Earticle

This paper deals with tense in Japanese appositive clause, especially on temporal interpretation. Tense form of Japanese appositive clause, a subordinate clause modifying a head noun like “keikaku”(plan), “sugata”(sight/scene), has three readings in terms with temporal interpretation. 1 interpretation which has speech time as reference point (absolute tense) 2 interpretation which has main clause time as reference point 3 interpretation which has head noun time as reference point And we argue that third interpretation( 3 interpretation which has head noun time as reference point) are divided two types as follows; A admitting appearance of deictic time noun B forbidding appearance of deictic time noun

This paper aims to identify the order of enumerating personal pronouns in Japanese sentence words. To this end, the enumeration of only personal pronouns that include ’私‘ of the first person, ‘あなた’ of the second person and ‘彼’ and ‘彼女’ of the third person was investigated from the corpus data. According to the aggregate results, the enumeration can be assumed to be made in the order of the first person, the second person and the third person. The result of investigating the relationship between the gender of the speaker and the listener, and the order of enumeration showed that the enumeration of the first person singular and the second person singular is basically in the gender order of speaker → listener, and it was found that a man is likely to be enumerated first, and a woman is hardly enumerated first. However, if the woman is the first person and the second person, she can be enumerated first.

The National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics(NINJAL) concerned about the overuse of loanwrods in Japanese language, established The Loanwords Committee, publishing “A suggestion for using substitute words instead of loanwords” in 2006. The report proposed to use native Japanese vocabulary, including Chinese characters, instead of using the 176 loanwords. What kind of meaning does it have for the guidelines on state policy about the language to be announced by a public organization? It means that, according to the guidelines, government offices will publish with original Japanese, words, notations, or expressions without these words . And Media like newspapers will also publish articles without using these words. In addition, the national language policy is connected directly with Japanese education. For example, in Japanese education, teachers will not use and teach these words positively. And The Japan Foundation will not ask these words in the questions on Japanese Language Proficiency Test(JLPT). In this way, through government example and the JLPT, there will be an influence on Japanese spoken outside Japan. First, this report introduce what kind of substitute are suggested for various loanwords, and then investigates the necessity to use original Japanese words as substitutes before conducting a newspaper database for the purpose of this study.

In Japanese language, Sino-Japanese verb is made of Chinese character and suffix [suru]. Generally Sino-Japanese verb can be explained by corresponding to its homologous character in Chinese. However Sino-Japanese verb can be translated in various ways. Depending on the grammar of homologous character [suru] can be abbreviated. Homologous character of Sino-Japanese function not only verb but also as noun. It’s common to see that in certain cases homologous character of Sino-Japanese verb in Chinese is not a verb. Generally in Japanese and Chinese [suru] corresponds to Chinese verb [zuo]. Meanwhile [zuo] can translated in other verb such as [da], [xia], [qu], [chuan, shenzhuo] and [jinxing] etc. Verbalized [suru] implies events, behaviors and actions as causative verb. In addition, it functions as suffix to verbalize nouns leading to wider applications. Chinese [zuo] corresponded to [suru] mean of behaviors and actions are used more than a suffix. In the case of Sino-Japanese as transitive verb, its homologous Chinese character can be used independently without [zuo] but [da], [xia], [qu], [chuan, shenzhuo] and [jinxing] etc . Involving grammer and meaning aspects, the differences between Japanese and Chinese are clear. It’s not well explained until now so studies are important for comprehensive understanding.

This paper investigates possibilities of multilingual education in Korea. In particular, this study focuses on Japanese learner’s needs analysis and make some suggestions on Japanese-English multilingual education. According to Tucker(1999), multilingualism is the use of two or more languages, either by an individual speaker or by a community of speakers. He also mentions that multilingual speakers outnumber monolingual speakers in the world’s population. Korea has been one of the monolingual countries around the world. However, Korean society has demanded multilingual speakers under the influence of globalization. As a result of 590 Japanese learners’ needs analysis, most of Japanese learners want Japanese-English multilingual education. The questionnaire is composed of 13 items. This result claims that it is necessary to study Japanese-English multilingual education method for Japanese learners, although it has never been tried so far. In conclusion, this paper proposes two strategies to achieve successful Japanese -English multilingual education focusing on grammar.

This paper analyzes total reduplication and emphatic mora augmentation in Japanese mimetic words within the framework of Optimality Theory. It is assumed that two types of morphological structure in total reduplication of mimetics ― head initial with suffixal reduplicant (base + RED) and head final with prefixal reduplicant (RED + base). Akashi(2007) argued that emphatic mora augmentation of total reduplication can be predicted only by assuming head final structure. However, I will show that head initial is the right structure of total reduplication of mimetics with two arguments: that is, derivational paradigm of mimetic word (i.e., suffixation), and the relation with partial reduplication of mimetics. And I will account for the emphatic mora augmentation of total reduplication with head initial structure by assuming OO-correspondence.

