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This paper presents a reductionist approach to binding phenomena, which was started in Hornstein (2001). We argue that the binding principle as a grammatical module, for example, like Chomsky’s (1986) definition in (1), should be eliminated along with mysterious concepts like government, and that some binding effects can be dealt with a copy theory of movement in the spirit of minimalism. In particular, it is argued that Principle A effects are A­chain dependency, and that Principle B effects are derived from A'­ or sideward movement chain, followed by A­chain. Thus, the distributional complementarity between anaphors and pronouns can be easily accounted for. This kind of approach to binding phenomena provides us with a new perspective on the pronominal DPs, because they are not lexical items from the numeration, but grammatical formatives from movement operations. In other words, they are morphological allomorphs of a copy of the antecedent, susceptible to universal or language­specific spellout rule.

The purpose of this paper is to provide the licensing condition under which an object case-marked trace can license a null operator. In section II, we have examined three main approaches to parasitic gaps which have been proposed in the literature. The pioneering studies by Chomsky (1982, 1986b) treat parasitic gaps as a unified class and look for a common licensing mechanism applicable to all cases. On the other hand, Nissenbaum (2000), and Niinuma (2010) make it possible to see parasitic gaps from a different perspective, but their treatment of parasitic gaps is problematic on empirical grounds. Nissenbaum’s (2000) analysis relies on Index Free Assignment based on Chomsky’s early framework (1982, 1988), which poses a problem since it concerns a transitive relation. Similarly, Niinuma’s (2010) analysis cannot be treated on a par with other languages since in many cases, they are influenced by language- specific properties. In section III, we have argued that as plausibly argued by Chomsky (1986b), Spec (CP) in adjunct is filled with null operators and that a parasitic gap is licensed by an object case-marked trace created by movement. We have also claimed that linking is an alternative to Index Free Assignment since it does not concern a transitive relation. Finally, we have proposed the licensing condition under which an object case-marked trace can license a null operator. There are several tenable reasons to argue for this licensing condition.

More Asians and Asian American actors and actresses continue to appear in Hollywood films. However, many Hollywood films still portray Asians and Asian Americans in a negative manner as unassimilable and unacculturated minorities regardless of their generational status or fluency with the English language. This study examines the types of relationships that the two main Asian characters (Korean and Indian) in the film, Harold and Kumar Go to White Castle (Leiner, 2004), have with the other characters in the film and how these relationships reveal and highlight their inability to become assimilated into the dominant white American culture. The study also attempts to show how their inability to become assimilated affects their self-identity, attitude towards other co-ethnics, relationship with non-Asians, and romantic interests. The study maintains that though the stereotypes of Asians and Asian Americans are changing, the stereotypes still reflect Asians and Asian Americans as perpetual foreigners living in the United States.

In this paper, analyzing Obasan written by Joy Kogawa, a Japanese Canadian, I, as an endeavor to get over the binary system of articulation and silence, argue that Obasan dialectically goes beyond contradiction between silence and articulation. Methodologically, I use Walter Benjamin’s explanation of storyteller and storytelling as well as Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s philosophical idea of inter-subjectivity. Meanwhile, I discover that death, reminiscence, mourning and healing are central themes of the novel that constitutes a totality of the novel, the chronotope of congregation. There are four narratives in Obasan: aunt Obasan’s silence, Aunt Emily’s political articulation, Naomi’s contradictory narrative, and narrative of Naomi’s mother. In Obasan, chronotope of congregation embedding storytelling connotes complex poetic relations within the totality of commonplaces which include dialogic, heteroglossic, and intersubjective relations as well as eco-imagery and the healing ritual form. Besides, the narratives in Obasan reveal four aspects: corporeality of narratives; death as the center of the chronotope; the spider web structure within chronotope that interweaves stories (narratives) not in a harmonious but dialectical way; and discovering truth via Naomi’s active listening to her mother’s truthful stories.

