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This paper aims at examining the biographical facts of Shakespeare to understand his personality. This study mainly focuses on the documents about Shakespeare, but they may be insufficient for this research because there rarely remain the formal materials about him. However, we can get them from four sources of information: his works, the comments, tradition and gossip, and documentary records. Through those materials, we can guess that Shakespeare was a kind, gentle, and sociable man. Though Robert Greene attacked Shakespeare indirectly in his article, none of his contemporaries except Greene spoke ill of him. He behaved himself and had a touch of humanity in his words and behavior. The contemporaries who knew him complimented him using the word “gentle.” Apart from his kind nature, he had a rational and practical attitude. While he worked as a dramatist in London, he did not live a dissipated life. On the contrary, he managed his property and increased it successfully. As a result, he became the owner of a mansion, The New Place, and a rich man possessing the large farmland at Stratford-upon-Avon. On this ground, Shakespeare seems to have been a kind, ‘gentle,’ and sociable person, and besides a man of complex personality with a rational and practical attitude.

Although the so-called urbane classical formalism of T. S. Eliot was continued and more developed as an abstract formalism of the New Critics, they were not originated from the same idea. While the New Critics gave emphasis on the individual formal elements and poetic structure itself, Eliot had in mind not so much particular formal qualities as something close to the notion of a genre. He thought of this as “a system of conventions,” which is to be construed as an aesthetic limitation or circle beyond which an artist should not trespass. Eliot kept this notion quintessentially in his poetry and criticism. Accordingly, he criticized the English drama for its unlimited realism and lack of a convention, and insisted “a conventional scheme,” or “form to arrest” not to make it expand and end in the desert of futile realism. He also severely rebuked Matthew Arnold and his neo-Humanist followers for contending that poetry is at bottom a criticism of life and the best poetry supersedes both religion and philosophy. Eliot thought they had confused literary criticism with something else, because, for him, everything in this world or next has a convention of its own.

This essay mainly examines the meanings of ethics and law as well as possibility of happiness and redemption in Herman Melville’s “Bartleby, the Scrivener” and Franz Kafka’s “Before the Law.” This paper, to begin with, explores various venues of previous studies on “Bartleby, the Scrivener” to critically review debates on Bartleby’s quizzical rhetoric and legal, political, philosophical, and ethical potentiality. These debates, reverberating with its contemporaneity mediated by the current global politics and ethico-ontological inquiries, includes Gilles Deleuze’s ground-breaking thoughts on Bartleby’s formula—I would prefer not to—and its political implication, Giorgio Agamben’s philosophical illumination of the ethics and ontology Bartleby incarnates, Jacques Ranciere’s political critique on Deleuze’s interpretation, etc. After taking on exploration of these debates, the paper in turn moves to interpretations of the meaning of law and the lawyer’s ethical dilemma, paralleled with a country man’s dilemma before the door to the law in Franz Kafka’s “Before the Law.” This paralleled reading purports to delineate a possible zone of ethics and zone of inoperativity where dialectics of law and state of exception and actualization of inhumanity halts. In this potentiality of impotentiality, this paper argues, Bartleby’s and readers’ happiness and redemption might potentially occur.

This study investigates the effects of an instructional approach consolidating writing and presentation lessons on English writing skills. The approach aimed to assist students at all stages of the writing process, including brainstorming, the revision of 5-paragraph essays, and essay conversion to scripts for formal presentations, along with improving the 4 language skills. Over 15 days, 55 college students repeated the instruction twice. Analysis confirmed that student writing scores improved on post-writing tests by 8.75 points out of 30, which was statistically significant (t=-11.40, p<0.05). Independent t-test analysis also confirmed that the improvement in writing tests scores of participants in the study was higher than that of previous students who took the course without the presentation component(t=-2.694, p<0.01). Further exploring this instructional approach, 17 students with better results in the post-writing test were chosen. These students’ writings highlighted the effectiveness of this approach in teaching about format, composition, and the use of transitional expressions. These students also gave a positive assessment of the approach, and reported that communication with others enhanced the expression of their opinions and audience awareness. The study discusses pedagogical approaches that incorporate writing and presentation lessons to amplify learning experiences and outcomes for English learners.