It is believed that paralinguistic information in Japanese represents speaker’s expressive intention and it is an important clue for listeners to grasp speaker’s expressive intention. However, it is questionable whether foreign Japanese learners can grasp it properly as well as native Japanese speakers. This is an empirical research of listener’s recognition in comparison between native Japanese speakers and foreign Japanese learners, especially Korean Japanese learners, about emotional expressions in paralinguistic information in Japanese.

This paper examines what kind of events transitive sentence of inanimate subject expresses in terms of transitivity . I collected 500 sentences of transitive sentence of inanimate subject from novels and practical books and used it for analysis. As a type of semantic structure, ｢affection + change type(25%of the totall)｣, ｢affection type(59.6%)｣, ｢non-affection type(15.4%)｣ are observed. ｢affection type｣ showed the highest frequency. Following I summarize the characteristics of each type. First ｢affection + change｣ type is the type that causes a change of complement. In the ｢affection + change｣ type(125 cases) there are 81cases which changes of animate noun complement and 44 cases changes of inanimate noun complement. Psychological change of animate noun and physical change of inanimate noun appears frequently. Subject types of physiological change are limited as ① natural phenomena, ② concrete object (food), ③ sense. On the other hand subject types of psychological changes extremely diverse. Specifically ① inner feelings and thoughts of human, ② what human says, ③ some facts and incidents, circumstances, ④ TV, media, music, media, ⑤ variety of other things. Second ｢affection type｣is the type which affect to the complement but does not change of the complement. ｢affection type｣shows the highest frequency (59.6% of all). In the 298 cases of ｢affection type｣there are 249 cases affect to animate noun complement and 49 cases affect to inanimate noun. The ｢affection + change｣type and ｢affection｣type show similar tendency of subject types corresponding to the predicate situation. Third, ｢non-affection type｣is the type which does not affect to complement. 77 cases observed (15.4% of the total). As a sub-type of the ｢non-affection type｣there are types as like (1)the type represents human’s acts, (2)the type which express number measured specific instruments or refers to deep meaning of certain facts. (3)the type represents the nature or characteristics.

Although a person may have outstanding linguistic abilities, there are cases where they do not have the ability to communicate in a specific context within society. This research will focus on the speech of home shopping network hosts, which is one of many types of communication scenarios and will observe the differences in the linguistic actions of Korean and Japanese hosts. Observation revealed that in both countries the hosts used honorifics but honorifics can be said to have been used more in Japanese and improper language was hard to find in Japanese even in use of spoken language. Also, as hosts of these programs communicated with the viewers and also with fellow hosts, there were differences in speech used with viewers and also when talking to themselves in Korean or Japanese. The results found in the research was done while focusing on a specific field but it gives us a hint of the difference in linguistic actions between speakers and listeners and also with participants within Korea and Japan. The structure of language in Korean and Japanese are similar so it may be easy to think that linguistic actions would be similar but there needs to be care in not causing potential problems due to misunderstandings. This research focuses on a small part of society when focusing on television home shopping hosts but later through accumulated research, there is anticipation of finding more differences in linguistic actions between Korean and Japanese..

言語能力が優れていても社会の特定分野で求められるコミュニケーション能力は不十分な場合がある。本研究では数多くのコミュニケーションの内ひとつ、テレビショッピングを進行する者の発話に注目し、会話をつないでいく方法において韓国語と日本語のコミュニケーションにはどのような差があるのかを観察してみた。分析の結果、基本的には韓国語と日本語両方、尊敬語を使用していたが、韓国語より日本語の方が敬語のレベルが高く、話し言葉であるにもかかわらず、文章の構造がしっかりしていることが分かった。さらに、進行者は視聴者や他の出演者を対象に発話をしたり、視聴者を代弁、または独り言も言っていたが、韓国語と日本語には差があった。このような結果は特定の状況の下で観察したものではあるものの、テレビショッピングという範疇の中で韓国と日本のコミュニケーションには差があることを示唆している。韓国語と日本語は類似した言語の構造から、コミュニケーションの展開については軽く考えがちだが、いざ誤解を招く可能性もある要因であるだけに注意が必要である。本論文で考察したテレビショッピングの中のコミュニケーションは、ひとつの事例に過ぎないが、今後このような研究を蓄積していけば、より広い範囲で韓国語と日本語のコミュニケーションの差を定義できるものと期待される。

This study is about the difference between Tokyo and Tohoku part of Japan on the conversation structure and language expression behavior shown in emails of cancelling appointments exchanged between professors and students. In Tokyo, they focused on information transmission rather than taking a routine conversation type. They expressed their ideas directly in their language expression behavior. In Tohoku part of Japan, they took a routine conversation type and indirect expression. This study shows they use different conversation structure and language expression behavior even in a same country that uses the same language if the areas are different. It is considered that this study could help to reduce misunderstandings that could happen due to different language expression behaviors in some different areas.

