Earticle

Japanese academia needs to reorganize its academic societies due to a sharp decrease in the number of researchers. To this end, it is necessary to reorganize dispersed researchers to an appropriate size through the method of improving the operating system of the current academic society and reform of the academic world. It requires internal reform and a realignment of the entire academic world. First, it is necessary to improve the system of holding large-scale international academic conferences twice a year and publishing academic journals with a large number of papers four times a year. Due to the nature of regional studies research, this academia is a system in which unrelated research fields are gathered in one academic society. Academic conferences are held at different times by dividing them into ‘language’ and ‘culture’ according to the major field, and the method of recruiting presenters is always prepared by inviting excellent researchers to present, providing good research methods for younger students. In addition, if an international conference is co-hosted, once as a domestic conference and once as an ‘international conference’, the size of the conference can be set with even a smaller number of presenters from one country; thus, high-quality international conferences can be held. In addition to promoting exchanges, the level of academic conferences can be greatly improved. The second is to reconstruct the academic world by integrating current societies by region or by field. This is to divide the country into 5 regions or to reorganize it into an academic society based on ‘language’ and ‘literature’ according to the nature of the major. From academic societies that can bring about integration, some joint work on academic conferences and publication of academic journals in the form of an alliance can be made, and integration bylaws can be created to achieve integration in a short period of time.

日本学界は研究者数の急減で学会を再整備しなければならない。そのためには、現学会の運営体系を改善する方法と学界改革を通じて分散している研究者を適切な規模に再編成しなければならない。内部の改革と学界全体の再調整が必要なのだ。 まずは、年2回の大規模な国際学術大会を開催し、年4回の大量の論文が載った学術誌を発行する体制を改善しなければならない。本学界は地域学研究の特性上、互いに関係しない研究分野が一つの学会に集まっている体制である。学術大会を専攻領域に合わせて｢言語｣と｢文化｣に分け時期を別にして開催し、発表者募集方法も優秀な研究者に発表を依頼する招待発表を常時的に準備し、後学に良い研究方法も提供できる大会を作るのである。 また、国際学術大会を共同主催し、国内大会と｢国際大会｣を交互に開催すれば、一国の少ない発表者でも大会規模も保て、質の高い国際学術大会を開催することができ、研究者の交流増進だけでなく、学術大会のレベルも大きく引き上げることができる。 第二に、現学会の地域別統合や分野別統合を行って学界を再構成することだ。全国を最大5つ程度の地域に分け、専攻の性格に応じて｢言語｣と｢文学｣を基本とする学会に再構成するのである。統合を引き出すことができる学会から連携して学術大会と学会誌発刊業務を一部共同で作業し、統合会則を作って短い時間内に統合を成し遂げることである。 最後に、学会の改革には研究者の自覚と実践が重要である。すべての研究者は1つか2つの学会の加入にとどまり、複数の学会で役員を務めることも控えなければならない。地域別または専攻別に新しい形態の学会を再設立し、研究者が自分たちの所属する学会でのみ活動する時、学会は適正規模の学会に再誕生し、研究者の学術活動が安定を齎すであろう。

This paper focused on verbs that are difficult to distinguish as they can be replaced by single verbs and ‘tori + single verbs’ in the Korean language but are considered to be highly necessary in Japanese language education. This study examined the types of meaning expressed by the preceding verb ‘toru’. The meaning of the preceding verb ‘toru’ can be broadly divided into two: (1) to grab and move to another place, and (2) to take over. The meanings of (1) or (2) is added, which makes it clear that the meaning is more limited than when the latter verb is used alone. As for type (1), the addition of the verb ‘toru’ to the preceding clause adds the meaning “grabbing and moving to another place”. This research shows that this is limited to meanings with elements such as “move to a place”, “bring something that is not there”, and “hold something that is not in your hand”. As for type (2), the addition of the verb ‘toru’ in the preceding clause adds the meaning of “undertaking”, and with this, the compound verb ‘tori-’ becomes “carefully/politely” and “reformed according to the order/method”. It was revealed that the meaning is limited to having elements such as “formally after discussing with multiple people”.

Contrasting the Classical Japanese and Modern Korean aspectual forms that originated from existential verbs, this paper argues that there is a parallel relationship between the two languages in that both have intentionality as a factor in the choice of aspectual form. First, referring to An and Fukushima (2005) and Kim, Kyung-ae (2006), we confirm the similarity between Classical Japanese and Modern Korean as well as the difference between -ko iss- and -e iss- in Modern Korean. We go on to reveal that there are commonalities in the uses of aspectual forms in Classical Japanese and Modern Korean. One of the similarities between the two languages is that a factor in the choice of aspectual form is whether or not the relevant action or state is maintained by the subject, though the use of the two forms in Korean is not restricted by animacy or genericity. We suggest that the restrictions on animacy and genericity observed in Classical Japanese reflect the semantic difference between the existential verbs iru and aru.