This essay attempts to examine some implications of James Joyce’s “A Painful Case” and psychoanalytical. Lacan was a fervent reader of Joyce’s he interested in Joyce’s language. The point I am trying to make is James Duffy’s psychoanalysis through Lacan’s theory which reconstructed Freud’s psychoanalysis. James Duffy is able to stay comfortable with himself as long as he does not actually speak to anyone. however, one will see that his presence there serves to confirm his isolation rather than mitigate it. Duffy does not acknowledge his profound aversion to others because he needs his leisure time to write and because he fancies himself as a disciple of Nietzsche who denounces any adherence to social duties. Lacan’s ‘ideal ego’ is formed as a result of the mirror stage in which the subject mistakes his coherent image for a representation of his unified identity. Duffy’s ideal ego resembles this, but he abhorred anything that related to a physical or mental disorder. When Mrs. Sinico held Duffy’s hand passionately and pressed it against her cheek, he was taken aback. Although they shared similar personality traits, his attack on her is a clear indication of projective identification. Duffy still clings to the ideals ego, but he is suspicious of his actions. Mrs. Sinico’s husband is no longer interested in her but her love is unwanted by Duffy because he is uncomfortable communicating with others as it interrupts his usual life pattern. When the narrator says ‘turned back the way he had come’ that highlights the change from ‘ideals ego’ to ‘ego ideals’. Mr. Duffy restores this myth that he is a lone figure, a closed-circuit corpus of self-serving third-person sentences built upon the corpse of Mrs. Sinico.

The purpose of this study is to contrastively analyse mute graphemes in English and Korean. Graphemes both in English and Korean are phonemic grapheme. The one-to-one correspondence between the phoneme and the grapheme is expected but that is not the case. One factor causing this mismatch is the mute grapheme, which has no phonemic counterparts in the spoken form. Although the mute grapheme has no phonetic value, it has an important function in spelling, which is a logographic principle in it. The logographic principle is called as a morphemic principle. We investigated the mute graphemes. In English, simple grapheme are mute, which are never pronounced within a word. In compound grapheme, the mute grapheme is divided into ‘endocentric’ and ‘exocentric.’ In Korean, the significant mute grapheme is <ㅇ>. The phonetic value of grapheme <ㅇ> varies depending on its position within a character. This can be mute depending on its position as well. Also, the majority of digraphs in the final position of character have double clusters rather than double letters. Except for <ㄿ>, all double clusters are ‘endocentric.’ In conclusion, the mute grapheme is very important as a formative element of word although it does not have any phonetic value.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the heroism in the poetry of Wilfred Owen, one of the war poets on WWI. Owen’s poem is well-known for “the pity of War.” Heroism is also a vital feature of his war poems. He grew up during the last days of British imperialism and is familiar with the conventional ideas about wars. Moreover, his heroism becomes strengthened by the military atmosphere. “1914,” his first war poem and “An Imperial Elegy,” written at a military camp are the quintessential examples that seek to idealize the war. He never gives up on heroism even after suffering the effects of shell shock. Therefore, the pity of War and heroism continually co-exist creating conflict in his later poems. “Strange Meeting,” written at a war hospital, highlights the pity of War and yet consists of heroic images. Heroism becomes a relic of the past, which signifies his sorrow for losing heroism in the war and also his intention to cut it off from his poetry. After returning to the battle ground, he finally realizes his heroism by awarded the Military Cross for his military contribution and by portraying soldiers’ heroic acts in “Spring offensive.” However, the soldiers’ acts are not fully admired. This reflects his conflict between to be a hero in the field as a soldier and to reject heroism in an attempt to warn about the reality of war as a poet. His later war poems always lie between his long passion for heroism and his deeply seated contempt for WWI. This gives his war poems a tension and uniqueness.