本硏究は、日本の大學生が指導教官に文字言語であるEメールで約束の取り消しを表明する場合、そこに現れる談話構造と言語表現行爲の樣相について分析し、さらに東京と東北地方の特徴及び相異点を考察したものである。 東京地方の場合、談話構造においては慣例的な談話の形式よりも情報傳達の機能に主眼点をおいた談話構造をとり、言語表現行爲においては直接的な意思表現を行なっている。一方、東北地方の場合は慣例的な談話構造をとり、言語表現行為は間接的な意思表現の樣相を見せている。 本硏究を通して同一國家の同一言語使用圈でも地方によって異なる談話構造と言語表現行爲をとっていることが分かった。本硏究の結果は地方の違いによる文字言語行爲の相異点によって生じうる誤解を軽減するのに役立つことができるだろう。

The purpose of this study is analyze how native speakers of korean and native speakers of Japanese recognize “white color” and how it is reflected in the compounding words. The result of the analysis the followings are clear. In the compounding words Korean prefix“Hin-”means white, light color, unadded, meaningless. In the compounding words Japanese prefix “Siro- · Sira-” means white, light color, unprocessed, unadded, nearly transparent, shiny, pure.

人間の認識する対象の色彩が同じであってもそれを自分の言語にどのように反映するかは言語のよって同じ認識もあり、違った認識もあり得る。そこで本稿では｢白色｣の色彩に対して日本語と韓国語においてどのように認識され、その認識が言語にどのように反映されるかを調査し、分析を行った。 その結果、｢흰-｣と結合する複合語を分析したら、韓国語では｢白色｣｢基準となる対象より“薄色の~”｣｢加工していない~｣｢意味のない~｣としての働きと拡張が確認された。一方、｢シロー・シラー｣と結合する複合語を分析してみたら、日本語では韓国語と同様、｢白色｣｢基準となる対象より“薄色の~”｣｢加工していない~｣の働きが確認された。さらに、｢透明に近い~｣｢白色への変化｣｢光る~｣｢汚されていない~｣の働きもあり、韓国語に比べ、その拡張は大きいことが確認された。 今回の興味深い結果からほかの色彩に対する両言語における認識の違いをさらに明らかにする必要があろう。

Previous research there is no Katura Bunji’s “Kanadehon-chusingura”(1804~1818) to text, the result of analysis of the representation method to deal with the world of “Chusingura”. It was found to have full use of creative methods as follows. The first, it is possible to change the characters and occupations of the original, the story itself from the beginning, the ceremonious scene of the original while rewriting to vulgar scenes, to dramatize the lines. The second, although also be used lines while as it is made to appear the character of the original, only the beginning of the basic situation is the same, the flow and ending of subsequent incidents show the deployment contrary to the reader expectations. In particular, and the point to use “Ochi” in all stages, the next point from that of the Chusingura parody in the first stage put the “Makura”with no relationship, is the largest traits of Hanasibon.

先行研究が未踏に近い桂文治作噺本󰡔仮名手本忠臣蔵,󰡕(文化頃刊行)をテクストに、｢忠臣蔵｣というお決まりの世界に対処する表現法を微細に分析した結果、次のような創作法を駆使していることが抽出できた。その一つ、忠臣蔵原作の登場人物や職業、ストーリー自体を最初から変更し茶化しながら原作の厳かな場面を卑近な場面へと書き換える中で、原作の台詞を巧みに脚色する方法(三段目、四段目、九段目)、その二つ、忠臣蔵原作の登場人物達をそのまま登場させながら原作の文句をも一部用いるものの、初めの基本的な状況の枠組みのみ同一で、その後事件の流れと結末は、読者の予想に反する反予期の展開を見せる方法(二段目、五段目、六段目、七段目、八段目、十一段目)である。殊に、十一個全ての段において｢落ち｣を使う点と、最初の序段に忠臣蔵パロディーとは関係ない｢マクラ｣に相応する話を置く点は、口演芸能の特色を如実に反映した結果と考えられ、従って、当該噺本の最も大きいジャンル的特色といえよう。

