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This paper ponders relations between Asia and its diasporas other than those of popular binary patterns of past Asia and present diasporas. Contemplating transnational connectivities newly enabled in the age of globalization, the paper examines the possibilities of diasporic Asians and Asian Americans’ horizontal and circular encounters, in both temporal and spatial senses, not with Asia as the supposed origin/past, but with constantly changing present Asia. Karen Tei Yamashita’s Circle K Cycles is analyzed as a text that presents such possibilities of diasporic/Asian/American writers’ imaginative encounters with Asia as its stories circle through ever changing heterogeneous locations of diasporic/Asian Americas and Asia. The economic inequalities and discrimination Japanese Brazilian dekasegi workers experience in Japan are juxtaposed with Japanese American Yamashita’s relatively comfortable and voluntary transnational experience. In the process, Yamshita succeeds in presenting heterogeneous transnational movements of different diasporic groups in the age of globalization. While some national group’s movements are not so much voluntary as the movements are governed by global economics, political decisions of nation-states, and the ideology of race, others can freely choose the transnational movements as a way of exploring new world. Despite the inequality and different experiences, the world created in Circle K Cycles presents intriguing flows and mixtures of heterogenous individuals and their cultures, allowing readers to experience imaginary multiple border crossings across Brazil, America, and Japan.

This paper explores stage monarchs’ spiritual and homosocial relations with their subjects and rivals. Focusing on Shakespeare’s The Tempest, this paper describes spiritual homosociality as one of the ways in which male Renaissance stage monarchs strengthen authority. To examine ruling power through the lens of spiritual homosociality is to reveal inherent difficulties in the humanity of rulers of a society saturated with supernatural environments. Particularly, psychological and supernatural elements of a sovereign’s emotional exchange with his subjects in a spiritually saturated realm contribute to his self-empowerment. Prospero’s spiritual and homosocial relations, the elements of spiritual homosociality in the resultant representation of politics, happen partly in a human realm stripped of divine association, and partly in a spiritually saturated realm full of occult connections. Therefore, Prospero’s attempt to be a morally influential ruler in his territory presents spiritual homosociality as a necessary quality for successful rulers in the interpersonal and institutional relations, but it also reflects Shakespeare’s theatrical representation of the extent to which early political science overlaps with political theology and the supernatural.

Any attempt to explain L2 reading comprehension entails a profound understanding of a reading process in which multiple factors interact with one another. This study investigated the structural relationships among factors affecting L2 reading comprehension development of 318 Korean EFL middle school students. Students’ L1 reading ability, L2 listening skills, L2 vocabulary knowledge, and L2 reading ability were assessed. The relative contribution of these factors to L2 reading performance was analyzed by the structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis. The study results showed that the students’ L2 vocabulary knowledge was the strongest direct predictor of their L2 reading comprehension and followed by L2 listening skills. However, L1 reading ability showed a nonsignificant relation to L2 reading comprehension, while L1 reading was positively related to L2 reading through a mediating role of L2 listening skills. These results provided empirical evidence for the effects of a threshold level of L2 proficiency on L2 reading performance. The pedagogical implications of the findings in relation to teaching EFL reading were suggested.

This paper aims to regard Sarah Waters’s Tipping the Velvet as a neo-victorian text and examine the spatial politics through the neo-victorian text, Tipping the Velvet. It tries to distinguish the neo-victorian text from the historical fiction because the neo-victorian is more than historical fiction set in the nineteenth century and is self-consciously engaged with the act of re-interpretation, re-discovery and re-vision about the Victorians. Music hall in Tipping the Velvet, is a violating space. As a male impersonator, Nancy performs on the stages of music hall with Kitty, on the Diana’s private one as her tart, and on speech one in the Victorian Park with Florence, a socialist. On the stages Nancy undergoes her subjectivation and obtains her own queer voice. From queer gestures to queer voice, queer narrative politically can undermine the norms of heterosexual society and re-vise History. Like neo-victorianism and Nancy’s body, London is a paradoxical space occupying both the centre and the margin, the inside and the outside and having the dynamic energy between poles. They are also multidimensional ones structured by the simultaneous contradictory diversity of social relations. Nancy’s body becomes a performative text through walking the streets of London.

