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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the characteristics of Adam and understand the nature of a humanistic hero. Humanistic heroism differs from the conventional heroism, a heroism for the personal virtue and glory. So it is important to apprehend the results of the fall of Adam and Eve for the real nature of Adam and a humanistic hero. The fall of Adam and Eve means the loss of their obedience to God. And the banishment from the Eden is the banishment from world of original good to world of “Good lost, and Evil got.” But the fall of adam is different from the fall of Satan. Because of being deceived by Satan’s temptation, Adam is eligible for God’s grace. Through a description of Messiah, Milton shows how obedience to God is compatible with love of mankind. He also shows how a “paradise within” can be achieved through a repentance of Adam and Eve. Thus, Milton is attached to the positive attribute of human beings. And he describes a humanistic hero who achieves higher development through his human weakness and inevitable wrong choice. The humanism that Milton pursues emphasizes human dignity and advocates his free will as an important value. The greatest value of humanism overcomes the separation between God and human beings and maximizes human dignity.

This study examines the role of input frequency in the acquisition of Korean numeral classifiers in Korean preschool children, by focusing on developing comprehension ability. Previous studies have claimed that children start understanding numeral classifiers at a broader level and proceed to more specific subclasses, cross-linguistically. In this study, I tested the comprehension of 9 classifiers from different categories with children from 3 to 6. In addition, I analyzed the CHILD database to find out whether there is a substantial relation between the language input children receive and the acquisition orders of numeral classifiers. What the data indicated was that among three general classifiers, the animal classifier mali and the human classifier myeng were acquired earlier than the inanimate classifier kay. Among the tested six specific classifiers, the shape-specific classifiers cang and the functional classifiers day were acquired earlier than the shape-specific classifiers songi and calwu. Therefore, I claim that Korean children start understanding general classifiers earlier than specific classifiers, by supporting the constraint of the NCAH. I also claim that Korean children acquire specific classifiers based on the frequency of language input they receive.

Focusing on the OT-CC analysis of a case study of the phonological acquisition in English, this paper shows that B » PREC(A, B) cannot be a universal meta-constraint for the ranking of PREC constraints. According to McCarthy (2006, 2007), PREC(A. B), which requires that the violation of a faithfulness constraint B should be preceded by the violation of a faithfulness constraint A in the derivational chains, should not be ranked above a faithfulness constraint B cross-linguistically. However, this paper presents a counter-example against the universality of this ranking relation, by showing that the derived environment opacity effect in the error patterns of Child 142, which was described in Dinnsen (2008), requires that PREC(A, B) be ranked above B, which is the reverse ranking of B » PREC(A, B).

For all his respect for Milton as a poet-prophet, Blake considered him a fallen prophet who is responsible for corrupted Christianity. He reflected his criticism in early prophetic poem, Europe, which he intended to be read as a satire of Milton’s Nativity Ode. To begin with Milton shows nature to be in awe to child Jesus, while Enitharmon, Blake’s counterpart of nature, did wanton with the sun, Los. Brooding over European history, he concluded that it had been a history dominated by Enitharmon, who declares “Woman’s love is sin”, thus ushering in the age of moral chastity and sexual oppression, which in turn, Blake believed, can be traced back to the avenging God in Paradise Lost. He also repudiates Milton’s orthodox ideas of creation and fall. Nativity in the Ode brings about universal peace and the retreat of all pagan gods, while in Europe it inaugurates Armageddon since Christianity is to be corrupted into a state religion, another form of idolatry Christ came to destroy. Blake’s description of Enitharmon’s roll-call of her children is also satirizing and travestying all the exotic names of pagan gods enumerated in the last six stanzas of the Ode. Finally Milton marginalizes desires for truth and justice as impatience. Blake, however, perceived bourgeois egoism lurking in his complacent deferral of justice until the Second Coming, which, he believed, is one and the same with the Nativity. He satirizes and inverts Milton in almost all points so that Europe anticipates Milton.

So far we have analyzed palatalization in English by means of Optimality Theory with Candidate Chain(OT-CC), which is focused on the derivational history. First of all, classical Optimality Theory (OT) relates the input into the output directly, and is output-oriented and parallel one without any intermediate representation. Accordingly, it could not handle opacity, that is, counterfeeding or counterbleeding order, properly. OT-CC has well-formedness conditions of candidate chains which require faithful initiation, gradual divergency, and harmonic improvement. In addition, the opaque candidate wins against the transparent form by Precedence Constraint which sets up the violation order of faithfulness constraints. Thus, wrong candidates could be ruled out by these two devices. The case of ‘confession’ could be explained by PREC(ID[ant], MAX) ‘partiality’ by PREC(ID[ant], ID[glide]), ‘habitual’ by PREC(ID[dr], MAX) respectively. Therefore, derivational history is reflected on the candidate chains, <kənfesyon, kənfešyon, kənfešon>.

