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The paper aims to analyze Oscar Wilde’s and Kim Dong-In’s aestheticism and their works, The Picture of Dorian Gray and Crazy Painter through Jacques Lacan’s Psychoanalytic theory of desire. Wilde is against Victorian vulgar materialism and moralism and Kim Dong-In is against Lee Kwang-Soo’s enlightenment by using the style of aestheticism. Main characters experience ‘the mirror stage’ in that they can’t percept the object as a human or subject who have personality and subjectivity. They are eager for their desire strongly in their society of restraint. In the case of The Picture of Dorian Gray, Dorian strongly desires youth and beauty. In the case of Crazy Painter, painter desires absolute beauty. However, as soon as they get ‘the object’ they desire, they are deprived and come to feel absence and lack. They also resist symbolic society by pursuing their intense and innocent desire in common. In the point of writers’ desire for pursuing absolute beauty in art, their intentions are similar. However, while Wilde divides real world and art’s world into a different one, Dong-In treats real world and art’s world as the same one. Furthermore, Wilde thinks that art’s world is not only superior to real world but also leads real world.

T. S. Eliot’s Four Quartets is the most complex poem which deals with the meditation about moment and eternity with profundity. Especially, in “Little Gidding” he overcomes the limitation of time and suggests the possibility of salvation through the experience of moment and eternity. So, the aim of this study is to explore systematically the theme of moment and eternity through the relation of the world of the time and the world of the timeless in “Little Gidding”. As Little Gidding means the symbolic place where spiritual communion can be done, it becomes a universal place, in other words, “England and nowhere” spacially and “never and always” in physical time. In this special place, the poet experiences the delicate balance of time and eternity, and realizes that this moment is the still point transcending time. With his view of time, this poem shows from destruction through purification to the eternal combination of the rose and the fire, using the fire image repeatedly. This suggests that human love(the rose) is redeemed by God’s love(the fire) and is reconciled in the fire of purification. Like this, T. S. Eliot embodies his personal experiences in the poem and tries to rediscover life’s true value and meaning from the world of desolate and meaningless time. He wants to recognize the moment which we cannot ordinarily feel. If we can understand the eternal world of the timeless through the experience of the changing world of time, we will also understand the unity of the two conflicting concepts, moment and eternity. And he believes that we will transcend all oppositions and arrive the unchanging eternal world, the still point which is a world of harmony and reconciliation.

Death or dying is an inevitable part of life and appropriate literature can help children learn about and deal with it. Sharing grief through the reading of well written stories is an important coping strategy that promotes both individual healing and a sense of connection with other struggling, suffering people. Children’s literature since the 1970s has provided a variety of sensitively written storybooks on death and dying. Newbery Medal winners such as Missing May (1992) and Out of the Dust (1997) focus on death and dying as a main theme, and The Bridge to Terabithia (1977) and Kira-Kira (2004) incorporate the issue of death as part of the plot. These four fictions describe the impact of the death of a mother, a sister, and a friend on the main characters and the painful process of their recovery from these distressing experiences. The healing properties of these novels effectively aid young readers to cope with current and potential problems related to death and dying. Therefore these quality literary works can be used for both artistic and therapeutic purposes for the young readers. Understanding and empathizing with the characters in the well written stories can provide insight for human feelings and the momentum for spiritual growth.

This study was designed to investigate language learning strategies used by foreign language learners who endeavor to understand language better or learn it faster. The study also tried to find out whether learners’ different cultural backgrounds would affect their use of learning strategies. The learners’ view of English writing was also studied. A total of 237 participants—149 Korean college students and 88 foreigners—in this study was administered questionnaires concerning the use of language learning strategies. Another group of 19 students completing the writing strategy training sessions responded to the questionaries concerning English writing. The results showed that the students used a variety of learning strategies. Some evidence of a relationship between the use of strategies and their cultural backgrounds appeared. The findings of the study also indicate that the strategy training influenced the change of learners view on English writing. The findings in this study will advance our understanding of strategies used by language learners with different cultural backgrounds. Instructional implications and further research for constructing a model of language learning strategies are suggested.