This paper aims to analyze Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar in terms of political psychology. Political psychology has contributed to our understanding of the political behavior of both political leaders and ordinary people. This play is a political tragedy that deals with the assassination of Julius Caesar by Brutus and his party. Why did Brutus kill Julius Caesar who thinks that Brutus is his favorite? What caused Brutus to conspire with Cassius against Caesar? Was it his idealistic and moral beliefs and character or the political situation with which he was confronted? The theories of political psychology provides us with the available clue to the question. Even though he decided to kill Caesar not for the personal cause but the general good of Rome, he betrays his inner desire to be powerful. Brutus and his party intended to keep a republican form of government in Rome by getting rid of Caesar. However, they did succeed temporarily. The most decisive reasons why the conspiracy failed in the end were not only Brutus’s personality but also his mistake to cope with the political situation. When he took the role of the leader he made a decisive blunder that he permitted Antony to speak the funeral address in front of the plebeians. Since Antony has a good grasp of the attribute of commons he manipulates them into mutinying against Brutus’ party with his political rhetoric. Brutus party lost the support of the commons. As a result the political situation was reversed, so Brutus killed himself. By using concepts of political psychology I attempted to show how and why Brutus’s political behavior has been done. Both his idealistic personality and the political situation account for his political action which led to his tragedy.

This article is concerned with the so-called Direct Object Restriction (DOR) on English resultatives. The DOR claims that the resultative phrase must be predicated of the direct object. Although it explains why resultative formation is possible with unaccusatives as well as transitives, but not with unergatives, it seems to face difficulties accounting for a subtype of resultatives, leading Rappaport Hovav and Levin (2001) to conclude that the DOR is incorrect. Contra Rappaport Hovav and Levin, I have shown that the DOR is still valid as a descriptive generalization, especially with respect to canonical English resultatives. In addition, I have argued that the DOR can be subsumed under the following revised version of the theme condition originally proposed by Wechsler (1997). (i) The Compatibility Condition on Thematic DischargeA resultative phrase must discharge its thematic feature onto an argument and it can do so iff it is compatible with the proto-role features of the latter. I have also shown that some problematic data for the theme condition can be explained away by the revised version.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effecte of level- differentiated English classes on Korean 7th graders’ English achievement. In order to accomplish this, 76 7th-grade students (categorized into basic, intermediate, advanced) in one middle school, and 77 7th-grade students (taught in the mixed-ability class) in the other middle school were chosen. Scores of listening tests and mid-term and final exams, the questionnaire for students’ affective domain were used for analysis. Those test scores were analyzed with the Paired Two samples t-test. The data analysis indicated that the score change of advanced and intermediate students in level- differentiated classes was statistically significant. The average test score of the intermediate and basic group students didn’t show a meaningful decrease. Second, there was no meaningful change in the average score of listening test. Basic group students showed low affective attitude in both the level-differentiated classes and the mixed-ability classes. Therefore, more attention should be given to basic level students, in regards to motivating those students.

The late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century witnessed the rise of the Industrial Revolution as well as the birth of the consumer society. During this period, the competitive marriage market came into being alongside the consumer market. In Northanger Abbey, Austen realistically portrays the ways in which the commodity value and exchange value govern both of the markets. While criticizing the prevalent materialistic concerns in the marriage market of the period, Austen vividly shows some characters’ behaviors as consumers in the pursuit of an eligible spouse. While criticizing the tyrannical patriarch General Tilney and the mercenary and hypocritical Isabella Thorpe, she valorizes Henry Tilney’s choice of Cahterine Morland as a marriage partner only because he fully appreciates her excellent character and her internal, sterling values. Through Henry Tilney’s and Catherine Morland’s marriage, Austen posits the idea of the marriage that is based on the understanding and esteem of each other’s inherent qualities and inner characters, and thereby promotes the new values of the ideal marriage that transcends the commodity value of the market place in this period.

As many scholars have found out that identity is not fixed but flexible, the definition of masculinity has been changed in accordance with the change of time. So far white straight male Americans are the dominating figures in American culture and literatures. But there are so many different types of masculinity in the American society. So the purpose of this paper is to examine the nonmainstream masculinity, especially homosexual one, in Tony Kushner’s Angels in America. Some modern playwrights dramatize the lives of minorities each playwright knows well. Homosexual playwright Kushner portraits his gay male characters—especially Roy Cohn, Joe Pitt, and Prior Walter—as victims in white straight male American society due to the dominant point of view of the masculinity. Kushner treats the crisis of homosexual masculinity in that the homosexual male wasn’t ‘real male’. The males, who inhabit the margins, suffer the challenges of masculinity in their community and then have to look for a new masculinity. For these reasons, this work has opened new discourses about masculinity in American society.