Achebe’s novels collectively trace Nigerian social development from the arrival of the British to the first post-colonial political purges. They depict the breakdown of bureaucracy based on a new class system. They also show the pitfalls of reformers who put their own needs in front of concern for their cause. The purpose of this study is to examine two novels, Things Fall Apart and No Longer at Ease by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe, which highlight the transformation of individuals and their societies due to the impact of colonialism. In Things Fall Apart, clans of the past belonging to Achebe’s own Igbo tribe see a decrease in their ability to maintain unity and order as the British influence increases. Behavior that serves both the individual and his community is replaced with self-serving behavior at the expense of the community. In No Longer at Ease, society has only vestigial forms of traditional values and corruption has become rampant. Each protagonist has personal interests that divert his attention away from community and ultimately prevent him from achieving success in his effort to improve society. The protagonists are connected through their efforts to halt the movement away from traditional values and towards selfish behavior. They also share a common failure to keep personal desire from interfering with the success of their causes. In addition, Achebe’s novels show the difficulties faced by native Nigerians trying to take power in a bureaucracy with built-in corruption and no guidelines for new inductees. Furthermore, they show the danger of public apathy towards corruption and the excesses it can lead to.

The purpose of this research was to investigate how Korean EFL elementary school children acquired basic sight words while reading children’s literature in the group or with the help of their teacher. In order to accomplish the purpose, the following research questions were addressed as follows; 1) What kind of change did they show in reading sight words presented in children’s literature books? 2) What did they write in their writing journals while reading children’s literature books? and 3) How did they feel toward English learning? Eight elementary school children participated in this research and their reading ability of basic sight words was measured and analyzed. The results of the study indicated that, firstly, most of participants improved their reading proficiency by practicing sight words while reading children’s literature books in the group and with the help of their teacher. Secondly, it’s showed that the higher their reading proficiency of sight words is, the higher their motivation toward English learning would be. On the other hand, the lower their reading proficiency of sight words is, the lower their motivation toward English learning would be. Instructional implications and further research for elementary students’ sight word development, and ideas for English reading and writing standards of National English curriculum in the Korean EFL context are suggested.

The 1810s, during which Shelley wrote most of his major works, was characterized by social unrest and active debate over social reform. The lower classes expressed their dissatisfaction with the existing political and economic structures through several major public uprisings and strikes, which the government harshly repressed, even to the extent of killing people as in the Peterloo Massacre in 1819. All the political and social turmoils of this period ushered in an active discussion about violence in English society. In contemporary reform politics, the question of violence was a matter closely related to a larger discourse of reform vs. revolution. Shelley strongly protested against the violent tactics used by the ruling classes to oppress people, but, at the same time asked people never to resort to violence in their social protests. He believed that English society needed a revolutionary social reformation, but he did not want to have it accomplished through bloody violence as in the French Revolution. He suggests that people should use the power of reason, instead of violence because he believed that changing people’s social concepts of oppression and liberty was the first step in bringing about the social reform he longed for.

The term ‘collocation’ is used to refer to a group of words that commonly occur together like hold a party (*open a party) and strong tea (*powerful tea). Knowledge of collocation improves the fluency and accuracy of students learning English as a foreign language because it allows English learners to think more quickly and communicate more efficiently. The purposes of this study are: (1) to investigate students’ experiences of learning English collocations in high school; (2) to investigate the English collocational competence of Korean university freshmen; (3) to investigate the correlation of general English proficiency with English collocational competence. Through this study, we will analyze the effectiveness of the education of English collocations at high schools in Korea and suggest desirable English vocabulary teaching methods. The participants in this study were 262 freshmen of Kangwon National University. We gathered informations through a questionnaire and the test of English collocations included in high school English textbooks. Our findings show: (1) that the teaching of collocations in high school is not sufficient; (2) that Korean university students’ collocational competence is very limited and English teachers need to encourage students to study English collocations; (3) that there is a considerable correlation between collocational competence and TOEIC test scores/English scores on the government-sponsored scholastic aptitude test for university admission.