The natural philosophes of the Age of Reason had ever mounted severe iconoclastic attacks on the Bible and Christianity, but their influence was limited in England. Tom Paine, however, came up with a convincing argument against the Bible, denouncing the central Christian doctrine of the Atonement as an anomaly to sanctify human sacrifice. He also rejected Resurrection, Jesus’s miracles, and his immaculate conception by Mary. After his grand objection, Blake was left with only shreds of the Bible littered around him. To regain these shreds and revitalize them into intact Christian Mythus was the subject of his later prophetic poems. It was forgiveness that served as a keystone in his brave enterprise. This paper is an attempt to shed light on the meaning of forgiveness from this perspective. So it will elucidate how Blake turned to the idea of forgiveness around 1800 and in what way it lived up to his expectation. The act of forgiveness is an intra- psychic process that implies the subduing of the accusing, selfish spectre. In the final analysis, it is almost one and the same thing with self-annihilation the poet incessantly stressed in his later years. It also underlies friendship and brotherhood. In this respect, forgiveness of sin was the most effective concept to fight the deists’ criticism on the vindictive God.

This thesis examines his understanding on the diversity of representation focusing on Julian Barnes’ work Talking It Over. This work suggests representation’s relativity. Although the three protagonists in Talking It Over are involved in the same event, their respective stories about the event are different from each other. In addition, they do not talk to each other even in the situation when they have to and unlike the original title, the characters tell their stories, not to each other, but to readers. Like this, the fact that there are various stories as to the same event is because their stories are based on their distinctive memories, point of view and interpretations etc. Barnes shows that there can be errors when represented even it’s the past directly seen and experienced rather than memory. Moreover, among these characters, he sets up Gillian’s occupation as a restorer where he suggests incompleteness of past representation through restorer’s occupation. Furthermore, the character Oliver reads Shostakovich’s memoir. Shostakovich is said to record only what he has seen. At the same time, he says that in Russia there’s a proverb saying “People lie as if they have seen.” This proverb implies this novel’s theme. That is, although people are known to say only what they have seen, this is only in effort and lies are always contained as one’s interpretation and ego are intervened within one’s words. In the end, representation of the past cannot but be expressed diversely, depending on the person representing it. For this reason, past representation is not objective or absolute but relative and subjective.

A native English teacher policy has been implemented in nationally- sponsored colleges since 2008 in oder for pre-service English teachers to improve practical English proficiency and instructional skills. The purpose of this research was to explore the operation and effectiveness of native English teacher policy for nation-run English teacher training institutes. To accomplish the purpose, two specific research questions guided this research, the first research question was to investigate the effectiveness and satisfaction of native teachers’ classes, from pre-service teachers’, professors’, and administrative staff’s points of view. The second was to analyze the kinds and change of native teachers’ classes, and the evaluation of their classes. Three kinds of questionnaire were designed and administered to 615 pre-service English teachers, 17 faculty members and 13 staff members. The findings indicated that pre-service English teachers, and faculty and staff members who were in charge of the administrative part of native teachers were considerably satisfied with their native teachers in terms of their qualification, teaching competency, and methods.

This paper aims to search for Kurt Vonnegut’s outlook on modern civilization throughout his major novels. Bringing to light the problems of our society, along with the absurdity of modern culture, I look to draw out his future-oriented vision. Through his works, Vonnegut describes the lack of love that exists both in individuals and society. Furthermore, he presents several problems related to war, the environment, the gap between the rich and the poor, and the loss of values. He thinks that man has lost traditional values as well as its control over culture, thereby putting humankind into a downward spiral of destruction on an apocalyptic scale. According to Vonnegut, such a society will end up in chaos because of both the blind belief in science and technology, and the lack of love for one another. Through his works, Vonnegut tells us what we should do to overcome the crisis we now face and suggests that we should be more kindhearted, open-minded and insightful. In the end, when we have the courage to apologize for our faults and try to resolve the problems of our society, we will be able to achieve harmony, coexistence and co-prosperity, allowing civilization to fully bloom. In that sense, Vonnegut helps us realize that it is very fundamental for humans to love each other and have a vision of coexistence and co-prosperity.