Ernest Hemingway’s reputation of masculine style has been reconsidered since his private manuscripts were made available to scholars. His posthumous writings, especially The Garden of Eden, allude to Hemingway’s tendency toward androgyny. At that time Hemingway’s conflict of sexual identity was common to the lost generation in despair. This article shows Hemingway’s struggle to re-establish his own innate sex can be perceived through the hero’s suffering; David has trouble with Catherine who has androgynous inclination asking for triangular love affair with Marita. The more confused he is with his sexual identity, the more immersed the hero is in writing. In the process of writing David can not only recover his sexual identity, choosing Marita who considers his masculinity sincerely, but also achieve the capability Hemingway had pursued as a writer. Even though The Garden of Eden is visually formed with homoeroticism, lesbian desire and androgyny, Hemingway’s central idea aiming to build a subjective life is underlined consistently.

This article aims to examine what problems are exposed in Connie’s characterization by introducing the Bakhtinian concept, authoring hero and analyzing Connie’s character. M. M Bakhtin believes that a novelist must embody his hero because generally a hero’s performed act in the novel reenacts our acts in the real world. In the case of Connie, she redefines her sexual identity in the continuity of the dynamic interaction with others, including her husband Clifford Chatterley and his Cambridge friends, her lover Michaelis and another lover Oliver Melors. In this redefinition of her sexual identity, Connie also considers a variety of socio-economic, historical, cultural factors inherent in the industrial society, interfering her and making her free and energetic life impossible as a whole human-being. This means Connie considers her socio-economic, hierarchical situations as well as others’ opinions before she decides to live her marriage life with Mellors in a farm. Nevertheless, she rejects all or makes her rash decisions from the beginning to end without her own reflections on ‘someone else’s I’ as a Bakhtinian expression. In the Bakhtinian point of view, such a performed act is one without the multilateral consideration about ‘I-for-myself, the other-for-me, and I-for-the- other.’ This performed act of hers reduces the persuasiveness in Connie’s authoring self, and resultingly, in the sexual morality D. H. Lawrence tries to enact through his novel Lady Chatterley’s Lover.

This paper examines the long-standing issue of syntactic projection/ labeling in free relatives (FRs) of English. Pointing out some drawbacks on Chomsky’s (2013) recent labeling analysis of FRs, we suggest that labeling of FRs can be accounted for more effectively on a par with his (2013) analysis of coordinate structure. Specifically, both the morphologically simple elements that head FRs, such as what, where, when, and the morphologically complex -ever forms like whoever, serve the ambiguous role of relative head and relative operator. They thus determine the label of the resulting construction they build merging with the following FR-forming complementizer. In essence, this complementizer in FRs behaves like Conj, which as Chomsky suggests is ‘not available as a label,’ and therefore the moved element occupying its Spec position in FRs projects itself up to the resulting construction.

In Lessing’s On Cats, the narrator describes various cats who have shared the narrator’s life on an African farm and flats or houses in London. Fascinated by domesticated cats, the narrator grows to really love the grey cat, Lufus, and especially El Magnifico. However, the narration reveals that however pleasant and lovely they might be, cats are likely to be abandoned or battered by their previous owners. Even, the narrator decides to neuter and spay her cats for her own sake. With these experiences, the narrator confesses that it is very cruel to do these operations on the silent cats; moreover, she realizes that the cats can suffer bad and wrong treatment. Considering that they are scapegoats controlled by men’s sovereign power, the cats can be represented as Agamben’s bare life which has a double exception that may be killed but not sacrificed, not in the humane world nor in the divine world. There is still controversy about the narration in On Cats, but it is worthy of re-considering Lessing’s message that the narrator counters a tendency among people to destroy cats without thinking. That is, Lessing reminds us of how painful it is to kill animals in this way, and therefore points out our responsibility for the bare life in our society.

This paper aims to investigate flapping (or tapping) in General American English within a constraint-based theory. This phonological process changes /t/ and /d/ to a flap [ɾ] usually in intervocalic position, as illustrated in examples like water, lady, creator, reader, rider, get out, read it, etc. We have reviewed previous analyses of flapping and pointed out the controversial issues of syllabification/ ambisyllabicity and the scope of analysis concerning flapping occurring within a word and across word boundary. From a perspective of the framework of a constraint-based theory, we could analyze General American English flapping within words and across word boundary in a unified way. In doing so, we proposed four constraints and their hierarchy—*[+ap]t(h)/d[+syl, -str], *[+ap]t/ɾ[+syl, +str], *(...[+ap, +FIC] t(h)/d#[+syl]...)U >> IDENT-IO[son/asp], which reflect some factors such as stress and phonological utterance and exclude syllable boundary.