This paper aims to trace Nabokov’s writing on desire and paraphilia with references to Lolita. Nabokov’s reputation was tarnished for writing about paraphilia, This paper will investigate this through Strong Opinion, Speak Memory and Lolita. The purpose of this paper is to provide a bridge between the author’s lived experience and his re-creation of the experience in his writing. We can suppose that Nabokov has a paraphilic character. We can read Lolita as a novel and assume that it expose author’s inner mind. Nabokov mentions his inner mind when he says “an American critic suggested that Lolita was the record of my love affair with the romantic novel. The substitution ‘English language’ for ‘romantic novel’ would make this elegant formula more correct” in his postscript, “On a Book Entitled Lolita”. The superficial theme of the novel is developed through Humbert’s love for Lolita, but when we delve into the novel’s deeper meaning, we discover that Lolita depicts Nabokov’s nostalgia and his desire to write in English. Nabokov thinks that a novel is a chess game with the reader using puns and word play. Lolita begins with “Lolit, light of my life, fire of my loins. My sin, my soul. Lo-lee-ta” and ends with “my Lolita.” Nabokov wants to focus on Lolita’s name pronunciation rather than to transfer Lolita’s moral contents into a social lesson. Nabokov mentioned “Lolita should make all of us ... apply ourselves with still greater vigilance and vision to the task of bring up a better generation in a safer world” in Lolita. The final section (the killing to Quilty) of the novel seems to be about redemption and purification through symbolic destruction.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the infinitive sentences, control in particular, in terms of the labeling algorithm proposed in Chomsky 2013 with slight modification. To achieve this goal, Alboiu’s (2007) argument that non-finite C has no uninterpretable phi-features to transmit to T has also been assumed in this paper. Chomsky particularly claims two strategies in labeling when SO is in the form of {XP, YP}: one is to modify SO and the other is to find prominent features that both XP and YP share. There are, however, some questions raised regarding Chomsky’s feature inheritance mechanism. Since he takes feature inheritance as copying when phase head transmits its uninterpretable features to the proxy head, the same uninterpretable features are left on the phase head as well. Applying the assumptions discussed above to control sentences, SO {DP, v*P} that we would get when the derivation reaches v*P can be labelled as PhiP, thus frozen as such since both related heads share phi-features. Although the non-finite C is merged at the next phase level, EA in the PhiP doesn’t need to be raised since non-finite C has no uninterpretable phi-features.

It is remarkable that Blake chose the genre of children’s hymn as a medium for his first ambitious work, Songs of Innocence. Why on earth did he turn to such a conventional, comparably minor genre, though it enjoyed enormous publications and popularity among the polite class? This paper is an attempt to answer this question, and in the course of its argument it was finally revealed that Songs was intended as an implicit, if forcible, criticism of the conventional hymns that were intent on imposing fierce puritanic morals on children, and that children’s verse was the very form he needed indeed since child seemed an exemplar of the visionary imagination he treasured and stressed so much. Thus Songs is a poetic expression of his views on child, its education and its characteristic imagination. Hence the independent value of Songs, that continued to be issued separately from its counterpart after its first combined edition in 1794. This view of Songs can serve to address or elucidate the most controversial issue of irony in ‘Holy Thursday’ or ‘Chimney Sweeper.’ Given Songs is a positive exaltation of childlike innocence and vision, we may well read them innocently. Songs, ironically read, might cease to be a contrary to its counterpart.

This paper examines Kang Younghill’s East Goes West from the diasporal point of view, focusing on identity quest through transition of subject’s recognition. To criticize materialism and racism in American society, the author makes use of his alter ego and other figures in accordance with his indirect strategy. According to Han Chungpa, Kang’s alter ego, George wants to be a part of American society by physical assimilation, but can enter the mainstream society due to his lack of knowledge and rational judgement. Otherwise, Kim, a man of knowledge and sensitivity, is treated as a marginal person in American society, ending up killing himself as a spiritual exile. Though he makes Han realize that America can not be an alterative of new world, he fails in his quest for Helen because of the deep rooted racism and discrimination against minority in American society. Han’s introspection through these close friends represents Kang Younghill’s deep insight and in-depth criticism of American society. As shown in East Goes West, Diaspora literature can help Americans correct ills and contradictions of the society, enriching American literature. In this respect, Kang’s East Goes West makes Korean diaspora in America realize the importance of transition of subject’s recognition and suggests the vision for both Korean diaspora and Korean diaspora literature as well.

The critical attention on Lord Jim has often focused on deconstructive reading based on ambiguity. Against the critical consent, this paper aims to show that this novel is more effective in humanistic reading than deconstructive reading by analyzing ambiguity and identifying Conrad’s moral sense. Lord Jim has three separate narratives. First, the omniscient narrator’s presentation of Jim in the first four chapters. Secondly, Marlow’s long monologue from chapter 5 through chapter 35. Thirdly, Marlow’s response to Jim’s death on Patusan with an epistle form. Because of such a narrative complex, the novel has often been accepted as the theme of deconstructive reading based on ambiguity. As I showed in this paper, there are many ambivalent attitudes in Lord Jim. But despite the indeterminacy we must pay attention to the fact that Jim attempts to take moral sense opposed to inhumanity. Finally, we can find out Conrad’s moral sense through Marlow’s self-recognition in the light of the process of moral recovery embodied in Jim.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the fantastic space in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe and to investigate its narrative strategy accordingly. The fantastic space means the relationship between the real world and the fantastic world. The real world and the fantastic world present in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe are separated, in which characters leave from their real world and pass through a passage into the fantastic world. The portrayal of the setting tends to be delicate and elaborate, because the fantastic world and the real world are kept strictly demarcated. The fantastic space of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe can affect the narrative strategy and also be a form from which ideological messages emerge. The structure of the fantastic space of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe can determines the implementation of the story elements such as setting, magic and time. In light of children’s literature, the structure of fantastic space in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe can provide literary pleasure and include some moral messages to the child readers. Through the adventure which the characters experience, the child readers could have the ability that they could deal with their realistic problems encountered in their life.