Ogawa Yoko has been concerning about memory on her works. In The Ring Finger(1994), the main character ‘I’ strongly desire to be a specimen ‘myself’ in order to block off her memory. In Love in the Margin(1991), the main character ‘I’ write down the memory on the paper and keep the memory of sadness away forever. In Resuscitation of Lady A(2002), many characters also have the problem of memory inside. But from this work, the shape of memory has been changed. Not keeping the memory but distorting it. The aunt of ‘I’ is Russian about 80 years old. ‘I’ and aunt started living together, and ‘I’ had to take care of her in her mansion with stuffed specimens. The aunt intended upon her needlework on stuffed specimens with initial ‘A’ everyday. It means that the aunt is possessed by memory just like a girl who does needle work in Girl to embroidery(1999). Also it shows the identity crisis of aunt as character A. The aunt stopped doing needlework for the first time when Niko(a boyfriend of ‘I’) visited the mansion and also skipped the needlework when Ohara(who is free writer) called on that day. Ohara regards the aunt as Anastasia who is the last princess of Russia. We can see that her sewing showed the initial from Anastasia. And Atastasia means resuscitation. After their visiting, the aunt changed in every aspect. As guests visit the more, the aunt became the princess Anastasia more. Especially the more the aunt’s memory is clear and detail, the closer she become Anastasia. But as the view of the reader, the fact became not clear and rough. So we can conclude that her memory become distorted gradually.

ロシア人の老女である伯母は唯一の家族であった伯父が死んだ後、何の生き甲斐も見いだすことができず、老弱のため病院に入院していた。退院を手伝いに来た‘私’は10年前の伯母伯父の結婚式に参加し伯母と一回会ったきりだったが、その後、伯父の遺産である剥製の館で一緒に生活するようになる。‘私’は大学の生活に追われ忙しく、伯母を相手にすることは滅多にない。伯母は刺繍を施し剥製のどこかにその刺繍したものを載せるのが唯一の生き甲斐であった。刺繍品は金と赤の糸で頭文字Aを作ったものであるが、姪である‘私’すらそれが何を意味するかわからず、訊くこともせずにいる。 針仕事は毎日、一日中に行われるが、剥製の動物が生きたときと同じような姿で各々の記憶を秘めているように、伯母も今までの記憶を針の先に秘かに留めているように見える。館に訪問者たちが現われ、彼女の美しく青い目に関心を示している。伯母も彼らによって心を開き、刺繍も止め、青い目をもっと輝かすようになる。それにロシアの最後の皇女のだと思われるような思い出話をし、皆がもっと興味を持つようになる。今まで刺繍で現わしていたものは自分が誰であるべきかを確認する作業であり、それを認めてくれた人物たちによって自分を表出するきっかけを掴めたのである。外国で一人で暮す老女のアイデンティティ·クライシスは生活の最中にあり、それから逃れるために刺繍に執着を見せたのである。周りの人々に関心が寄せられた瞬間、刺繍を止め、精を出し昔話を紡ぎ出すのである。 伯母の話は筋が通っており、いくら質問されても辻褄にあう答えが返ってくる。伯母の態度も徐々に堂々としてゆき、世間からも皇女と見なされる様にまでいたる。堂々とした態度や話が深まる度に作品の中で可笑しみが増してゆく。刺繍されてたAはロシアの皇女アナスタシャの頭文字だったのである。長い歳月にわたり蓄積され、うまく磨かれた嘘話には誰もが騙され、彼女を皇女として崇めるのである。いつも輝いていた群青の目の伯母は自分の強い思いを明るい現実に変えたのである。つまり、生活の重みに耐えがたかった伯母は、行方の知れない生を送ったアナスタシャに自分の再現された記憶を託し貴婦人としての蘇生を成し遂げたのである。