John Maxwell Coetzee(1940- ), one of the most influential writers of the Republic of South Africa, has attracted public attention in the world of English literature. The ethics of the Other that Coetzee’s novels coherently examine has something in common with the theories of Gayatri Spivak and Emmanuel Levinas. Spivak emphasizes ethical responsibility in the postcolonial discourse and constructs a comprehensive academic and practical sphere which includes imperial history and subaltern study beyond the European philosophical and literary tradition. Levinas, an ethicist who analyzed the structure of the ethical relations between the self and the Other, further focuses on how the egoistic self respects the Other and attempts to constitute ethical relations between them. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the Rhetoric of Ethical Dilemma Narrated in the Racism Space in J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace (1999). While white writers like Coetzee in South Africa are considered to be more objective concerning racial discrimination than black writers, they have collided with certain racial limitations as they are not entirely free from the cultural traditions of Europe. Furthermore, white authors’ writings like Coetzee are accused of conspiring with the white people’s segregated society concepts and their former political power. This paper deals with Disgrace that suggests the future prospect of South Africa be positive through ethical coexistence in the post-Apartheid period, when the confrontation between black and white remained unchanged and conflicts and deep wounds were still felt. To explore “re-awoken” main characters rewriting contemporary history toward a new reconciliation between white and black, this analyzes Lurie, a white professor, who is deprived of his social position due to having had a sexual intercourse with his colored female pupil, and his daughter, Lucy, who was raped by black men. Although Lurie lived apart from the reality of culture, history, and geopolitics, he challenges the old stereotype that black and white cannot coexist. This text reveals not only the violence Lurie and Lucy undergo but also the process of the exploration for “truth and reconciliation” by asking whether black and white can truly coexist and by recalling the need for ethical self-reflection for true coexistence. In the end, Lurie and Lucy are reborn as characters who rewrite the contemporary history in the post-apartheid era. In Disgrace Coetzee aims to lead his readers to reflect upon what is indispensable for a world of genuine coexistence and true reconciliation instead of simply showing them the terrible events of Lurie and Lucy’s lives.

“To make you see” is one of Joseph Conrad’s constant concerns in his writings to render the highest kind of truth to the visible world by highlighting its every aspect. In his fourth novel, Lord Jim (1900), he uses the images of animals and the colors to get across his message to the reader. Through this technique, the reader is left to form an impression of the protagonist’s exterior or interior state from which they can attempt to read the protagonist’s real motivation in his/her action. In Lord Jim, a young seaman named Jim, who serves as the chief mate on the Patna, jumps from the ship leaving behind the passengers when he confronts shipwreck. After that he is in search of some atonement in the Patusan where his past remains hidden. This story is described by Conrad’s storyteller named Marlow, who is sympathetic to Jim’s plight but discerns in him an affliction of helplessness as a human being. To show that Jim’s inner world is not easy for Marlow to understand, the images of animals such as butterflies, beetles, curs, turtles, and owls are used to symbolize the negative aspect of Jim’s nature. The colors, in particular, dark and white colors are also used to represent Marlow’s judgement of Jim’s incomprehensible inner world and action on the Patna. Here, however, the difference between black and white or darkness and light is ambiguous and they might be exchangeable in meaning. That is, Jim’s jump from the Patna is a demonstration of some obscure attribute of our nature which is not far under the surface of our mind. Therefore, Conrad reveals in Lord Jim that Jim is one of us who is not only imperfect but also the weaknesses inside that can unexpectedly emerge in an instant by using the symbol technique of the images of animals and colors.

This essay aims at studying the aspect of various types of love in Ian McEwan’s Enduring Love. The main character of the novel, Joe, is possessed by his guilt for John Logan’s death in the accident of the balloon. With this, he is leading his relationship with his girlfriend Clarissa into catastrophe because he is stalked by a young man called Jed Parry with the de Clérambault’s syndrome. Joe is getting more obsessed with Jed when Jed is driving Joe into having an unusual relationship with him and Joe is isolating himself from Clarissa by indulging himself in studying why Jed loves him. The balloon accident involves various characters and brings into an aggravated relationship between Joe and Clarissa, an unusual relationship between Joe and Jed, Mrs Logan’s misunderstanding of her husband, and the revelation of Professor Reid’s secret relationship with his student. The essay studies the formation and development, the entanglement and shift, and the cause and result, of the relationships between the characters in relation with love, selfishness and guilt. Eventually, it will make clear the meaning of genuinely enduring love through the various relationships.

This study is an attempt to envision what pedagogical implications reading postmodern, metafictive picture books can have in terms of language and literacy education. This paper discusses what characteristics postmodern picture books have and then focuses primarily on how reading postmodern, metafictive picture books can help the reader build multiliteracies by providing the reader with authority over the texts and empowering them to become capable of meaning-making through authoring their own stories. Two groups of children in two different summer camps were observed One is an elementary day camp and the other is an ESL summer camp held in the U.S. Both camps had reading sessions in which several postmodern, metafictive picture books were read and discussed. This study also looks into how linguistically and culturally different groups of children reacted differently to the postmodern picture books, and how each group was engaged in readings of postmodern picture books, considering age difference.

