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The Korean Buddhism publication business had developed in order to popularize the country's Buddhism during the Japanese Colonial period. In order to understand the Korean Buddhism publication business at the times, it is necessary to illuminate the mutual relationships among the Buddhist monk, the Buddhist education, the Buddhist scripture translation, the Buddhism propagation, the Buddhism lecture place, the Buddhism sanctum, which had been the foundation of the Korean Buddhism at the times. It is also necessary to take the microscopic analyses of the Korean Buddhism publication business under the Japanese Colonial period that shows the principal members of the Korean Buddhism Publication Business, and their outputs, their effects, their financial situations, and their attitudes adapted to the times. This article, however, summarizes only the outline of the Korean Buddhism publication business due to the insufficient research records of the Korean Buddhism publication business at the times as well as the insufficient ability of this writer. The recent Korean Buddhism publication business started from the years of 1910. During the period, the Korean Buddhism publication business activity performed around the Buddhism propagation places and the magazines in order to propagate the Buddhism in the country. The serious attempt of the Korean Buddhism publication business activity started from the years of 1920. During the period, the Korean Buddhists were awakened by the Samil Independence Movement, and the Buddhists efforts focused on the identification of the Korean Buddhism. It is worthwhile to take our attentions in picking up the active person, whose name was Baek Yong-Sung, who leaded the Korean Buddhism publication business at that times. He published 20 pieces of both Buddhist scripture translations and Buddhist doctrine interpretations at the Samjang Translation Association, Daegakgyodang, and the headquarters of the Daegakgyo. Even Han Yong-Woun tried to publish the Buddhism publications through the establishment of the Bupbo-Dharma Treasure- association, but it did not result in good output. From the latter period of the years of 1920 to the former period of the years of 1930, the Korean Buddhism publication business activities attempted to popularize Zen at the Zen practice center. The Korean Buddhism publication business flourished by Ahn Jin-Ho, who was a member of the Mansang Association, and Kim Tae-Hum, who was a member of the Buddhism Sibo Magazine over the years of 1930. The Mansang Association published some dozens of Buddhism publications which were mainly translated and summarized by Ahn Jin-Ho. The Buddhism Sibo Magazine published the Buddhism Sibo. The Buddhism Sibo Magazine executed only book sale business for the other publishing company at the early times, after a while, the magazine mainly published the Buddhism Culture publications written by Kim Tae-Hum who was the president of the Buddhism Sibo Magazine. In addition to the above principal members, also the School teacher, the Haedong Buddhist Scripture Translation Center, the Kyungbuk Buddhism Association, and the Chosun Buddhism Youth Association published each own Buddhism publication for the enhancement of the Buddhism propagation as well as the Buddhism culture of the Korean Buddhist. Also each temple published its own Buddhism publication for a propaganda, a sutra teaching, and a production of a temple's bulletin. Aforementioned temples included Pyohun temple, Sangwon temple, Gowoun temple, Youjum temple, Gunbong temple, Jundeng temple, and Bongsun temple. The Korean Buddhism publication activity during the Japanese Colonial period had so biased on the enhancement of the religious faith that their publications were composed of doctrine introduction, sutra translation and interpretation due to the insufficient ability of the Buddhism publication companies. Hence, the Korean Buddhism publication activity during the Japanese Colonial period took a transitional role for the serious Buddhism Publication after 1945.

This dissertation investigates the Samjang Translation Association during the Japanese Colonial Period. The Samjang Translation Association was established by Yong-Sung Sunim who was a pioneer in the Korean Buddhism publication business at the times. This dissertation mainly focuses on the Samjang Translation Association Establishment, its permission acquisition procedure, and its signification. Especially, this dissertation reviews the establishment motives of the Samjang Translation Association, which are composed of the faith motive, the religious motive, the social motive, and the ethnic motive at that times. Also, this dissertation studies the hardship in the course of establishing Samjang Translation Association and the role of the Samjang Translation Association at that times. Finally, the dissertation researches the acquisition of the Samjang Translation Association permission time and its signification. It attempts to estimate the acquisition year of the Samjang Translation Association permission at best even if this is not a definitive task. This attempt is considered to be an important task for restoring the history, and it would be studied elaborately.