In 2015, the children unable to go to elementary school will reach up to ca. 72 million, mostly in developing countries. In addition, in 2008 it was shown that around 796 million, about 17% of adults all over the world, didn’t have basic abilities (reading, writing, calculating). It was supposed that two third of them were female. EFA(2011)󰡔グローバルモニタリングレポート 2011: 隠された危機 ―武力紛争と教育―󰡕UNESCO Publishing, pp.11-13 Without the basic abilities, people are unable to be stabilized and to get a job with sufficient pay. If this vicious cycle is not broken out, man cannot emerge from poverty. Therefore, in Official Development Assistance(ODA), basic education is important. The Impotance of basic education is also specified in the second goal of Millennium Development Goals(MDGs), and Education for All(EFA) of United National Educational, Scientiffic and Cultural Oraganization(UNESCO) is also in the same vein. Furthermore, the world bank contributes to the international efforts to improve poverty in developing countries and to develop a sustainable economic society, stating Fast Track Initiative(FTI). Although the ODA for basic education is important like this, the support of Korea for basic education is not sufficient. In 2011, only 9.6 percent of Korean ODA for education was for basic education. Unlike USA or UK, in which over 70% of the support for whole education section is for basic education, in Korea the allocation for basic education is very small. To improve the situation, the basic education section of Japanese ODA which is similar to Korean ODA in respect of enforcement system, policy framework, and ODA goals for basic education has to be analyzed with the comparison between them. Based on the current state and special features achieved with the analysis, the similarity and the difference in ODA for basic education between Korea and Japan have to be studied, and the deducted implication helpful to Korean ODA for basic education has to be discussed. While Korea and Japan have the similar enforcement system, policy framework, and ODA goals for basic education, Korea doesn’t have specific strategy or technology, which reflects the possibility that Korea has brought those of Japan without sufficient consideration. In that respect, Japanese diplomatic policy related to ‘Human Security’ is the essential subject to be considered. Based on the research result, suggestions to improve Korean ODA for basic education were drawn. Foreign assistance system has to become more efficient through the integration of the divided Korean ODA system to improve Korean ODA for basic education. In addition, the financial allocation for basic education needs to be expanded, and the assistance capability to provide both hardware and software, instead of supporting only hardware, has to be achieved. For that, an institutional strategy for evaluating overall Korean ODA has to be discussed at the level of national assembly.

2015年には世界中の約7,200万人の子供が小学校に通えなくなり、そのほとんどが発展途上国に集中している。また、2008年を基準として、世界の成人人口の約17％に相当する、約7億9,600万人は基礎能力(読み、書き、計算)さえなく、そのうち3分の2は女性であると推定されている。 EFA(2011)󰡔グローバルモニタリングレポート 2011: 隠された危機 ―武力紛争と教育―󰡕UNESCO Publishing, pp.11-13 基礎能力がなければ不安定で、収入が少ない仕事しかできないため、この悪循環を断切ることができなければ、貧困からは抜け出せない。 したがって、政府開発援助(ODA)における、基礎教育は重要である。基礎教育への支援の重要性は、ミレニアム開発目標(MDGs)の第二の目標にも直接明示されており、国連教育科学文化機関(UNESCO)が提唱する万人のための教育(EFA)もこれにつながっている。世界銀行も基礎教育開発議題(Fast Track Initiative、FTI)明らかにし、途上国の貧困緩和と持続可能な経済発展を支援する国際社会の努力を後押ししている。 このように、基礎教育ODAの重要性にもかかわらず、韓国の場合、基礎教育への支援が不十分なのが実情だ。2011年、韓国の教育ODAのうち、基礎教育ODAの規模は9.6％に過ぎない。米国や英国の全体の教育分野への支援のうち、基礎教育分野への支援が70％以上であるのに比べ、韓国は基礎教育支援にほとんど比重を置いていないことが分かる。 このような実情を改善するためには、韓国のODAの推進体制と政策の枠組み、基礎教育ODAの目的に似ている日本の基礎教育ODAと比較分析し、その現状と特徴を察し、韓国と日本の基礎教育ODAの類似点と相違点を分析して、韓国の基礎教育ODAに提示する示唆点を議論する必要があると思う。 韓国は日本のODA推進体制、政策の枠組み、基礎教育の目標に似ている一方で、これに関する具体的な戦略や技術がないが、これは韓国が日本のものを、十分に検討せず、そのまま使っていた可能性を示唆している。その中心には、日本の‘人間の安全保障(Human Security)’に対する外交政策的な内容も盛り込まれているだろう。 研究結果をもとに、韓国の基礎教育ODAの改善のための争点を明らかにした。韓国の基礎教育ODAの改善のためには分節化されている韓国のODAのシステムを統合し、対外援助システムを効率化しなければならない。また、基礎教育部門の財源の割合を増大させるだけでなく、単なるハードウェア中心から脱して、ソフトウェアも一緒に提供できる援助方法を考案する必要がある。そのためには韓国のODA全体を総合的に評価する国会レベルの制度的措置を講じなければならない。

In the view that this research is the suicide which the conventional study has been overlooking, By comparing and contrast the contents of the Nihonshoki and style of representation around the Kojiki heart suicide. Also, this research analyzes the aspect of the suicide in which apeared in Kojiki. To the same time, this research reviewed that Kojiki gave any kind of meaning to these suicides, and what was that Kojiki was trying to say. A suicide through the consideration of Kojiki doesn’t have lots of examples. But, it is certain that there were a lot of pressure posed by political ideologies. Eventually, Kojiki transformed into the existing complete victory according to the logic of the royal authority. Also, by beautifying the suicide in the Kojiki, and presenting as the ideal one, we can say that it will be having the apearance of the active work. This study attempts to access the substance of the text by searching the meaning of suicide in the Kojiki. Also, pay attention to this research to the suicide which the precedent researchhas been overlooking so far, in the text aspect mainly, there is a meaning.