This study shows the process that Ántonia in My Ántonia has overcome the discrimination and traumas as a non-mainstream immigrant with her own life consciousness since she immigrated in the sterile Nebraska. Cather suggests that trying to live a life without killing oneself in the face of overwhelming odds be Ántonia’s own life vision. Ántonia respects all the lives around her and acts up to her strong belief while most regressive men including Jim are obsessive about a sense of loss and feeling of deficiency and make light of lives at large. Besides Ántonia, unlike them, surmounts lots of difficulties in the bleak land and becomes an Earth Mother achieving harmony with nature and acquiring sincere vitality on the land. The vitality that she supports is tolerant and communal so she ultimately makes Jim who still moves here and there on business in his country experience catharsis by threatening his equilibrium with a large family of children playing in the new world. Eventually as Ántonia has an inner vital power despite the vast challenges including giving birth to an illegitimate child, she changes Jim’s class consciousness through her own life consciousness and is contributing to the progress of life consciousness as a source of life supply.

The aim of this paper is to search for the effectual meaning about the trace of life in ‘Alone’ by inquiring through Qu Yuan and Santiago as a Fisherman Image. It is very meaningful for two characters, Qu Yuan and Santiago, to try to embody a self-narration for their own ideal. Qu Yuan and Santiago tried to work out a code of personal conduct they could live by. Their true value about life of ‘Alone’ is reflected in Qu Yuan’s The Epigram of Fisherman (BC 343-BC 289) and Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea (1952). Although two works are alienated much far from each other in time and space, their echo that the ‘Alone’ has endowed us with may be the same concept that rises above time and space. Whether Qu Yuan’s ‘Alone’ is his self-enjoyment or not, and Santiago’s ‘Alone’ is his self-fulfillment or not, their actions instruct us to strive for the embodiment of a self-narration, that is, accomplishment of our dream. The result is that the ‘Alone’ through Qu Yuan and Santiago as a Fisherman Image not only realizes how to deal with our surroundings but also provides mental domain and property, effectually and valuably, for those who suffer from the embodiment of a self-narration.

This thesis aims to explore Ralph Waldo Emerson’s notion of science through ‘American Scholar’ as a Poet-Scientist. 19th century had not witnessed yet the distinct separation between science and the humanities. Romantic poets believed science could be an efficient tool to help poets approach the fundamental principles of the world and understand God’s design by discovering natural facts. Under the influence of Romantic science, Emerson tried to find a way to integrate ‘two cultures’, science and the humanities. He was inspired by the visual image of wholeness in Natural History Museum in Paris. He suggested classification was the basic and foremost steps for scientific recognition of the world, but thought it was insufficient to achieve integrated insights and needed to be complemented by poets’ power of imagination to penetrate the essence of things. Poets can find relationships and similarities hidden in natural objects by using metaphor, but they are also required to be assisted by scientific accuracy. Therefore, the Poet-Scientist is Emerson’s ideal exemplar of a scholar. Emerson hoped American Scholar to be an integrated intellectual to discover a principle for wholeness and oneness. His view of science deserves to be shedded new light as an early attempt for consilience.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of reading instruction using decodable books for elementary school students who have limited English reading abilities. Twenty-seven students from four regional elementary schools were selected and taught by nine university students who were trained of teaching early reading by the researcher. These university students taught elementary students for 12 weeks, two hours a week and through 20 minute phone lessons five days a week. Eight decodable books which include rhymes were selected and lesson plans which emphasized onset and rhyme awareness were made. Among 27 students, data from nine students, three 4th graders, three 5th graders, and three 6th graders, were analyzed. The results suggested that decodable books with repeated decodable words and with pre- and post-reading activities enabled the students to read without much difficulty. As students developed an awareness of’ phonemic sounds and able to blend onset and rhyme, they became confident and improved their reading ability. This study suggests that remedial reading instruction for students who have reading problems be started from the 4th grade to prevent more difficulties.