This paper examines the language development of dative alternation in English, double object (DO) dative and prepositional object (PO) dative. It has been reported (cf. Gropen et al. (1989)) that children or speakers with insufficient linguistic knowledge tend to make errors in or over-generate dative alternation. Pinker (1989) took a semantics- based approach to the acquisition of argument structure proposing the broad-range rule and the narrow range verb classes. This paper takes an alternative syntax/UG-based approach to the issue at hand, arguing that the functional category Applicative plays an indispensible role in introducing a DO dative, thus attributing the use of the latter to the development of the former. We further argue that the development of the functional category Appl(icative) emerges from statistical learning of verb classes while children experience syntactic distributions of verbs in English.

This paper aimed at reexamining the meaning of American Dream by examining the novels of 1890s and 1920s: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets and The Great Gatsby. In Maggie, Crane presented the hopeless American society of the 1890s by the naturalistic and impressionistic description for the harsh reality behind the ‘gilded’ Bowery streets of New York. In the society that everybody deluded one another, all the characters in Maggie stayed unstable and apathetic, and in the sterile environment, they struggled for staying alive, and they had no concern for other lives. Their pure and real intentions of dreams were distorted as frustration of reality. Crane described this absurd reality from the disgusting and frightful representation for the American society at that era. And in The Great Gatsby Fitzgerald tried to find the ideal values of American Dream by the various aspects of American society. Though we tried to find the positive meaning of American Dream from the novel, but the process of Gatsby’s dream had absurd and negative ways for pursuing it. And the absurdities of the American society after the materialization made their lives degenerated from their ethics for hope and success. From those point of views, we might find the dual representation for the reality of American Dream in The Great Gatsby. In conclusion, the novels examined in this article presented the similar but the different ways of understanding the reality of American ideals between frustration and unheard-of hope without reality.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the unique fantastic space of Edith Nesbit’s Five Children and It. In Five Children and It, Nesbit transforms the spatial structure of the traditional fairy tales into the one where the fantastic phenomenon intrudes into the real world. Nesbit’s fantastic phenomenon has three characteristics. The first is that characters’ sense of the extraordinary is in disturbance when they are faced with the fantastic thing, Psammead. The second is the unstable attributes of Psammead’s magic. The third is chaos and restoration. The principle of the everyday life is violated. However, the normal recovers from chaos, as soon as the fantastic disappears. The unique fantastic space in Five Children and It creates humor by using contradiction and predictability. And the fantastic space of Five Children and It subverts the traditional relationship between adulthood and childhood. The distinctive spatial form makes the traditional relationship subverted, so that children are not considered as innocent beings but intellectual beings equal to adults.

A New England Girlhood differs in many respects from other autobiographies published in nineteenth century American literature. Larcom does not present, but rather conceals, the autobiographical specifics of her life in her autobiography. Traditionally, autobiography presents a unified self piecing together important moments from the writer’s life in accordance with a teleological intention, covering ruptures and cracks; this approach is especially characteristic of men’s autobiography. On the other hand, Larcom’s autobiography is a woman’s autobiography in the sense that it presents not stories of her life, but fragments and images related to it. More importantly, A New England Girlhood is a woman’s autobiography because it promotes new ideas about womanhood, which Larcom learned mainly from fellow workers at a mill factory in Lowell, Massachusetts. Adopting a new autobiographical approach through the form of gossip shared by one woman with others, she relates how she has found new ideals of womanhood and made efforts to live up to them.

The purpose of this study is to identify the effect of learner- centered Graded reading on L2 vocabulary acquisition. Language learners recognized the meanings of new words and built up vocabularies as a result of content-based graded reading. This study also shows what level of texts in the reading is needed for learner-based voluntary reading, where learners are able to get lexical acquisition little by little. To identify this purpose, it is proven that graded reading with a wide variety of books develops a bunch of sight vocabularies. In addition, Extensive Reading in terms of many repeated words in the texts explains more language ability with learners’ own critical thinking Findings also suggest that learners with less linguistic competence could have greater incidental word learning gains than those with more linguistic ability. In this study, 35 Korean college students using Graded readers participated in the experimental group, while 35 Korean college students who were taught with Intensive reading method were the control group for experimental subjects. This research implies Graded reading can have a greater effect on the vocabulary growth than Intensive reading in the course of foreign language instructions as well.