本論文は従来の研究が見過ごしてきた自殺に注目し、とりわけ󰡔古事記󰡕における 自殺を中心に󰡔日本書紀󰡕の記述内容や表現方式とも比較・対照を加えながら󰡔古事記󰡕 に現れた自殺のあり方を分析すると同時にこれらの自殺を通して󰡔古事記󰡕は何を語ろ うとしているのかを検討したものである。 󰡔古事記󰡕に現れた自殺の事例はそれほど多くはなかったが、これらの自殺の裏に は共通して王権の論理という政治的イデオロギーによって強いられた面があることを 明らかにした。結局、󰡔古事記󰡕は既存の伝承を王権の論理に合わせて󰡔古事記󰡕におけ る自殺を美化し、あるべき理想像として提示することによって積極的に王権の論理を 貫こうとした作品としての一面をもっていると言えよう。 本研究は󰡔古事記󰡕における自殺の意味をみきわめることでテキストの本質に近づ こうとした試みなのである。これまで見落とされてきた自殺に着眼し、主にテキスト に基づいて󰡔古事記󰡕という作品を読みなおしたところに意義があると考える。

As translation studies has been performed based on texts, the historicity and the politicity of translating activity remain unnoticed. Meanwhile, the post-colonialism ‘cultural translation’ theory considers cultural contacts and negotiations to be translation and recognizes such translating activity as a practice of political discussion. The ‘cultural translation’ theory by Bhabha who was inspired by Benjamin assuming that language is constitutive, rather than communicative, in the course of representing thoughts and reality has emerged noticeably in the translation studies by virtue of Venuti who emphasizes the ‘minoritization’ translation. This study aims to look at how the ‘cultural translation’ of Bhabha has been deployed as discursive practices and how it has been succeeded ・developed as a translation theory as well as to analyze・describe Yu Miri’s ‘The End of August’, introduced as a specific example of practices of ‘cultural translation’, from the cultural translation’s perspective. Specifically, it studies the flow of a theory so called ‘translation without translating’ represented through ‘Walter Benjamin → Homi Bhabha → Lawrence Venuti and then discusses how the hybridity of ‘the End of August’, unveiled by ‘foreginization’, is disappearing through the process of ‘domestication’ in the Korean translation of ‘The Other Side of August’.

既存の翻訳研究がテキストを中心に行われ、翻訳行為の歴史性や政治性にあまり注目していなかったのに対し、ポストコロニアル‘文化翻訳’理論は、文化間の接触と交渉を翻訳としてみなし,　このような翻訳行為を政治的言説の実践として認識する。　言語が思想と現実を表象する上で、　コミュニケーションの性格よりは構成的な性格を帯びると推定するベンヤミンの影響を受けたバーバーの‘文化翻訳’理論は、‘少数化’翻訳を強調するベヌティにより,　翻訳学内でも大きく浮上することになる。本稿は、バーバーの‘文化翻訳’理論が言説的な実践行為としてどのように展開され、翻訳理論として継承・発展していくかを考察し、‘文化翻訳’の具体的な実践として柳美里の󰡔8월の果て󰡕を紹介し、これを‘文化翻訳’の観点で分析・記述することを研究目的とする。具体的に‘ベンヤミン’→‘バーバー’→‘ベヌティ’につながるいわゆる‘翻訳不在の翻訳’理論の流れを検討し、これをもとに‘異質化’を通じ、柳美里の『8월の果て』に現れた‘雑種性’が韓国語の翻訳『8월の저편』では、‘受容化’によりどのように消えてしまうかについて議論しようとする。

The purpose of this study is to investigate characteristics of women employees depicted in the Modern Japanese biographical literatures such as Saikaku novels and Ganajosi,especially in 󰡔Miyakohujokukagami󰡕and 󰡔Sikidookagami󰡕, an encyclopedia of bawdy house. The employees of the Edo era are those who work and get paid by the owner during designated contract period, not like slaves or servants of the previous era. Thus, the relationship between the women employees and their owner is not subordinate as found in slaves and servants, which is subordinate. In other words, the time when the relationship of employment as an employer and employee is established is the Edo era. However, one of the interesting aspects of this relationship is that the ower has a private right of sanction and he or she goes unpunished by law even though the owner infringes women employees’ sexual right. As such, women employees’ life is the one as the socially disadvantaged. In spite of their social status as the underprivileged as expressed in the works, their existence is different from other women who are samurais’, farmer’s, or merchant’s wives. In a male-dominated society, those women’s existence is mainly to carry on their husband side’s family line as the ownership of properties or lands belongs to their husband, as bread earner. To sum up, it is not too much to say that the women employees’ life is the one as independent and dynamic workers, who bravely participate in economic activity for the livelihood of their family.