Whitman’s journalistic career plays an important role to develop his writing style which goes toward “fact” and “reality.” Before publishing his first poetry Leaves of Grass in 1855, Whitman wrote a variety of articles for the newspapers such as New York Aurora, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, New Orleans Daily Crescent, etc. He invariably emphasizes that a journalist should have “a sharp eye” to acquire “the real” from a “the counterfeit presentment of the real.” Strolling along the streets of New York, Whitman with journalist-as-reformer’s “sharp eye” realistically captures urban problems and social issues. Significantly, Whitman’s statement “In these Leaves, everything is literally photographed” best epitomizes the profound influences of photography in his poetry. His journalist’s perspective as a reformer and photographer firmly stands on the basis of his poetry and prose. Whitman keeps on writing for newspapers even during the Civil War. As seen in a series of articles “City Photographs” in 1862 for the newspaper, it is not difficult to find Whitman’s preference for using photographic representations in his wartime prose and poetry. As the journalist-as-photographer poet, Whitman could realistically represent the detailed images of war and death, which is “like trying to photograph a tempest.” Obviously, he knows that “the real atmosphere” of war in his wartime poetry cannot be complete without photography which uniquely can catch a death. It becomes evident that Whitman’s journalistic vision indivisibly related to photography allows him to be a journalist with a camera or a photojournalist.

The genre George Bernard Shaw took the first step into as a man of letters is not the play but the novel. Shaw’s five novels have not attracted popular attention, but they already conceived a variety of ideas for many dramas which won him fame as a playwright. However, the domestic studies about Shaw’s novels are too poor, especially considering his literary reputation. As a result, I will introduce and analyze An Unsocial Socialist, expecting more advanced studies regarding his novels forward. Sidney Trefusis, the hero, who is a snobbish socialist dyed with vulgar Marxism as well as a member of the contemporary English ruling class, severely criticizes his father, who grew from a petty merchant to a mammoth capitalist, and his maternal grandfather, who succeeded in being in collusion with capitalists as a peer, based on the theory of exploitation of surplus value. While the surplus value in vulgar Marxism is generally the theoretical base of the revolution of militant class struggles, Trefusis opposes the violent struggles and insists on the dissemination of socialism by means of propaganda and organization. His moderate strategy is seen as a germ of Fabianism, which Shaw decides to devote himself to later. Trefusis is confronted with one problem to figure out how much he should pay his hired man for a fair wage and another problem with the value of artistic genius which is likely to differ from that of ordinary commodities. Probably Trefusis does not know that utility is important in deciding upon the value as well as the quantity of labor is. Shaw describes Trefusis as a snob who sticks to the mechanical cause of vulgar socialism while ignoring human desires and nature. Trefusis disparages fine art as a simple hand-skill but highly appreciates photography, for he aims to reveal the miserable realities of capitalism by taking advantage of photos. In An Unsocial Socialist, the romantic traits of the remaining feudal culture and the anti-romantic elements reflecting the capitalistic realities appear to be mixed, particularly as for love and marriage. Meanwhile, Trefusis tends to expose his patriarchal attitude, regarding ‘unsocial’ women just as the objects of edification. In addition, meticulous readers can notice that this novel includes a faint root of Shavian eugenics and life force, the Shavian New Woman who is not active for social reform, and the background that Show turns his genre into the drama from the novel.

Citizenship is a concept having universal persuasiveness. Citizenship, the sign of the full membership, ensures citizens to be legally free and equal person. The reason why scholars explore how far citizenship has expanded and how much the specific rights of citizenship have been realized and how well each citizenship of each age is compatible with the principle of equality is that citizenship is a realistic law to perform human rights. To investigate the following questions—is citizenship fair, is citizenship a law to include as many as possible or a law to exclude the others by situating them as exception—first of all this paper examines the history of citizenship. From ancient Greek age to modern age, citizenship developed and expanded to more universal and more equalitarian forms. Secondly, this paper explores the tension between citizenship of the universal status and the nation-state of the exclusive community through the relationship between French Revolution and modern citizenship. While the modern citizenship which limited citizens to national people endowed its own people considerable equality and freedom, that system has been based on the exclusion and disadvantage of the foreigners and migrants. Thirdly, this paper proves that competitive capitalism took advantage of the modern citizenship which focused on the civil rights to pacify the inequality. Furthermore, this paper asserts that in the present global age, for citizenship to be faithful to its inner logic of being universal and equalitarian, the human rights of non-citizens must be included in citizenship.

