堂の革新(Innovation)は薫習館の建立に見られるが、伝統的な香り文化が単に 旧世代の文化ではなく、日本の未来世代である若者の文化であり、彼らも日本の伝統 香を身近に学び、楽しめるという認識から始まった。また、薫習館は日本の香文化を 積極的に発信しながら消費者と地域社会、地域住民を連結する拠点として機能してい る。 松栄堂の変革(Variation)には、香文化を再設計した｢リスン｣ブレッドの誕生が挙 げられる。リスンの売り場は伝統香の跡を完全になくしたモダンで洗練されたインテ リアとカラフルな製品の色味、スモールパッケージへの変身を試みる。さらに、松栄 堂は伝統香企業の特性を生かし、消費者に｢香りの演出｣によって企業と消費者が共に 独特な経験を創造し、共有していく過程を提供する。薫習慣の香り演出のコンテンツ は、自分だけの空間で独特な香りを体験する神秘的な体験を提案し、顧客との出会い を続けている。 かつて｢ものづくり志向｣で高品質の香りを作ってきた松栄堂は激変する時代環境 に歩調を合わせ、絶えず革新と変革を試みていた。京都の歴史的文化遺産を基盤に、 松栄堂は感覚マーケティングである香り演出を通じて、顧客が｢感じて、経験し、楽 しむ｣新感覚経験の集合体を提供しているのだ。これは京都の文化的特性の一つであ る｢おもてなし志向｣と調和し、店舗を訪れるお客様とともに神秘的で楽しい体験を共 に作っていく拠点として作用していた。

In this paper, we will examine the current status of questions related to Yi Sun-sin in various tests conducted in modern Japan and their meaning. Among them, we will examine the teacher certification exam conducted by the Ministry of Education, various school entrance exams and recruitment exams and reference books related to them. Through this, we can find out at what time the question regarding Yi Sun-sin was raised and what meaning it has. Also, we can see how much knowledge about Yi Sun-sin was required for people who had a certain level of culture. For secondary school history teachers, Yi Sun-sin was a person whose life and activities they needed to know in detail, and for test takers and those preparing for various recruitment exams, Yi Sun-sin was a person they needed to know about while studying the Imjin war. In other words, for people with a secondary school education or higher, Yi Sun-sin was a figure they should know at the level of common sense.

本稿では近代日本で施行された各種試験の中で李舜臣に関する問題が出題された 現況と、その意味を考察してみる。その中でも代表的に文部省が施行した｢文部省師 範学校中学校高等女学校教員検定試｣、各種学校の入学試験及び文官普通試験、巡査 採用試験、鉄道庁職員採用試験等の採用試験、関連参考書を調べてみる。これによ李 舜臣に関する問題がどの時期に出題され、これがどのような意味を持っているかを考 察し、一定レベル以上の教養を持っていた人々にとって李舜臣という人物に関する知 識がどの程度要求されたかを確認してみる。 中等学校歴史教員にとって、李舜臣は生涯と活躍を詳しく知るべき人物であり、 受験生や各種採用試験を準備している人には壬辰倭乱について勉強しながら、一緒に 知っておかなければならない人物であった。つまり、中学校以上の学力を持つ人々に とって、李舜臣は常識レベルで知るべき人物であったのである。

Focusing on Endo Shusaku’s Scandal and Park, Bum-shin’s Eungyo this paper examined the narrative of old age desire in Korean and Japanese literature. The fact that the title of the Scandal, featuring the 65-year-old author Suguro, was originally The Prayer of the Old Man suggests that the text was intended to actively deal with the problem of old age. Lee Jeok-yo, a 70-year-old poet who is the main character of Eungyo, is also making the voice of old age, fighting fiercely against stereotypes of looking at old age. The sexuality of old age, expressed through the body of a vital girl in both texts, is an opportunity to look back and reflect on one’s own life through another face-to-face meeting with oneself that has been hidden so far. This gives great meaning to the life of old age, which is excluded as a useless existence. Old age is acquiring its meaning as a time when a cracked life filled with false consciousness escapes from chaos and discovers the light of truth, and the divided self is integrated and reborn as a full self. Scandal and Eungyo, which share similarities in themes and motifs, tell us in one voice that the possibility of real life begins where we called death, although the timing of the release is different and there are cultural differences between Korea and Japan. It is regarded only as regression and is newly establishing and giving value to the perception of life in old age, which has been pushed out of society.

本稿では遠藤周作の『スキャンダル』と朴範信の『ウンギョ』を中心に韓日文学に現 れた老年の欲望を考察した。65歳の作家、勝呂が主人公として登場する『スキャンダ ル』のタイトルが元々｢老人の祈り｣だったという事実は、この作品が老年の問題を積 極的に表明しようとしたことを知らせてくれる。『ウンギョ』の主人公である70歳の詩 人の李寂寥もまた、老いを眺める固定観念に抵抗し老年の声を出している。 二つの作品で生命力あふれる少女の体を通じて発現された老年のセクシュアリ ティは、今まで努めて隠してきた別の自分と対面させ、自らの人生を振り返り省察す る契機になっている。これで役に立たない実存として排除された老年の生涯過程に大 きな意味が付与される。虚偽意識に満ちた亀裂した人生が混沌から抜け出し真理の光 を発見することで、分裂した自我が統合され完全な自我に生まれ変わる時期として、 老年はその意味を獲得しているのだ。 主題とモチーフが類似性を共有する『スキャンダル』と『ウンギョ』は発表時期も異 なり、韓国と日本という違いも存在するが、私たちが死と呼んだ地点で真の人生の可 能性が始まることを声を一つにして聞かせてくれる。退行と見なされ、社会の外部に 追い込まれた老年の人生に対する認識を転覆させ、価値を付与している。