The purpose of this study is to identify some aspects of the learning motivation and academic self-efficacy between university student groups with different academic performances. The collected data are the results of the two TOEIC tests the 166 students have taken, and the questionnaires on the learning motivation and the academic self-efficacy from them. The independent variables have two factors. One is the students whose TOEIC scores have risen in the second test. The other is the students whose TOEIC scores have dropped. The dependent variables are the learning motivation and the academic self-efficacy of the students. The essential data were analyzed by way of the independent two samples test to make a comparison of the learning motivation and the academic self-efficacy between the improved grades of one group and the decreased grades of the other group. The results show that the improved grades are an effect of higher learning motivation and academic self-efficacy on the part of the students. All of the sub-categories, among the four sub-categories of the motivation show that the two groups have statistically meaningful differences. Among the three sub-categories of the academic self-efficacy, all sub-categories, except the ‘self-confidence’ show that the two groups have statistically meaningful differences.

There have been suggested many causes of the decline and demise of the BE perfect. First, language strategy to avoid ambiguity is suggested. Language is first of all an instrument of communication, so if a construction causes ambiguity, an obstacle of communication, then a way of disambiguation is sought. Second, the avoidance of heavy functional load is proposed in that language seeks for economy and to avoid a heavy functional load for a construction like the construction BE followed by a past participle, which can give expression to at least four different syntactic constructions, creating too heavy a functional load. Finally, counterfactuality proposed by McFadden and Alexiadou (205) is suggested as the catalyst for the eventual loss of BE. In the first half of ME, counterfactuals categorically required the auxiliary HAVE on the perfect. This requirement was strong enough even to override the otherwise categorical selection of BE by verbs like come, yielding their first appearances with HAVE. My data (Table I) also shows this in that only 17 cases in King James (1611) and 18 cases in Tyndale (1526) of the BE perfect appear, mainly with the verbs come and go. The final stage of the demise of the BE perfect has come with the road map of PE HAVE perfect (or HAVE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE), at least in conservative English like that of the Bible, as shown in the diachronic study of the Bible versions, is Preterit (Present) (OE), HAVE or BE PERFECT (Present) (ME, EModE), HAVE PERFECT (HAVE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE) (PE).

Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin plays an important part in the abolition of the slavery system under which many African Americans had to endure harsh conditions for their whole survivals. In this novel, Stowe mainly criticizes ruthless male characters because they continuously exploit black people. To emphasize women’s constructive roles, Stow contrasts brutal males with kind-hearted women and then deftly focuses the women’s subtle but effective alternative choices. When their views are not accepted, women conjure up several practical strategies to nullify the men’s vicious and inhumane decisions. Tom, the hero of this novel shows tenderness which can be regarded as woman’s quality. However, as the novel develops, Tom’s faith in Christianity and his love for Jesus Christ continued to expand. Mrs. Shelby, Cassy, Mrs. Bird, Rachel Halliday, and Eva represent diverse women’s voices which affect readers to participate in the abolition of the slavery system and to cooperate in the escape of black people. In this paper, I seek to connect these women’s quality with that of Cassandra who predicts the destruction of Troy. And in this vein, we can say Stowe’s role is similar to Cassandra’s in that Stowe has an insight of America without having slavery system and racial discrimination.

