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It is hardly deniable that Hardy wrote very pessimistic poems. But, against the critics' repeated regretful note on his almost uniform grimness, Hardy explained that the alleged ‘pessimism' is, in truth, only ‘obstinate questionings’ in the exploration of reality, and is the first step towards the soul's betterment, and the body's also. He rejected the term pessimism, insisting that he was only ‘a harmless agnostic’ or ‘an evolutionary meliorist,’ implying a hope that conditions in the world must improve as our human conscience and intelligence develops the spirit of charity, or ‘loving-kindness’ as he often called it. He thought if there is a way to a better life it should be started from looking full-facedly at the worst situation with an eye of ironical perspective. In order to understand Hardy's poetry more properly and put him in his due place in the history of modern English poetry, we have to read his poems more comprehensively enough to perceive a dichotomy, or rather a dialectic, between two impulses in his mind. Throughout his long literary life, he tried to amalgamate dialectically, his emotional attachment to the Christian tradition and country lore on the one hand, and his inclination to accept the contemporary thinking of such Victorian philosophers and scientists as Darwin, Newman and Huxley on the other.

Blake's poetic endeavors may be said to be an attempt to provide a dynamic vigor to Christianity by resymbolizing some crucial doctrines. The biblical myth of the fall, for instance, is far from satisfactory. It is hard to understand that the eating of the fruit precipitated the fall of Adam and Eve. How can the acquisition of the knowledge of good and evil be represented as the source of all our woe? Moreover, Creation is not merely the prelude and necessary condition of the fall; it is the fall since it means the passage from the unmanifested One into the manifest multiplicity of nature. His myth is to solve these problems. Blake regards the creation as a result of the fall, and he accounts for the fall as psychic conflict of Albion, symbolized by the struggle for dominion between Urizen and Luvah. Urizen who had come to power constructed the mundane shell, i.e. the firmament that encompasses the natural world, the temple of the religion of suppressed sex, the temple of materialism and Natural Religion. The anterior myth, recounted at several points in Jerusalem, also explains how Albion, turning away from the Divine Vision, had fallen a prey to the sense of guilt, self-idolatry, and self-alienation. Thus Blake's myth of the fall not only implies, but cogently explicates various aspects of this fallen world.

North is the fourth collection of poetry by Seamus Heaney, which was borne of his move to Southern Ireland. This collection of poems is about Northern Ireland viewed from a foreign perspective. This fact is very important in understanding the poems in this collection because it implies that many poems in this collection approach Northern political and cultural problems from an objective viewpoint. Seamus Heaney in North made an imaginative journey to the national memory bank in which Heaney believes the culture and history are preserved to seek the undiscovered consciousness of Ireland. Most of his journey is made of digging into the origins of words, speculating on the names of historical places, sympathizing with the mummies dug from the bog, or daydreaming about the archeological relics. Through this journey, Heaney makes sure of the fact that every national culture in Northern Europe had been mixed up with each other and had similar ‘growth rings’, and the vikings who had invaded Ireland had a connection with Heaney as one of his ancestors. The civilized violence in modern times has its origin in the violence of old fathers and it has the same repeated pattern from ancient times. North is most tragic among Heaney’s collections because it refuses to give any positive vision about the progress of history that could be found in Heaney’s previous collections. It merely shows a strong fear that we may not escape from the anxious fate that we might be condemned to repeat this violent tradition.

The relationships between mothers and daughters do not reveal their intimacy or solidarity but their disparity or conflict in the novels. Mothers are more often than not unable to fulfil their roles for their daughters and to protect their daughters against the society. And they are so weak and frail and have so much worldliness, lack of morality, and conventionality that they can be an obstacle to their daughters' growth and development. But daughters are maturer, wiser, more sensible than their mothers and they conflict with their mothers and moreover with their society. This essay studies the social aspects of the Victorian time, particularly about women and the ideal womanhood. And, through the study of George Eliot's Daniel Deronda and George Meredith's One of Our Conquerors, it examines how the mothers of the novels suffer socially and mentally and become it's victims in the male-centered society and how they exercise their influence over their daughters in opposition to their experience or past unconventionality, and how the daughters in the relationship with their mothers cope with their mothers' influences and how they strive to gain their independence and freedom struggling against the pressure of the ideologies of womanhood and restraints on women from the patriarchal society which seems to be still premature for most fictional daughters, and if they could turn themselves into a new woman of the time.