This paper attempts to evaluate Marlowe in view of Eliot. Generally speaking, Marlowe has been thought little of under the influence of Shakespeare. But Eliot asserts that Marlowe had influenced many writers such as Shakespeare, Spenser, Sidney, Jonson, Webster etc. First, Eliot thinks of Marlowe’s literary excellency. He asserts that Marlowe had a much influence upon later drama and introduced a few new styles of blank verse. Especially Marlowe is superior to Shakespeare in this respect, having his own tones in his blank verse. Eliot evaluates that Marlowe’s rhetoric is different from Shakespeare’s altogether. Marlowe has a particular tone which no one can imagine, making a predecessor or contemporary’s tone very different—a complete new thing. Second, Eliot evaluates on Marlowe’s capability of revision. We can see that Marlowe’s revision is very delicate and exact through his Tamburlaine, Doctor Faustus and The Jew of Malta. Marlowe uses Anti-Shakespearean and Anti-Spenserian techniques in them. Marlowe’s rhetoric is a little bombastic expression but Shakespeare’s isn’t focused on creativeness, resulting in dissipating its image too much easily. Eliot thinks that Marlowe’s farce has a seriousness and sincerity.

In his roles as magazine editor and book reviewer, Poe was acutely aware of the Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine. Founded in 1817, Blackwood’s supplied some of the age’s most innovative writing and became a significant vehicle for the circulation of short prose fiction in the early nineteenth century. Blackwood’s also contributed to promoting a popular type of the Gothic known as the Tale of Sensation, in which a victim minutely describes his physical sensations while trapped in some excruciating predicament. As a commercial writer keenly conscious of the dominant trend of the period, Poe eagerly imitated, parodied, and reworked popular Blackwood’s tales throughout his career. Poe’s terror tales were clearly designed to cater to an American public increasingly hungry for horror and sensation. In this study I intend to examine Poe’s “The Pit and the Pendulum” in relation to the Blackwood’s context. Poe brilliantly combined and reframed several distinctive Blackwood’s elements to create a complex psychological terror tale. Poe’s maneuver of his narrative subjects has a different, more intensive quality than Blackwood’s. Although he draws upon popular Blackwood’s themes with minute accounts of sensational experiences, Poe surpasses the machinery of Blackwood’s in its exploration of the psychology of fear.

This paper argues for the essential semantic uniformity between dependent plurals and ordinary plurals while pointing out the marginal differences between them. Both ordinary plurals and dependent plurals project the structure where a universal quantifier takes scope over an existential quantifier, pluralizing the Distributed Share by being translated into a pluralization operator, but the difference between them is that in cases of dependent plurals, the Sorting Key and the Distributed Share are to be distinct while, for ordinary plurals, the Sorting Key and the Distributed Share must be the same. In claiming so, this paper makes three refutations. First, it refutes Landman (2000) who argues that distributivity is necessarily the property of the verbal domain. This paper shows that the difference between plurality and distributivity should not be regarded as the difference between the nominal domain and the verbal domain since there are cases in which distributivity occurs at the nominal domain as well. Second, this paper opposes Zweig (2008) who insists that the interpretation of the dependent plural is an implicature that resides at the pragmatic level. This paper claims that the dependent plural is a semantic phenomenon that should be treated in an analogous way as the ordinary plural. Third, this paper also corrects the view of Zweig (2008), in arguing that dependent plurals are parallel with ordinary plurals, not the sub-case of bare plurals.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the social criticism classified by dehumanization centering around Blake’s poetry. The eighteen century of England went through social upheaval and confusion through the influence of the Industrial revolution and the French revolution. Humanism and morality were fallen into ruin, materialism was flourishing. William Blake was a poet who had keen eyes for the dehumanization and losing human qualities caused by industrial society. The economic growth in England made their life more comfortable and exuberant but the submerged tenth of society have a struggle for existence. In Blake’s time, English society was overflowing with anti-humanization. Blake would try to seek for the way to recover humanity in his poems. He had insight into human nature of the dehumanizing effects of poverty and squalor. William Blake knows that materialism devastates the human emotions. He deplored the public tendency to regard money as being omnipotent. He criticized them in his poems with a keen salvation and would like to suggest the solution for human nature and hypocrisy. William Blake criticized them in his poems with a keen observation and would like to suggest the solution for social recovery and human release for modern society in his poem.