Concerning the same events in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, for example, in the year of A.D. 994, different manuscripts depict them differently, and modern scholars translate them differently depending on their understanding of the OE Anglo-Saxon Chronicle using either the simple preterit tense or the preterit progressive aspect. What is interesting about the usage of the PE progressive as regards to the OE progressive is that the PE present progressive may express the idea that something shocking or irritating often happens or annoyance at a repeated action. As in the case of contrast of the Parker MS (Ã or A-Prime) and the Laud (Peterborough) MS. (E), the Parker uses the simple preterit tense fuhton “attacked” whereas the Laud (Peterborough) uses the past progressive feohtende wæron “were attacking” describing the same events. Concerning the same events, especially in the year of A.D. 994, we come to the conclusion that a scribe, for example, of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (the Parker MS. Ã or A-Prime) adopted a historic, objective style using simple preterit tense. Another scribe, for instance, of Laud (Peterborough) MS. (E) expressed his attitude of anger, shock, or annoyance toward the events, adopting subjective, emotional, expressive style using the “emotional progressive”. To the question why there is a difference between these constructions concerning the same event, the answer might be that it is the difference of the scribes’ objective or subjective attitude toward the events. In this respect, the usage of English progressive has remained the same from OE to PE. The English language has changed just the form, the outward clothes from OE -ende to PE -ing. As many scholars have observed, while the progressive has been expanding its area with increasing use of it as the English language is approaching PE, but its main functions remain the same.

Whitman’s strong emotional bond with Brooklyn as a meaningful place is explicitly revealed throughout his poetry and prose. His proclamation, “I was of old Brooklyn,” and, “I too lived, Brooklyn of ample hills was mine,” in Leaves of Grass proves this fact. As a journalist before becoming a poet, Whitman invariably emphasizes the indigenous placeness of Brooklyn in Brooklyn Daily Eagle from 1846. He recognizes Brooklyn as a “healthy place,” differentiated from New York with its “impure spots.” In Whitman’s imagination, New York, with its unhealthy places such as the notorious Five Points slum, is identified with “Gomorrah.” Due to this fact, the word New York is not sublimated into his poetry. For Whitman, New York signifies placelessness, devoid of a spirit of place and a sense of place. Unlike New York, Brooklyn as a “healthy place” plays a pivotal role in his imagination. In an editorial “An Old Brooklyn Landmark Going,” he claims that the “past history” of Brooklyn is indivisibly connected with its “locality” and its “natural surroundings.” Consequently, in his poems such as “The Centenarian Story,” Whitman steadily reminds the “present and future generations” of the placeness of Brooklyn Heights. Furthermore, in the editorials such as “City Intelligence: Brooklyn ‘Lungs’—Washington Park,” and “Fort Greene Park,” the poet has an insight into the placeness of Fort Greene. Most of all, Whitman’s leading role in the construction of Fort Greene Park is worthwhile to note because his vision for the park is far ahead of Central Park created by Frederick Law Olmsted. The meaningful places such as Brooklyn Heights and Fort Greene that Whitman recurrently highlights are the manifestations of the indigenous placeness of Brooklyn.