In The Surrendered, Chang-rae Lee shows his interest in the pain and agony of people who have survived the brutalities of the battlefield. This novel is about three people who have traumatic memories from war. June has an unforgettable memory of abandoning her younger brother, Ji-young, on the way of escaping to the South. Sylvie watched her parents and other people killed by Japanese soldiers in Manchuria. Hector participated in the Korean War as a soldier blaming himself over his father’s death and saw many soldiers killed in that war. The traumatic memories have affected their present lives and worked as a barrier to their living ordinary lives. However, through connecting the three protagonists, Ji-young and even Nicholas who is June and Hector’s son, Lee shows that the personal trauma is actually a collective trauma which the community is responsible for. Personal trauma can be recovered by the understanding of the community for the stricken individual. The fact that Hector is present at the moment of June’s death shows that June’s suffering from the traumatic memories can be understood by another survivor who has had the same experience in the community and recovered. Through their trauma, they have all in a sense surrendered themselves to the effects of a shared history and environment of war. In the end, the solution is not merely to survive but rather regain what they can of their former selves through understanding that fact both individually as well as collectively.

This paper examines Pecola’s family photography and visual images in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. Pecola’s family are the victims of the standards of the white society. Pecola is an ugly black girl who yearns for the blue eyes of a white girl but is incapable of attaining these. Her mother, Pauline escapes into the movies, dreaming of looking like Jean Harlow. And she feels happy when she is working for a rich white family. Her father, Cholly is rejected by his father and discarded by his mother. He is shamed as two white hunters shine their flashlights on his nakedness. These traumatic situations have a great influence on Pecolar’s family life and make Pecola’s family revere whiteness. In The Bluest Eye, Morrison provides visual images, such as Pecola’s house, Dick and Jane, Shirley Temple, Mary Jane, Jean Harlow, and the white baby doll, et al. These are the embodiments of racial ideology. By looking at themselves through the eyes of white culture, Pecolar’s family internalize their ideals of racial consciousness and are never able to escape them. Morrison criticizes racial violence embedded within white ideology through Pecola’s family photography based on visual images.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between memory, storytelling and women’s life in Marina Carr’s The Mai (1994). Carr, an inheritor of traditional Irish storytelling, always depicts characters who tell the stories from the past. Seven women of four generations in this play are haunted by the absence of men whom they love. They try to fill in the gaps the men have left by stories which they make up with their memories. Millie remains on stage throughout the play, and she is the only narrator to directly deliver the stories to the audience. Her stories are in order of her own perceptive importance, not of chronology. She tries to escape from the curse of Owl Lake only to find it impossible, realizing ultimately the Greek idea of “destiny and fate and little escape.”Grandma Fraochlán transmits to her daughters and granddaughters the local folklores and stories from her past, especially the memories of her beloved husband and her dead daughter Ellen. Grandma Fraochlán’s stories provide the play with the mystery and depth that it might otherwise lack. Memory and storytelling in this play becomes a psychological remedy for women characters as well as a way to search for her own identity. Carr succeeds in strengthening the liminal space where past and present coexist, and so do life and death.

It is well known that voicing features of English word-final consonants affect duration of the preceding vowels. Native speakers of English tend to produce a short vowel when it precedes a voiceless consonant, and a long vowel when it precedes a voiced consonant. Two groups of Korean students learned how to pronounce these types of words such as ‘cap’ and ‘cab’. One of the groups was trained by a native speaker of American English and the other by a Korean phonetics professor. The former repeated after the English speaker to correct their pronunciations, while the latter learned phonetic explanations about the difference of the vowel durations of these words. Then both groups practiced the words used in the experiment. After the training sessions, they recorded these words. We measured the durations of their vowels produced both before and after the training sessions. According to the acoustic analyses and statistical results, the latter teaching method was more effective than the former. Most of the words produced by the latter group had short vowels before voiceless sounds and long vowels before voiced sounds. The former group’s performance was less than that of the latter group. The acoustic results also showed that the Korean language’s phonological contrast affected their pronunciations. Especially the coda neutralization had an effect on their pronunciation of word-final stops. That is, they tend to produce unexploded stops for the word-final stops of the words used in the experiment.

An analysis is presented on the rate of inter-speaker consistency in the way multiple speakers realize prosodic events when they read the same scripts. The analysis is made on the Boston University Radio Speech Corpus (BURSC). The BURSC consists of data from five speakers (3 female and 2 male), each reading the same scripts that comprise more than 110 different sentences. The design of the corpus, thus, proves to be a useful basis on which we can measure the degree of speaker variation or speaker consistency in prosodic realization. A pair-wise comparison of inter-speaker consistency is made regarding the rendition of prosodic prominence. The results indicate that the average rate of consistency on the presence or absence of pitch accent is 79.81%. An average consistency of 72.17% is achieved for the rate of consistency for the types of the pitch accent. The finding implies that there is a constraint that is imposed on an utterance by speakers regarding prosodic prominence placement, as well as certain degree of variation between speakers in rendering prosodic prominence.