近世の前期の文学である西鶴の小説と仮名草子の『都風俗鑑』、遊郭の百科事典である『色道大鏡』に現れる女の奉公人について考察した。 江戸時代の奉公人は主人を決めて定まった契約期間に勤労を提供し給料をもらう勤労者で、前時代の老婢や下人といった身分的な隷属関係ではなく、雇用関係の身分であった。いわば、雇用主と雇用人という雇用の関係が定着したのは江戸時代である。 ところで、主人は奉公人に対しての私的の制裁権をもっており、主人は女の奉公人を性的に侵害しても法的に処罰を受けなかった。このように雇用人としての立場は非常に弱いものであり、社会的な弱者として生きていかねばならないのが女の奉公人の在り様であった。 しかし、彼らは男性が一家の家長として土地や不動産などの所有権をもっている男性中心社会で武士階級や富裕な農民·商人の妻が主にその家の子孫を生むために存在するのとは異なった。 つまり、女の奉公人たちは一家の生計のために堂々と経済活動に加った主体的で力動的な人生を生きた勤労者たちであったといっても過言ではないだろう。

This study focuses on the fact that key words of Tōson’s works - hometown, childhood, family and the Japanese - were not sought after in his stay in France, but showed up in ｢Childhood(幼き日)｣ published just before he went to France, and thus tries to shed a new light on the literary value of Childhood, which has been relatively unappreciated so far. ｢A Letter to a Lady(ある婦人に與ふる手紙)｣, which was written by request from a literary magazine for <women(婦人画報)>, was intended to write about women around Tōson. However, as the story went on, steadily extended to include his own childhood and became his own autobiographical story. Another interesting point is that unlike his other works, which were published after a thorough planning and investigation, this work went towards the direction not originally intended by him, leading to a change title of the book, ｢Childhood｣. However, in the process of publishing the work in a newspaper, Tōson came to make a few significant literary discoveries. First, he found out that with just ‘hometown’ and ‘childhood,’ he could write a decent story. Second, as he went back to his own childhood, he could see the significance of family whose meanings he had not recognized before. It is especially interesting that he newly discovered ‘motherhood’ which had previously been just a metaphor of disbelief to him. Lastly, it is noteworthy that Tōson had to deal with the Japanese traditions such as Japanese religions when he was and is known for his pursuit of scientific and objective facts in his works. It is certain that new literary discoveries in ｢Childhood｣ was the foreground where his various foreign experiences were combined with his experiences after returning to Japan, which resulted in a wide range of other works.

本稿は帰国後、藤村文学のキーワードの‘故郷’、‘幼い頃’、‘家族’そして‘日本的なもの’がフランス時代から新たに模索されたものではなく渡佛直前に発表した｢幼き日｣にすでに見えていることに注目して、今まで文学的に認められなかった｢幼き日｣の価値を再評価しようとした。 <婦人画報>の依頼から‘女性の話’を書こうと始まった｢ある婦人に與ふる手紙｣は連載が重なるにつれ、だんだん自分の話に拡大されさらには幼い時代の自体に興味ができるようになり、結局自伝的な話になってしまった。また藤村の場合、作品を緻密な企画や調査過程を通じて出版したが、この作品は途中｢幼き日｣と標題まで変更されるなど意図しない方向に流れて行ったことだった。 しかし、｢幼き日｣の連載の過程から藤村はいくつかの大事な文学的発見をすることが出来た。第一、‘故郷’と‘幼い時代’だけでも様々な話ができるという可能性を見たことであり、第二、思い出をさかのぼりながらそれはついぞ見られなかった家族を発見したことだった。特に不信のメタファーに存在した‘母’を新たに発見したのは興味深い部分だった。終りに、科学的かつ客観的な事実を追求してきた藤村だったが幼い時代の楽しい思い出の中で深山の生活の一部だった伝統信仰や祭りなど最も日本的なものが自然に登場したのも注目すべき事実だった。 ｢幼き日｣からの文学的な発見はその後、外国生活の様々な経験と融合して研磨されて帰国後、以前よりもっと多様かつ幅広いジャンルで数多くの作品を書くことができた基盤になったのは争えない事実であろう。