The purpose of this paper is to show that abbreviation in Korean loanword phonology is not unsystematic and so should not be considered as an irregular process. Therefore, this paper proposes that truncation processes in Korean loanword phonology result from attempts to match non-native perception of the Lb input within the confines of Ls grammar, in accordance to the SBcorr model (Smith 2006, 2009). In this approach, speakers of Lb (i.e. Korean learners) rely on a variety of factors such as phonological and phonetic knowledge of Ls (i.e. English) and Lb, orthography, historical factors, morphology, and so on. This paper proposes two types of constraints: one for continuous truncation and the other for discontinuous abbreviation. For the continuous abridged loanwords, this paper formulates constraints Base-Identity, ensuring a faithfulness relation between a base and a pLs form, Max-Compoundhead, Align-Stem-Left, and Anchor-Left to cover the diverse data on loanword truncation. On the other hand, Alignment of Edges emerges for discontinuous truncated loanwords derived from English compounds; this constraint preserves the first segment of the first stem and the last segment of the second stem in Ls compounds. By facilitating the SBcorr model and Base-Identity, this paper provides a uniform analysis to both of the continuous and discontinuous truncation patterns in Korean loanword phonology.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of corpus-based feedback on the learners’ acquisition of collocation knowledge and their processes of lexical error correction. A total of 40 high school students were divided into experimental and control groups. Both groups took a pre-WAF (Word Association Format) and were divided into higher and lower-level groups according to the results. The students wrote 10 compositions in total, using 3 verbs and 6 nouns that are collocated or not collocated with those verbs in each composition. After each writing session for a period of five weeks, the experimental group students were required to correct their verb+noun collocation errors using concordance lines provided in the form of hand-outs, while the control group students were provided with explicit error corrections from their instructor. The results showed that both types of feedback were effective in improvement of WAF test scores and correction of the collocation errors. The processes of using concordance lines for error correction were found to differ according to student level. Lastly, most students generally agreed on the usefulness of corpus-based feedback for error correction, while some of them pointed out difficulty due to their insufficient knowledge of words and grammar.

The purpose of this study was to examine how Korean professors teaching a major course in English perceived EMI engineering courses and what kinds of teaching strategy they used to cope with the problems they faced. To this end, 32 instructors completed the questionnaire and five took part in an in-depth interview to give a detailed explanation for the results. The results showed that they used a variety of teaching strategies- to speak slower, to use more frequent words, and to use L1-to help facilitate students’ learning. Also, the respondents answered that EMI would be effective in learning engineering terminology and promoting English reading ability. However, EMI courses don’t seem to be effective in explaining and understanding basic engineering concepts. Therefore, they suggest that EMI courses be offered for junior or senior students who have already finished fundamental major courses. It seems that stress and pressure of EMI course would be relieved with more experience in EMI courses. Finally the professors were eager to have teaching assistants who could support them to increase EMI course effectiveness. It is hoped that these results and suggestions will contribute to strengthening EMI courses in order to promote students’ major learning as well as their English proficiency.