The first half of this paper is put to the general introduction of Deleuze-Guattari's conception of historical development from the primitive encoding machine to the nationalistic overcoding machine to the capitalistic decoding machine. The age of nationalism is ruled by the principle of paranoiac territorialization represented by centripetal arborescent model, and the age of capitalism is ruled by the principle of schizophrenic deterritorialization represented by centrifugal rhizome model. They advocate nomadic view of life, which suggests that we Korean people should outgrow nationalistic view of life, especially in our language life, now that the rigid conception of national boundary has bocome unfounded at least in the cultural sphere in the prevailing globalization flow. According to their theory of desiring machine, our ideology of globalization corresponds to desire-production, whereas our communication media of language to code-machine. The age of globalized capitalism damands us to forfeit the linguistic patriotism which was worthwhile when the territorial independence was an absolute principle of nation-building. Such updated view of world leads us to accept foreign languages as useful, or even inevitable, elements of renovating our own language. Purity of language cannot be a merit of international communication in the period when cultural purity based on national identity cannot exist any more.

Tennessee Williams is acknowledged as one of the greatest playwrights of the post-war generation in the history of American theatre, although some argue that the range of his work is limited to private, individual lives. A number of twentieth-century American writers have concerned themselves with the dilemma of human beings trapped in time. The effect of time upon the human condition was also one of Williams' important concerns. Burdensome memory of the past disrupting the present is a major theme recurring throughout most of his dramas. Williams views both the personal past and the historical past of the South as dynamic forces that stubbornly continue to affect the lives of his characters. Many of his chief characters are victimized by their deluded references to personal and collective pasts, most of which their imagination fabricated. Therefore, Williams regards time in terms of entrapment and demonstrates the futility of attempts to transcend time. A Streetcar Named Desire shows the destruction of a young woman who yearns to live the mythic life of the Antebellum South. In frustration and despair she is thrust into the life of contemporary New Orleans. Raped by her brother-in-law, she is forced into an insane asylum. Blanche, trapped in the terrible loneliness and despair of the present, tries to ameliorate her miserable situations by attempting romantic flights to the past, flights which only exacerbate her desperate state of the present.

This paper looks into the reconciliation-oriented inclination of the literature of Seamus Heaney, who has contributed to building and expanding the Irish identity in the modern Irish history: during the first period of his works, Heaney tries to make the Irish culture de-anglicized. He starts his career as an informer of the suppressed and dispossessed Catholic minority of Northern Ireland. However, going through the Ulster Trouble, he begins to look for the root of the Irish troubles as such and comes to find that it is partly due to the fanatical Catholic nationalism. Since North, his fourth poetry collection, Heaney suggests that the Gaelic Catholic are not the whole or only Irish. His poetry shows also the importance of tolerance based upon the Irish's recognition of their ethnicity and culture as being hybrid. Just like an archaeologist, he digs out the root of Ireland and concludes that it comes from Northern Europe. He requires the Republic of Ireland to be reborn as the Republic of Conscience. It follows from the above that his poetry searches for the reconciliation between the different ethnicities and religions: his poetry is questing for 'uisneach'. In my humble opinion, Heaney tells us that the best possible way to get out of the trauma is not to emphasize one color but to tolerate and accept various colors.