The Korean Buddhism cultivated the splendid culture in the realm of the Buddhism publication business in the past. There are, however, no publication records which are equivalent to those of the past Buddhism publications in a modern society. Especially, the Korean Buddhism publication started from inadequate circumstances after Korea's liberation day. Due to the inadequate supply equipments for the Korean Buddhism publication as well as no demand for Buddhism books resulting from the Buddhists' fortune-seeking religious customs at that time, the Korean Buddhism publication resulted in the lowest output in the years of 1940 and 1950. After Korea's liberation day, there were big changes for the Korean Buddhism realm in the years of 1940. The one was to make Christianity as a preferential religion in Korea during the U.S. Military regime period. The other was a deep conflict between the left and the right in political ideology at the times. The Korean Buddhism lost an opportunity for developing its own cultural level due to both the Korean war and the inner conflicts among the Korean Buddhism realm in the years of 1950. Throughout the years of 1960 and 1970, however, Korean Buddhism publication business have equipped with rather a stable system by replenishing and enhancing its own publication inadequacy and capacity which meet the needs of the times, respectively. With that point of view, it was the years of 1960 that formed a current shape of Buddhism publication in Korea. During the times, a researcher majored in the Buddhism study began to be appeared one after another, and there were high motivations to publish books for the Buddhism and to translate the Buddhism sutra written in Chinese letter into those in terms of Korean letter. The translation work had been proceeded with an individual level before the times. But the individual level of translation work systematized into the institutional level of translation work in the Buddhism sutra translation center of the Dongguk University during the times. The Buddhism sutra translation center of the Dongguk University has been carrying on with the expert education & cultivation mission as well as publishing its own sutra translation works. After taking into the aforementioned change, there was a variety in the realm of the Korean Buddhism publication business during the years of 1970. Many publishers were founded and attempted various schemes in the Korean Buddhism publication record at the times. The followings were special features of the Korean Buddhism publication during the years of 1970. First, both the qualitative variety and the quantitative outputs began to increase in the realm of the Korean Buddhism publication business together with the transformation of the Buddhist thought at the times. For example, an anthology on Korean priests of high virtue who marked big foot prints on Korean history was published, and we can find out the efforts that tried to redeem their own identity. Second, there was a publication of professional book that includes the profound analysis of the Buddhism study. This publication work contributed in the research development of the Buddhism study. Finally, there were frequent publications of the general books that would increase the understandings of the Buddhism for the public. We can find out that the recent Korean Buddhism has taken a main role that can suggest our spiritual guide departing from the simple fortune-seeking religious mind attitude. This accomplishment can be attributed to the Buddhism publications of the years of 1970.

This treatise will attempt to seek the direction that Buddhist publication should take by analyzing and searching for national Buddhist publication of the "golden period", from 1980 to 2000. As we can see Koryo Tripitaka, Koryo Kyojang, and Gikjisimcheyojeol, Buddhist society's recognition of publication was ahead of any other regions traditionally. Despite this, Buddhist publication became rare as people believed in Zen Buddhism which emphasizes a Buddhist revelation since the middle years of Korea period. This happened because of the misunderstanding about Zen Buddhism's Buddhist revelation and it was the major reason why the Buddhist publication became rare. Moreover, since people paid too much attention to the Buddhist service of construction, prayer, and politics, they were careless of the Buddha -work of man of ability and publication. Therefore, in spite of the long tradition of the Buddhist publication, Buddhist publication within the nation was rather rare. For these reasons, Buddhist culture has not become the leading part of the culture of the modern world. However, from the 1980s, the inner part of the conditions of the Buddhist society changed, so people started publishing Buddhist manuals and learned books. Scholars who studied inside and outside South Korea translated foreign books into Korean ones and they also published Korean books. As people shared the modern methods of studying Buddhism, they started publishing a lot of Buddhist books. A variety of magazines and learned journals were launched and Buddhist studies were supported by public opinions and papers. As a result, the period of the Buddhist publication began in earnest. During this period of time, translations of the Sutras and popular books came out and the base of Buddhism was gradually getting wider and wider. Grounds for discussion was arranged as people requested studies from different educational systems each other. Still, there are things that need to be improved. They are as follows: 1) searching for able writers, 2) revitalizing a variety of plans and compilation, 3) securing faster and more systematic distribution and provision systems. If the problems of suggesting educational programs by running publishing college and of obtaining the key position of the joint marketing of the Buddhist publication and distribution can be solved institutionally, the renaissance of the Buddhist publication will appear again.