We can see the bright stars in the night. The stars are shining against the dark sky, for their shining contrasts well with the black sky. Like this we can guess the nonbeing through the being, the infinite world through the finite. Robert Frost had an insight of abstracting the invisible and infinite world through the reality. In other words, the visible things are the signs to indicate the invisible world. From this view, we can recognize that the interminable changeability of everything is the physical evidence of its infiniteness. Buddha taught his disciples about the relationship between the being and the nonbeing. In the Diamond Sutra, he said that the visible is the sign of its emptiness, even his teaching is the expression of its nothingness. Being itself is ephemeral because everything is always changing. Briefly speaking, to have a real freedom means to be free from the appearance of the visible world, for it is changing everlastingly.

This study examined graduate students’ attitudes and perceptions of multicultural education. The data of this study were 86 surveys collected from M.A. students majoring in English education at two universities located in Seoul. Findings showed that most of the participants encountered with multicultural families not only directly, but also indirectly through either mass media or their daily life. The more the participants had multicultural experiences, the more they were clearly aware of the necessity to provide multicultural education with students as well as preservice/current teachers. However, they did not have enough knowledge regarding the basic concepts of multicultural education that promote the value of cultural diversity and equal opportunity. These results indicate the necessity of offering various multicultural courses to students enrolled in the graduate school of education programs and increasing their multicultural teaching competency. Based on the results of this study, policy implications and suggestions for researchers, educators, and administrators are discussed in terms of improving multicultural teacher education programs at the graduate school of education.

In colloquial or written Present-day English (PE), especially colloquial American English, present perfect and preterit are in free variation. I have considered the relationship between the English present perfect and the preterit diachronically from PE back to Old English (OE) and from OE to PE vice versa. Based on the comparison of the English Bible versions from OE AS (995), ME Wycliffe Bible (1389), EMnE Tyndale Bible (1526), PE NIV (1979), and NLT (2013), I have come to the conclusion that PE, especially American colloquial English is returning to OE concerning the free variation of the present perfect and the preterit. I suggest two reasons why PE, especially the colloquial AmE is returning to OE. Firstly, it is because of the nature of language itself. Language itself changes or repeats itself as shown in the change of examples I discussed. Secondly, it is because of the language change of parameter- resetting. the English language has changed by parameter-resetting. This parameter-resetting repeats itself.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze existing Agree-based mechanisms such as feature checking by Chomsky (2001) and feature sharing by P&T (2004, 2007) and to find out the solutions about the anaphoric dependencies, which have long been regarded as a study on semantic, not syntax. As known in (1), anaphor himself must share values with subject DP Tom/he within a given clause whereas pronoun he can be interpreted by meeting matrix subject Tom with identical values. Two types of dependents, anaphor and pronoun depend on which position their antecedents lie in respectively. Besides they have distinguished feature specifications about (un)interpretable or (un)valued features. The former features can make their semantically interpretation possible through their agree relation whereas the latter features allow syntactical derivation to be performed via. feature sharing, or valuation. Noticeably, no features can be deleted throughout the derivation. This paper introduces the modified feature specifications about nominal DPs in the way that P&T (2004, 2007) assign T-/Q-features to Tns and C respectively. Also, anaphoric dependencies can be solved within the syntax, not handing over to LF or PF by adopting Brody (1997), Legate (2003), Zeijlstra (2010) and others.

When the VP topic in English appears in the sentence whose predicate is individual-level, its trace within the individual-level predicate is bound to the event operator (i.e., preposed VP topic in the spec of CP). When the individual-level predicate appears in the lower clause of the periphrastic causative construction, the eykey-marked causee in the periphrastic causative construction obligatorily undergoes case-alternation to the lul-marked causee, which induces the lower individual-level predicate to get a caused event. The accusative- marked causee in the periphrastic causative construction undergoes movement from the matrix VP-adjoined position to the matrix spec of the vP to be assigned specificity against the matrix v. When an event operator (i.e., specific or topic argument with discourse effects here) in the matrix clause is coindexed with the pro or pronoun in the lower individual-level predicate of the periphrastic causative construction, the lower individual-level predicate comes to have a caused event.