This paper focuses on the characters related to the Emperor and the Imperial Family that appear in the national moral education textbooks from the first period (1904) to the fifth period (1941), covering all 30 volumes and six grades. The textbooks are considered a medium that strongly reflects the ideological and spiritual values that were sought after by the creators and the historical background of the time. Through analyzing and researching these moral education textbooks, one can gain an understanding of the historical background of the time and also interpret what ideologies and values the government wanted to instill in the people. This paper classifies characters related to the Emperor and the Imperial Family that appear in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki (Japanese mythology and history) and those from the pre-Meiji and modern into three categories and conducts research and analysis. By examining the total number of appearances and contents, this article aim to explore the roles assigned to characters related to the Emperor and the Imperial Family in the moral education textbooks. It also investigates the differences in roles among characters related to the Emperor and the Imperial Family within the same category. Furthermore, it considers how these roles are related to the political and historical backgrounds of their respective periods and analyzes what messages the government was attempting to convey to the people.

Focusing on the functionality of bilingual dictionaries as translation literature, this study confirmed the creation, diffusion and disappearance of translated terms for the concept of ‘communication’ in modern East Asian countries, especially in Japan and Korea. The above research and discussion were conducted mainly on bilingual dictionaries with English, or the guest language, as their headwords. In the future, it will be necessary to supplement these dictionaries more precisely with Korean- English, Chinese-English and Japanese-English dictionaries with headings in the host language, i.e. East Asian languages. In addition, more detailed research in various media, such as newspapers, magazines, novels and editorials, is required.

This paper describes what is need to develop Japanese pronunciation material for Korean Japanese language learners. It is rarely been Japanese pronunciation material in South Korea in the last 10 years, and many Japanese teachers have had difficulty in instructing Japanese pronunciation. Thus we carried out two researches. One is a demand survey for Japanese pronunciation education targeting at Korean university students who major Japanese language. The other is material analysis targeting at Japanese pronunciation materials published in last 10 years in South Korea and Japan. As a result, we clarified eight important points which is need to develop Japanese pronunciation material: ‘to bethink low learning motivation of Korean learners’, ‘to mind using phonetic and phonological terms’, ‘to stop boring repeat practice’, ‘to make situation which Korean learners have difficulty is caused by their pronunciation’, ‘to use dialogue but words’, ‘to be required to instruct the class by teacher but self-study’, ‘to propose feedback method’, ‘to compose simply and clearly’.

In this study, we examined the expression forms of incomplete uttertances observed in conversations of Korean and Japanese high school girl friends. The results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the overall usage rate of incomplete uttertances in the conversations was 19.4% between Korean high school girls’ conversations and 31.0% between Japanese high school girls’ conversations, indicating a higher usage rate of incomplete uttertances in Japanese conversations. Secondly, regarding the usage patterns of expression forms for incomplete uttertances, both Korean and Japanese conversations showed a higher usage rate of noun forms followed by conjunction markers. This commonality suggests that noun forms and conjunction markers are the main expression forms for incomplete uttertances in conversations of Korean and Japanese high school girl friends. However, relatively higher usage rates of adverb forms were observed in Korean conversations compared to Japanese conversations, with approximately twice as high usage rate, and Japanese conversations also exhibited a significantly higher usage rate of other forms (mainly attributive forms) compared to Korea. Overall, the usage rates of conjunction markers, case/particle markers, and other expression forms, mainly attributive forms, among the expression forms of incomplete uttertances were higher in Japanese conversations compared to Korean conversations. This implies that even when using incomplete uttertances, Japanese tend to prefer language forms that are more indefinite and incomplete compared to noun forms or adverb forms.

本研究では韓･日の女子高生の友人同士の会話における中途終了型発話の使用様相を表現形式を中心に調べた。その結果を簡単にまとめると次のようである。まず、全体会話における途中終了型発話の使用比率は、韓国の女子高生の友人同士の会話では19.4%、日本の女子高生の友人同士の会話では31.0%と、日本人の会話で途中終了型発話の使用比率が高いことが分かった。次に中途終了型発話の表現形式の使用様相を見ると、韓･日両言語ともに名詞形の使用比率が最も高く、次に接続助詞の使用比率が高く、韓･日の女子高生の友人同士の会話の中途終了型発話の主な表現形式は名詞形と接続助詞形であるという点で共通していることが分かった。しかし、相対的に韓国の女子高生の友人同士の会話では副詞形の使用比率が日本に比べ約2倍程度高く、日本の女子高生の友達同士の会話ではその他(主に連体形)の使用比率が韓国に比べ約10倍程度高いという点で違いも見られた。全体的に中途終了型発話の表現形式のうち接続助詞形、格/副助詞形、そして主に連体形が占めているその他の表現形式の使用比率が韓国の女子高生の友人同士の会話に比べ日本の女子高生の友人同士の会話で高いと言える。これは日本人が｢中途終了型発話｣を使用する時に名詞形や副詞形に比べより非断定的で不完全な言語形式を好むことを示唆する結果と言えよう。