This dissertation introduces an important aspect of the Buddhism propagation by paperwork. The main part of the dissertation reviews the Korean Buddhism publications of the years of 1960 and 1970. The variety in the Buddhism publication featured the years of 1960. And the popularization of the Buddhism publication featured the years of 1970. This dissertation also researches several subjects in the current status and problems of the Korean Buddhism publication. Throughout the research study, it is discovered that there are some positive aspects as well as problems in the current Korean Buddhism publication business. Immediate task is to overcome the discovered problems in the Buddhism publication business. The following implementations are possible. First, it is to foster the circumstances that all Buddhists would read the Buddhism books readily in daily life. Second, the Buddhism book publishers should focus on a newly planned publication in these days. Third, it is the country-wide Buddhists' interest and support that would help the distribution and supply the Buddhism books. Success or failure of the Buddhism publication depends on both the enhancement and the maintenance of the right dharma. It is required to set up the country-wide Buddhists' support schemes that would enhance the Buddhism publication. One of the schemes would be to run a bookstore that sells Buddhism books around a sizeable temple. For enhancing the Buddhism publication, the most important work is to converge an old concept of Buddhist practice. According to an old tradition, Gankung- to read and study the Buddhism sutra- is considered to be a necessary practice that would lead to an enlightenment. In terms of a modern terminology, meaning of Gankung is to read Buddhism books. That is to say, all Buddhist should read Buddhism books in their every day living lives. It should be realized that reading Buddhism books and learning right dharma is one of orthodox practice methods. The propagation enhancement is an immediate task of Korean Buddhism. The Buddhism propagation could be accomplished successfully when the aforementioned conceptual change arises.

Most of maladjusted soldiers and officers have excessive depression due to inadequate personal relationships and anxiety that comes from anticipating their future environment. Such clients have a negative distorted view of themselves from early childhood. Thus they are always filled with the thought of oppressing themselves and attacking others. This is why they are constantly anxious and distressed. This kind of false idea clings onto oneself as a distorted sense of self and does not allow one to see the true nature of oneself. To get rid of this anxious state of mind, meditation practice has some good effects. Especially, breathing-meditation, walking-meditation, eating-meditation and so forth have significant effects on psycho-therapy. Because practice of meditation is excellent in letting us get back to the true sense of ourselves, it can change false ideas into pure mind. As it changes anxiety into stable and pure, wise and generous mind, our negative ideas turn into positive thinking, and rather than separating oneself from another and thus guarding against nonself it enables us to see another as helpful partners and thus share together. When the clients go into this stage they gradually open their hearts and turn into positive and outgoing people. As this links directly to a happier life, zen therapy which opens the closed mind can become one important therapy.

Jeju people's steady religious faithfulness contributed to the quickening of the modern Jeju Buddhism. At the critical period of the quickening of modern Jeju Buddhism, the foundation of the Kwaneum Temple was the fruit of long-cherished desire of independent Jeju Buddhism. The two centuries before the foundation of the Kwaneum Temple was called the period of Buddhism Absence, but Jeju Buddhism maintained its identity melted into folk religions despite the anti-buddhism policy of the Chosun Kindom. The foundation of the Kwanem Temple in 1908 marks the beginning of Jeju Buddhism in full swing. The foundation of the Kwaneum Temple clearly reveals the buddhistic features of Jeju people. The buddhist monk, Bong Ryeogwan, had an idea to build the temple while he was giving buddhistic service in the Haewol cave. The great buddhist priest Woon, Kim Seokyoon, also helped with the foundation of the temple. Jeju people's strong desire to develop buddhism surmounted many unexpected difficulties. When the Beobjeong Temple was founded, a large number of buddhist monks who were born in Jeju were produced, which meant the new start of Jeju Buddhism worthy of the name. The first head buddhist priest of the Kwaneum Temple, An Dowol, played a key role in developing modern Jeju Buddhism. He brought Buddhist statues and pictures of Buddha in 1910 from the Yonhwa Temple in Tongyoung City, Kyeongsang Province through the acquaintance with Kim Seukyoon. He had paved the way for the development of Jeju Buddhism and the Kwaneum Temple since 1910. The foundation of the Kwaneum Temple and Buddhist missionary activities by An Dowol and Bong Ryeogwan had a significant influence on many aspects of the Jeju society. Thanks to their efforts, the Kwaneum Temple played an important role in the development of Jeju Buddhism. Modern Jeju Buddhism came to see a new turning point through the foundation of the Kwaneum Temple. Despite the anti-Buddhism policy of the Chosun Kingdom, Jeju people's wishful desire and buddhists' religious faithfulness were melted into the foundation of the Kwaneum Temple.