As far as the complement episodic predicate is concerned, there is a preference for the complement unaccusative predicate to be more salient than the unergative and transitive predicate, when the genuine subject undergoes RTO: that is, only the unaccusative and habitual unergative or transitive predicates are allowed in the embedded clause of the typical RTO construction. However such a restriction on genuine subject raising disappears in the case of non-subject raising. At this point, what is crucial is that the element in question, whether it is a genuine subject or non-subject, undergoes raising to the non-theta position of the upstairs clause, when RTO takes place. It has been newly shown that the complement indirect and direct objects can undergo RTO more freely than the complement genuine subjects. We have concluded that the peculiarities of non-subject raising are as follows. First, like the genuine subjects, the non-subjects such as initial DP on the possession-type MNC, adverbials, and indirect and direct objects can undergo raising from the complement sentence-medial position to the upstairs clause. Second, there doesn’t always arise Case alternation from nominative to accusative, when a non-subject undergoes RTO. Third, unlike the genuine subject raising, the non-subject raising is allowed even in the episodic predicate of the complement, when RTO takes place.

This study aims to reassess U. S. multiculturalism in Chang-rae Lee’s Native Speaker. The protagonist of Native Speaker, Henry Park, struggles with non-belonging to American society as an outsider ethnic minority. There could be many reasons for his struggles, but I focused on U. S. multiculturalism. The main purpose of U. S. multiculturalism was originated at an educational level to understand racial and cultural diversity groups. U. S. multiculturalism accepts diversity as long as it does not threaten the white dominant structure. For immigrants, to establish an economically and socially stable position, they must overcome language barriers. As a native informant, Henry gathers information of John Kwang, a Korean American politician. Kwang’s downfall suggests that America is still not ready for a politician with an ethnic background. Henry is frustrated with America’s white supremacist ideology. His dream to be assimilated into white society is actualized by marrying Lelia, a language therapist. Their product of love is Mitt, whose death at age seven accelerates Henry’s alienation and makes it impossible to overcome ethnic, racial, and language barriers. After his reconciliation with Lelia, Henry decides to help multiethnic children with speech difficulties. He embraces all multicultural native and non-native speakers.

The current study explores effects of frequency of Korean phoneme sequences on Korean speakers’ wordlikeness judgement of Korean nonce words. We begin by calculating type frequencies and r-phi values of onset-vowel and vowel-coda sequences found with Korean monosyllabic and disyllabic nouns. We then perform wordlikeness tests of Korean nonsense words to see to what extent these two statistics affect Korean users’ judgment of the nonwords as potential Korean words. The current results firstly show that in terms of type frequency both onset-vowel and vowel-coda sequences do not significantly differ whether they appear within monosyllabic words or within disyllabic words. The current results secondly suggest that type frequency of phoneme sequences affects Korean speakers’ judgement of wordlikeness of nonce words significantly more than r-phi values of phoneme sequences do. The implications of the current results are discussed from the broad perspective of how frequency of such linguistic entities as phoneme sequences affect language processing and representation.

This article explores the relationship between contemporary postcolonial criticism and the notion of the “literary.” I argue that postcolonial criticism is currently undergoing a crisis—the signs of which emerge in treatments and normative categorizations of postcolonial literary texts. Today, the literary dimension of postcolonial literary texts is often coerced into a highly institutionalized and codified set of norms—in part as a result of postcolonial studies’ movement from being a marginal field to occupying a central position in the humanities. In my article, I take a closer look at a number of recent works, including Gayatri Spivak’s Death of a Discipline (2003), Derek Attridge’s The Singularity of Literature (2004), and Neil Lazarus’s “The Politics of Postcolonial Modernism” (2005). One common aspect characterizing these recent works is that they all express unease about the institutionalizing effects haunting the field today, while at the same time calling for a return to the literary dimension of literary texts. However, these critical works generally tend to identify distinctly modernist/postmodernist aesthetic strategies as representative figures of the literary, while leaving out or, in some cases, even debunking other literary forms, such as realism. The potential danger inherent in such theoretical discourses is that they may possibly repeat an institutionalized formula that legitimizes an equation of certain literary strategies with certain political convictions. What is needed, I argue, is an expansion of aesthetic and political codifications in contemporary postcolonial studies: the development of a critical perspective which is broad enough to include literary strategies not necessarily corresponding to modernist/postmodernist criteria, and thus not necessarily corresponding to the dominating socio-political convictions promoted by postcolonial studies. The endeavours of such a development, I argue, should not be seen as yet another attempt to formulate another generalizing theory about the literary in all postcolonial texts, but rather be seen as a provisional investigation of the reasons underlying the current malaise of institutionalization, and hence an exploration of the ways in which the field of postcolonial studies may potentially move beyond its state of institutionalized paralysis.