Empress Myeongseong (1851-1895) was the mother of King Sunjong (1874-1926), the last king of Joseon.　She became the most famous queen in Korean history when she was killed by the Japanese on October 8, 1895.　Despite the situation during her reign as a queen, there are many places that have been greatly glorified just by the fact that she was killed by the Japanese. Nevertheless, so far, the evaluation of Empress Myeongseong has not been decided in Korea, and there is a mixture of positive reviews as a heroine who fought against Japan and negative reviews as the culprit who ruined the country. In modern Japan, various ghost stories, that is, stories of Empress Myeongseong appearing as ghosts, were circulated. This paper aims to examine the relationship between Empress Myeongseong and modern Japan from a slightly different angle, focusing on this ghost story. Empress Myeongseong has been repeatedly called after her death as a representative of Joseon’s barbarism. Considering that Kim Ok-kyun, a Japanese civilized man, was assassinated by Joseon’s barbarian Empress Myeongseong, Kim Ok-kyun’s ghost is likely to be described as a poor victim, but while Kim Ok-kyun’s ghost became a woman at this time, there is nothing to say about his resentment. Empress Myeongseong was also described as an evil spirit that killed a close court lady unrelated to the historical fact that she was killed by the Japanese, and later, like Kim Ok-kyun, her femininity was emphasized and talked about.

This research reconstructs how Noh & Utai circles that were born around 1900 in Colonial Taiwan tried to survive under wartime controls and regulations during the Sino-Japanese War that broke out in July 1937. Noh & Utai circles sought to find a place for themselves by rewarding the government/authority/emperor as ‘Geinoh Hokoku(芸能報国)’, which was essentially cooperation and participation in militarism. The logic that the Empire of Japan must win this war to achieve ‘On Peace in the East(東洋平和)’ was infiltrating the general public as well as the Noh actors. Meanwhile, regulations of the military and police forces made the Noh actors overwork, lose opportunities and venues to perform and difficult to train the Utai trainees; this threatened the livelihood of the Noh actors. This is an aspect of cultural power that was interweaved by wartime authority and culture which was happening in all of the colonies including Taiwan, Joseon(Korea), and Manchuria without exception. Through Taiwan’s Noh actors, the agony accumulated in economic deprivation that even surpassed the loyalty to the nation and pride as an artist can be observed. The Noh and Utai were mobilized in wartime propaganda to protect national polity in the name of ‘Janapese Spirit/Nippon Seishin(日本精神、日本精神の国粋)’.

In South Korea, the translation of Japanese classical literature has mainly been carried out by universities and academic institutions. Researchers who studied in Japan have translated works in their respective fields upon returning to Korea. Therefore, the number of translations of Japanese classical literature in Korea can be said to be proportional to the number of researchers. While translations of ancient and medieval works have made significant progress, translations of works from the early modern period are limited to a few literary works, philosophical texts, and haiku books. However, relying on researchers for the translation of Japanese classical literature in Korea poses several challenges. Firstly, as mentioned earlier, translated works tend to be biased towards specific time periods. Secondly, there is the issue of deciphering customs and vocabulary that differ from the time when classical literature was created. Annotations made by translators to accurately convey meaning to modern Koreans can sometimes hinder interpretation. Translating related phrases and wordplay commonly used in genres such as jōruri and ukiyo-zōshi into Korean without annotations is nearly impossible. In such circumstances, the popularity of haiku translations in Korea often indicates potential solutions. Translations of haiku by Korean poets who studied the form independently have gained popularity among Korean readers. Additionally, a comparison between two types of translations of "The Life of an Amorous Man" - one catering to the general public and the other a scholarly work - confirmed that dynamic equivalence aids reader comprehension.

韓国における日本の古典文学の翻訳は、主に大学などの学術機関で行われてきた。日本で修学した研究者は、帰国後専門分野の作品を翻訳した。そのため、韓国における日本の古典文学の翻訳数は研究者数に比例していると言える。古代や中世の作品の翻訳はかなり進んでいるが、近世の作品の翻訳はその量に比べ一部の文学作品と思想書、俳諧書に限って翻訳されている。 韓国における日本の古典文学の翻訳が研究者に頼っている現状には、いくつかの課題が存在している。まず、前述のように翻訳された作品は特定の時代に偏ったものになりがちである。次に、古典文学が創作された時代と異なる風習や語彙による解読の問題である。翻訳する研究者が現代の韓国人に正確な意味伝達のために施した注は、時折読解の妨げになる。特に浄瑠璃や浮世草子などでよく使われる連語や掛詞を注釈なく韓国語に翻訳することは不可能に近い。こういう状況の中で、韓国における俳諧の翻訳の人気は示唆することが多い。俳諧を独学で勉強した韓国の詩人による俳諧の翻訳書は、韓国の読者の人気を得ることができた。また『好色一代男』の大衆書と研究書の二種類の翻訳書を比較し、意訳が読者の理解に役立つことを確認した。