It is a worthy of note that the Korean Buddhist Communities have tried to engage in resistance movement under the Japan's imperial colony, and also we need to pay attention to the trace of development of Korean Buddhist Music under such difficult conditions. Despites of this important development, the study of Buddhist Music movement in relation to the anti-Japanese resistance movement by Korean Buddhist Communities has not been developed in Korea. In this study, I would like to examine the characteristics of the Korean Buddhist Music formed and promoted during the Japan's colonial period in relation to the anti-Japanese resistance movement. Since the open port of 1897, the Korean societies have suffered a religious aspect of invasion by Japan's Buddhist Communities supported by Japan's colonial policy, and after that a second intolerable political and military invasions attacked the Korean societies. When the Japan annexed Korea in 1910, Japan's Government has employed a Buddhist policy such as "Temple Ordinance" and tried to boost the penetration of Japanese type of Buddhism into Korean Societies. But, Korean Buddhist Communities have tried to resist and fight against this colonial policy through the development of the Temple Ordinance abolition movement, Korean traditional Buddhism protection movement, and independence movement etc. Among these movements, we need to pay attention to the Buddhist Music movement based on the anti-Japanese spirit and Buddhism reform thinking. Especially, this kind of anti-Japanese movement has been developed in "myonnzin" school that is the first educational institute in Korea. This school encouraged the singing of patriotic song and contributed to the promotion of anti-Japanese song movement. Also, anti-Japanese Buddhist Music movement have been developed by Buddhist monks such as Kwon Sangro, Cho Hakuyu, Baek Yongseong, An Jinho etc. who have actively attended the anti-Japanese movement and Buddhism reform movement. They tried to promote the Buddhist Chant written by Hangul in order to resist against the Japan's imperial policy crossing the Korean alphabet. And, they tried to promote the traditional Buddhist Ritual music such as 'Hwacheong' and tried to compose and promote the three time type Buddhist Music appealing to the Korean peoples' sentiments in order to keep the succession of the traditional Korean national culture. Regarding these kinds of Korean Buddhist reform movements developed under the Japan's imperial colonial days, we can evaluate the contributions that these anti-Japanese resistance movements have led to the Korean traditional Buddhism protection movement, and also these anti-Japanese movements have closely related to the protection movement of traditional Buddhist Music. I do believe these movements have been derived from the Korean traditional spirit to respect self-determination towards the future development.

The Anti-Japanese Movement of Jeju Beobjungsa broke out at Dosoonri in Jeju on December 7 in 1918. The Anti-Japanese movement was staged by some Buddhist monks such as Kim Yeon-il, Kang Chang-gyu and Bang Dong-hwa and about 700 local folks to the purpose of recovering national sovereignty. This study sheds light on the specific characteristics on the Jeju Beobjeongsa movement by tracing not only its preparation and the process of the development for the movement but also the activities and achievements of the leading power all throughout the movement. Beobjungsa had been a staging place for Buddhist monks with Anti-Japanese awareness since it was founded in 19ll. Ever since, those monks had inculcated local folks with Anti-Japanese ideology, claimed to stand for recovering national sovereignty and induced the participation of those local people through Buddhist services for about 8years. Japan, however, tried to diminish and distort the meaning of the resistance movement into “a rabble-rousing instigated by around 300 to 400 pretended devotees”. Seeing the fact that Beobjungsa Buddhist monks induced about 700 local folks' participation for the independence movement through a careful prearranged plan, we can easily perceive the Japanese intention to diminish the meaning of this Anti-Japanese movement. The newly discovered documentary records made this study possible. This study is also based on preserved documents in National Registration Agency, words of mouth from the bereaved families, and materials in their possession.

The Buddhist education is so important that it can be a foundation for both individual practice and the development of Buddhism. This paper examined the main tasks of the Buddhist education program for Korean women in particular. Buddhist education should have a clear identification that it is based on the Buddhist world view and values. At the same time, the Buddhist education program needs to apply for the changes in the society, and meet with the needs of the Korean women while understanding their characteristics. The Buddhist education program for is to be more effective when it can utilize the diverse problems people are confronting in the family and society; it is to play a role as a life-long education as everyday life and practice are not separate, but connected each other in the organic way. There are tasks of popularization, practicalization and modernization, so that Buddhist education program are more applicable and progressing in the today's global society. Regarding these tasks, the paper pointed out the goals of the education, a variety of the contents, and the practical use of modern methods of education. Some examples which are developed by many temples and institutions of Korean Jogye Order, are also given in the paper. The paper is an attempt for the further discussion in the subject.