The imperialistic planning of mid-Victorian era skillfully appropriated ‘sexual politics.’ At that time, the British Empire idealized the women who gave up physical pleasure and were dedicated to imperialism for its own sake. Externally, the empire justified territorial expansion and economic exploitation in the name of civilization by suppressing the subjugated. Internally, on the basis of patriarchal ideology, the empire suppressed women’s subjectivity. In short, at that time, imperialism and patriarchal system were the basis of the British Empire, and therefore women came to fall a victim to them. In Jane Eyre, not only imperialism but also colonialism was a dynamic force of the main plot. As the romance of Jane and Rochester was the core of the plot, the novel seems to have nothing to do with imperialism and colonialism any more. But what puts the romance of Jane and Rochester to an ultimate success was the death of Bertha and a large fortune left to Jane by her uncle, which made Jane and Rochester equal on a economical level and a social position class. Since the fortune was presumed to come from a colony, imperialism and colonialism were the fundamentals of Jane Eyre. The literary success of Jane Eyre can be attributed to acutely demonstrating how closely imperialism is related to everyday life of the British. Bertha stands for ‘brutality’ and ‘sense of guilty’, which arise from the colonialization of the West Indies by England. In addition, the psychological viewpoints of ‘conquest’ and ‘civilization,’ which were two pivotal parts of colonialization, were vividly represented by male characters in Jane Eyre. Also, Brontë sharply criticized the repressive attitudes of colonialists. Jane’s feminist desire points out the combination of the imperial planning with gender ideology. As we saw in the relationship between Jane and St. John, Jane completely rejected the role as an assistant of a missionary required by the imperialism. Therefore, the suppression that Jane felt in the relationship between sexes/genders was projected on to women of other ethnicities. Especially, Jane’s desire, fear, and anger were the same as those of Bertha. Brontë indicated the problems of the imperialism by illustrating discrimination against women and suppression of women. But she did not criticize the intrinsic problems of the imperialism. Instead, Brontë/ Jane did expose her potential desire for the imperialism. Although Jane’s desire for the imperialism was limited in a small society of family, she never gave up her desire for it. As we all know, Jane’s individual achievement desire is closely associated to an expansionist policy of the imperialism. But it is not easy to predicate that Brontë/Jane is imperialistic on the grounds: Bertha was eliminated from the plot of Jane Eyre, and the civilization of St. John internalized the imperialism. Namely, although Brontë/Jane’s feminist desire appropriates the imperialist discourses, she creates a crack in the imperialist discourses by rejecting the image of women required by patriarchal ideology of Victorian era. In conclusion, when we pay attention to the points of intersection between ‘imperialism’ and ‘feminism,’ it is likely to be easier for us to grasp the subversive forces and their meanings of individual feminism in Jane Eyre.

John Steinbeck’s Sweet Thursday is remarkably ambivalent in terms of the theme and the artistry. And also Carl Jung’s psychology has so many dualistic concepts—persona and collective, conscious and unconscious, hero and shadow, anima and animus, neurosis and psychosis. Based on this relationship between psychology and literature, this paper tries a new research which scholars have covered: to introduce the concept of ambivalence, meaning ambivalent dualism as a human psychological attribute; observe the core theory of Carl Jung’s psychology; illuminate the appearances of ambivalence of Sweet Thursday roughly in order of the plot; and criticize the textual evidences of ambivalence on the basis of an analytical psychology. Lastly, this paper wishes to be a catalyst for answering the question of what a human being.

This study aims to investigate structural and functional distributions of English key clusters used in the biomedical academic journals written by English native scholars and Korean scholars through a quantitative method used in corpus linguistics. We focused on key clusters in order to find more genre specific lexical bundles than common lexical bundles shared with a general corpus. In order to explore the distributions of the key clusters used by English native scholars and Korean scholars, we conducted the structural and functional classification by using Wordsmith tools 6.0. We also used the Chi-square test to find out whether or not there are any significant differences between grammatical structures and discourse functions of key clusters. In addition, we visualized residuals of the statistical results by using an R program. The results showed that the proportions of structures between English native scholars and Korean scholars showed no statistical differences. However, Korean scientists used more reference key clusters and less stance key clusters.

The purpose of this study is to examine the distributional patterns of relative pronouns and identify the pragmatic factors that affect the choice of a particular type of relative pronoun in discourse. To find out the pragmatic factors that characterize the use of relative pronouns, we examined overall types of relative pronouns employed in discourse on a corpus-based analysis, and investigated the combinational patterns of relative clauses in written and spoken discourse. The findings from the data analysis showed that relative pronouns, as an ‘accessibility marker’, can be a parameter in combining with a particular type of relative clause in discourse as follows: 1) ‘salience’ function: zero < that < which < who < whom; 2) ‘unification’ function: zero > that > which or who > whom. Consequently, we claim that the choice of an antecedent-relative pronoun combination is determined by the pragmatic factors such as ‘salience’ and ‘unification’, which contribute to the facilitation of language processing and production.

The Bloody Chamber and Other Stories reflects Carter’s questioning of the social fictions that shape the reality of women and challenges various myths of feminity through the creative and critical process of rewriting. The title story recasts “The Bloody Chamber,” which opens the collection, is based on the macabre story of “Bluebeard” and uses Perrault‘s classic version as its main intertextual source. Though it follows the same character and setting that raise issues of sexual awakening and depravity of an innocent virgin, Carter boldly combines fairy tale with pornography to explore the relationship between eroticism and power. In this paper, by comparing “Bluebeard” with “The Bloody Chamber” focusing on Bakhtins’ carnival world and grotesque body, I analyze how patriarchal ideology changed and deconstructed itself. Moreover, through crossing over the boundary of the fairy tale, the storytelling of Carter, which transcends time and space, is produced continuously as an narration of the uncanny and provocative. In “The Bloody Chamber” filled with pornographic eroticism and grotesque sexual desire, Carter reverses the traditional roles of female victim and male victimizer. To show this, Carter adapts the setting of “The Bloody Chamber” to carnival world where the dominant authority of men and strict hierarchy of class are subverted and taboo is destroyed. Therefore, “The Bloody Chamber” de-naturalizes the borders between masculine violence and female subjectivity by mixing, parodying and subverting their conventions, codes and modes of address written during the heated debate over pornography in the late 1970’s.