This study focuses on modern journals to survey Herbert Spencer’s theory of social evolution. According to Spencer’s representative works in the journals examined here, there are quite some aspects of social evolution which deserved criticism. This study first summarizes the characteristics of Spencer’s journal works which presents his central thoughts compactly and examines that these thoughts as being quite related to the common features of the social evolution theory. Next, I examine the debates between Spencer and the German evolutionist, August Weismann which went back and forth for three years, between 1893 to 1895, in the Contemporary Review. Although he received much influence from Darwin, Spencer presented Lamarck’s heredity of acquired character as the important law for human evolution while Weismann, like Darwin, announced that Natural Selection was the law of all organisms’ evolution. The series of the debates between Spencer and Weismann through journals reveal the production and development of discourse on how variation is passed onto the offspring. Lastly, I examine how the aggressive militarism and eugenics of the early 20th century partially selected Spencer’s thoughts and used artificially for their political purposes.

Wemberly Worried tells a story about a girl who suffers from her separation anxiety. However, it is a part of the developmental process of children. Her separation anxiety is a kind of emotional responses to the anticipation of potential dangers and threats when she is disconnected with her parents. Wemberly always feels nervous whether she is at home or away; she worries about everything—big or little and in between. Wemberly worries most of all about that her parents might disappear in the middle of the night. In the story, what she is more worried about than anything else is her first day at the nursery school. The nursery school demands not only the physical but also psychological separation from her parents. This awkwardness causes enormous fear and anxiety to her. However, Wemberly finds her friend, Jewel who also suffers from her separation anxiety. Wembery’s anxieties and fears are overcome through her friendship with Jewel while they play together. In fact, Wemberly’s separation anxiety is due to her lack of sociability. Thus, friendship with her peers is crucial. Furthermore, both cognitive and behavioral methods must be used together in overcoming children’s separation anxiety. This book is useful for the parents whose kids have their fears for school.

This paper proposes to classify and analyze the debates on the violence in the poetry of Ted Hughes. Hughes’s early poetry in his oeuvre, which had the epithet of “poetry of violence”, enabled him to cross the threshold of a major English poet of our century. Muir’s phrase ‘admirable violence’ which he used in relation to the imagery of Hughes triggered the debates on the violence. One of the most heated debates concerning the violence in his poetry was on the question whether violence was his main theme or just a subordinate element in a poem’s meaning. Arguing against Rawson’s opinion Hainsworth asserted that violence was not the focus of Hughes’s poetry, though Hughes expressed violence very powerfully in his poems. Rawson counterattacked Hainsworth by refuting his points at issue one by one and insisted that violence was the crucial theme in Hughes’s poetry, though in some poems Hughes showed a humane attitude. Most of the critics who thought that his poetry had a preoccupation with violence as an end-in-itself underestimated his poetry, while the critics who appreciated it regarded violence as a symbol or a metaphor for a deep human psyche or an essential energy of the universe. Hughes himself interpreted ferocious animals in his poetry not just as animals but as symbols of some nature spirit or of man’s nature ‘shoved down to the id’ or of what the reader might want to select.

Lawrence extols solitude in his later poems. Mostly solitude gives him the sense of happiness and rootedness. He calls it “pure aloneness.” Even the time when being alone is difficult, he still recommends being alone in pain. The changes from being alone in pain to pure aloneness result from psychological changes from the ego to the Self, the final fruit of individuation in Jungian term. He realizes mistakes and evils in his life and repents in difficult times of being alone. It means to bring his negative unconscious persona, projection, and shadow to his consciousness. This is the first self awareness or enlargement of consciousness. He feels himself as nothing. After the death of the ego, the second enlargement of consciousness is necessary for the complete realization of pure aloneness, the Self. It means to bring curbed positive collective unconsciousness (“blood consciousness”) to consciousness (“brain consciousness”). Collective unconsciousness can transfuse life force, creativity and other positive power to machine like pale mind. Through the complicated tension and balance of consciousness and unconsciousness, we can have whole, deeper, enlarged consciousness, approaching the realization of the Self.

The postposed thematic subject in the Locative Inversion Construction (LIC) is considered to receive focus interpretation. Regarding the discourse-related properties like focus and topic, Rizzi(1997) argues that an element should move into spec-FocP in C-space in order to receive focus interpretation. This analysis may capture coherent explanation that syntactic configuration is directly related to interpretation. However, this analysis cannot explain how the inverted subject in the LIC receives focus interpretation. Revising Rizzi’s analysis, Jayaseelan (2008) argues that there is a FocP above VP. This analysis may account for some syntactic characteristic of LIC well, but it also has some problems on explaining some properties of LIC. In this respect, I try to explore some syntactic configuration of this construction and argue that FocP is between vP and VP. This analysis enables us to explain some puzzling properties of Locative Inversion and Heavy NP Shift.