Do so anaphora and its Korean counterpart kuleh may be adjoined to VP or vP in the light verb construction (Chomsky 1995). Depictive predicates are secondary predicative adjuncts associated with a verbal projection. Depictive predicates have two varieties: object depictives (ODs) and subject depictives (SDs). Unlike ODs, SDs can be remnants within the context of do so anaphora: SDs are vP adjuncts and ODs are VP adjuncts (Kim 2011). TAs such as on Tuesday adjoin either inside or outside VP. However, the TAs must be adjoined to vP when discourse effects such as contrastiveness or intonation highlighting are given to TAs. Thus, the contrasting TAs are stranded in vP when do so anaphora undergoes VP-anaphorization. The supposed position of the ECMed nominal is the outer spec of vP. There are further paradigms which are explicable only on the assumption that an ECMed element in Korean must be in the upper clause. A sentential adverb adjoined to the matrix vP can be interposed between the ECMed element and the lower predicate, but not between a nominative subject and the lower VP. This testifies that the ECMed element occupies the matrix vP. Kuleh may replace the vP including the ECMed one. It may also replace the matrix non-ECMed VP.

In search of the optimal length of reading comprehension passages in English language tests, this paper looks at existing test specifications searching for any consensus on the text length. Test specifications or released test items were classified in terms of the purpose and target test-taker population of the tests. In analyzing the high school graduation tests in major US states in terms of the text length, number of passages and their test time, the study found that for the US secondary schools (grade 6 and above), at least an average of 500 words were designated for a passage to meet the statewide grade school standards for the English using ability. The specified length of a passage in major EAP tests including IELTS and TOEFL was seen to converge around an average of 700 words. The passage length of tests for general purposes was found to be much shorter, evidenced in a few different tests currently administered in Europe, the US and Korea. With regard to these findings, the paper further looks into some other considerations (local independence assumption of item response theory that influences the number of items per passage, power vs. speed test and readability of a text) in tailoring the length of reading passages that suits the test purpose. The uses of the findings are also discussed and a suggestion for future research is made in the last section of the paper.

Robinson Jeffers is known for singing the beauty of God and things. But if rarely, he sings the beauty of human beings, as a part of God and things. He advises us to enter our soul’s desert and look for God. Our soul’s desert has timeless peace embodying the depth of night, heaven’s heaven. Even though it was created relatively recent, human race, a microcosm, contains all things of the universe including the earth, full of God. But the night in our soul seems to diminish and it is hard to enter the desert of our soul because of the products of human ego-conscious inwardness which is the result of recent human evolution. So our passionately perceptive identity with other things in the universe diminishes and peace seems to be accomplished only through death. But still if we uncenter our minds from ourselves, unhumanize our views a little, and return to our soul’s desert in solitude and touch our soul’s diamond to the diamond of the hard beauty of God and things, detaching from negative products of our inwardness, we can find not only the beauty of God and all things, but also the beauty of human beings including peace which all things have. In the same hard beauty, we can ascertain our identity with other things again. What Jeffers does in most poems is to admire the beauty of God and things from the hardness of his own soul.

Korean students’ TOEIC listening achievement and their empathy levels were measured in order to see whether or not there exists significant correlation between them. A TOEIC listening test was taken by 80 university students who were taking a TOEIC beginning class and its score was accepted as their achievement score in English listening. Their empathy levels were extracted through the questionnaire authorized by researchers. The students were categorized into three groups: high-empathy level group, intermediate-empathy level group, and low-empathy level group. In conclusion, no significant correlations were found between the empathy levels and TOEIC listening scores of the three groups. However, raw scores of each group increased as empathy levels increased, which warrants follow-up studies.