As an advertising literature, “Pure Story, the Melody of Pine Tree” follows the typical style of Syunsui Ninjobon. Nonetheless, at the same time, it has unusual aspects in that a beauty who is the traditional stereotype of an ideal woman-a wise mother, good wife-often appears in the work and it did not release a sequel. These extraordinary characteristics are attributed to the fact that the book was written based on a true story to promote the main character modeled after a historical figure. Therefore, most of music, characters and backgrounds in the work were employed for the purpose of advertising. Especially, it is notable that Itchu Busi, instead of Kiyomoto Busi, was used as background music for the sake of advertising the book and the main character, even though the latter was more popular and frequently used in Syunsui Ninjobon.

『清談松の調』は、春水人情本の典型的な特徴を持つと同時に、しばしば良妻賢母型の美人が登場し、続編の話がないなど、春水人情本としては異質的な特徴も合わせ持つ作品である。これは、『松の調』が実存人物である調松を宣伝するために企画された作品であったためである。したがって、作品に登場する音楽や人物、空間的背景なども、それが使われている理由が、宣伝にある場合が多い。特に背景音楽においては、実存人物である調松の好みに合わせるために、春水がよく使っていた当時のはやりである清元節ではなく、一仲節が使われていることも注目すべきところである。

This study is a perspective on the lyricism expressed in the haiku of Kobayashi Issa who is a representative in the late haiku period of Edo based on the Haiku reciting about “butterfly”.In fact, poetic words are expanded in the meanings or implications on the basis of the traditionalism of Japanese poetry. Accordingly Issa’s haiku is also beeing studied the same way. However, in this paper, the lyric elements those are noticeably expressed in Issa’s haiku, “butterfly” has been examined over the symbolism on “butterfly” from the existing classic poetry based on the conventional elements. As a result, ‘humour’ and ‘compassion for the weak’ which are already well-known characteristics of Issa Haiku were expressed very well in the ‘butterfly’ haiku too. In addition, his several works were discovered on which “distinctive expression on colors” reflecting the lifestyle well in those days and “the image of living together” were drawn very well. It is revealed that these characteristics are very unique because they are very difficult to be found from the previous period of haikus and even contemporary haikus and therefore they are the elements shown solely and distinctively on Issa’s haikus. Furthermore, these kinds of expression are key elements that help understand lyricism of Issa’s haikus and characterize them. And, through the “butterfly” the modern-people-friendly lyricism revealing the element of “Humanism” via haiku was well implemented. Moreover, this kind of lyric expression is a powerful expression of sensitivity that may not be discovered from the works of the masters of Haiku like Matsuo Basho, Yosa Buson in Edo period. And, even if it is appreciated or translated with the sensitivity of modern lyric poetry, it is never awkward. So, he is a lyricist who foresaw modern sensitivity and put it in practice.

本稿では、主観性の強い小林一茶の俳句における詩的な叙情性を｢蝶｣を詩語(季語)とする俳句(発句)の作品を検討し、その意味をより明確に追究しようとしたものである。特に伝統的な詩語の一つである｢蝶｣の象徴性は一茶文學の強い主観性と交わって17音節のリズムの中で、様々な叙情性を表出していることに注目した。つまり、詩語(季語)の象徴性による伝統性を失わないながらも詩的な自我と現実的な自我の一致をもって感動的な叙情詩に引き上げているからである。 なお、中国から始まった｢莊周の斎物論｣と関連して一茶の場合、春を中心語(季語)とする‘蝶’俳句からはほとんど見つけることができなかったという点である。 特に、本研究で論じた｢蝶｣に注目した理由は、一茶俳句の普遍的な特徴を巧く生かしながらも、江戸時代の状況をよく読み取ることができる要素を｢蝶｣俳句をとおして効果的に表現できたからである。

This paper is a research on the “作为……来说” in Chinese and the “としては” in Japanese, examining the condition in which the both parties will show a real subject of sentence and the correspondence of “作为……来说” and “としては” when they show a real subject of sentence. As a result, we clear the following facts. In Chinese, ”作为……来说” only cooccur with the meaning of “duty・ability・desire・reason”, and the scope is relatively narrow. On the other hand, in Japanese, “としては” can cooccur with the meaning of “duty・ability・desire・position of subject・confirmation・description”, and etc. So the scope of “としては” is relatively wider than that of “作为……来说”. Particularly, when the showing a real subject of sentence, “作为…来说” can not correspond to the “としては” if it doesn’t marinate with a supplementary condition like the “是…”([…ノダ]).