The present study aims to create a word list to meet the needs of college students who need to understand English textbooks and develop practical knowledge in the area of airline cabin crew service (ACCS). A corpus of eleven cabin crew manuals was compiled (totaling 349,789 running words) to find the lexical coverage of the ACCS word list in the corpus and the high-frequency words that the list consists of. The word list was created according to three principles: specialized occurrence, range, and frequency. The results reveal that the General Service List (GSL) covers 58.16%, the Academic Word List (AWL) covers 18.47%, and the ACCS list covers 18.37% of the words in the corpus. The ACCS list includes 553 of the most frequent word families outside the GSL and AWL. The result from the small-scale reliability test of the ACCS coverage shows that the ACCS word list may serve as reference for a prospective English course in the field. Moreover, a comparison of the high-frequency word list with those of different disciplines showed significant differences among the lists. Although the size of the corpus is relatively small, the finding indicates that specialized vocabulary for the ACCS list is tied to the particular knowledge and the specific word list may be beneficial for ESP college students in the ACCS area. The study suggests that the ACCS word list may be a potential tool for incorporating vocabulary learning into a curriculum for learners and teachers.

This quasi-experimental study examined the effects of two types of input modification, visual input enhancement (VIE) and lexical elaboration (LE), on 130 Korean high school students’ incidental vocabulary learning through reading. The participants of this study were assigned into three treatments (VIE, LE, VIE+LE) and a control and they experienced 20 target words across three reading passages. The extent of the student participants’ incidental vocabulary learning was measured via a form recognition test and a meaning recognition test. The results showed that VIE had a statistically significant positive effect on the students’ performance on the form recognition test. It was also found that the combination of VIE plus LE had a significant immediate effect on their performance on the meaning recognition test. Such an effect, however, was observed only among the upper-level students, and did not last over three days. Pedagogical implications as well as more detailed findings are presented.

This paper is designed to make Zen approach to Shakespeare’s King Lear, illuminating how Lear eventually arrives at his true self and experiences the undifferentiated sameness of ultimate reality. For this purpose the paper makes a brief survey of relevance between Zen and Shakespeare, and discloses his Zen perspective with focus on the selected four scenes of Kong-an in the play. The first Kong-an is Cordelia’s answer “Nothing” in the opening scene. Her “nothing”, at beginning and end, cricumscribes emptiness at the center of Lear’s world. The essential quality of nothing is the target center of Lear’s true eyesight. The second Kong-an is Fool’s answer “Lear’s shadow.” Like Zen masters, the Fool and Cordelia bring Lear to his awareness of nothing which enables Lear to find himself. The third Kong-an is Lear’s “unaccommodated man.” The “unaccommodated man” is the son of nothing who discards ego-self to become “the thing itself”, and speaks with the voice of reality. The last one is Lear’s cry “Look there, look there!” in the last scene. As Lear eventually immerses himself in the mute yet living nothing, his sovereign, “donative attitude of the opening scene is completely changed into the altruistic attitude with which he now gives full attention to another, even losing himself in Cordelia.

Summary writing in reading classes has been used as a post-reading activity in that L2 learners can write from and about written texts. The purpose of the study was to investigate how much summary writing influenced word learning, including both familiar and unfamiliar ones, and reading comprehension. To complete the study, 34 college students who were taking a reading comprehension course had been asked to submit ten summary writings, as an assignment, after completing each unit for 15 weeks. In class, some reading strategies, especially recognizing and using text structure, were focused on for the students to be a strategic reader. The results of the study showed summary writing had a significant effect on recognition of familiar and unfamiliar words and reading comprehension, but not on final exam. Summary writing caused them to activate and use words and structures, not only the ones which have been exposed but also never exposed to them. The study suggests an intriguing possibility that attempts to write in L2 have positive effects on key components contributing to L2 reading comprehension regardless of how well writing is.