This paper explores an eliminative approach to understanding the so-called Extended Projection Principle (EPP). The EPP-feature should be eliminated, because it is not only conceptually unnecessary but also uninformative. In addition, it is redundant in that the Case and Agreement system proposed in Chomsky(1999, 2000) and Grohman, Drury & Castillo(2000) plays its role in every grammatical phenomena. It is shown that in a number of constructions the EPP does not hold at all, or can be replaceable into other independently required mechanism. We examined such constructions as ECM, raising, control, and inversion. We have some consequences as follows. First, NP movement is triggered by Case-checking. Case is assumed to be discharged by the empty φ-set proposed in Grohman, Drury & Castillo(2000). NP movement is not possible into the specifier position of the defective tense, because Tdef is assumed to have no empty φ-set. Second, there is no successive cyclic movement, because of the defectiveness of intermediate specifier position of non-finite clauses. Third, the control module is eliminated from the grammar, because PRO is not licensed any longer in this study.

This article notes that non-native entry-level speakers in the cyber world often make unique utterances that are not only ungrammatical under any adequate grammar of English formality but also communicative in their actual use. Based on this observation, I assume that their utterances reflect their mental representation of linguistic competence and, therefore, the so-called ungrammatical utterances must be understood as an amalgamation of the native syntax and the English vocabulary. I also suggest that linguistic competence does not depend on a 2D structure, and it, rather, relates to a fully elaborated 3D molecular structure that has a great variety of information-images. It is also noted that the linguistic world in the mental representation within Wernicke's Area needs to be accounted for in relation to Einstein's Relativity Theory, since the relationship between time, space, and movement can be understood with the aid of relative concepts rather than absolute concepts. Finally, I note that there is an analogy between the linguistic process in an act of speech and the computational process in a work of computation.

This paper explores the mapping between word order and information structure in the expletive ‘there,' the presentational ‘there' and the locative inversion constructions in English. We argue that this mapping is ascribed to the syntactic property of the Case and the EPP features. First, in the locative inversion construction the subject stays in situ in its base-generated position, with its nominative Case checked by the AGREE relation with T, whereas the locative PP undergoes movement to the [Spec, TP] position. As the postverbal subject is EPP-wise weak and the raised PP is EPP-wise strong, it follows that the first is interpreted as having discourse-newer properties than the second. Second, in the expletive ‘there' construction the postverbal associate NP enters into Partitive Case checking relation with the ‘be' verb and undergoes raising to the [Spec, PassiveP] or [Spec, VoiceP] position. It is noteworthy that syntactic Partitive Case checking is crucially responsible for the fact that the postverbal associate NP in the expletive ‘there' construction is interpreted as hearer-new. Third, in the presentational ‘there' construction the postverbal subject undergoes rightward movement to the periphery of vP. We attribute to its structural surface position the fact that the rightward-moved postverbal subject in the presentational ‘there' construction is interpreted as discourse-new.

This paper provides a new interpretation of the so called Nom-Gen conversion phenomenon in Korean, which was very productive in Middle Korean. The purpose of this paper is to examine the status of this construction in Modern Korean and show that this phenomenon has become spurious in Modern Korean. There has been ample discussion of this phenomenon in Japanese and two competing analyses have been proposed so far-overt movement analysis and covert movement analysis. Althoguh some researchers argue for the overt movement analysis of the Nom-Gen conversion phenomenon in Korean, this paper will show that Nom-Gen conversion in Korean is completely different from that in Japanese, and hence cannot be treated in the same way. More specifically, this paper claims based on new sets of data that there is no such phenomenon as Nom-Gen conversion in Modern Korean and the examples which have been used to show the existence of this construction are just misinterpreted due to their resemblance to the normal NPs with a possessive NP in the specifier position.

The purpose of this paper is to study the language policies in free international cities such as Singapore and Hong Kong and suggest what types of language policy should be planned and put into practice in Jeju Free International City. The characteristics common to the language policy of the two foreign countries can be described as bilingualism. For example, Singapore brings up the Singaporeans who are proficiently able to command English and an Ethnic Mother Tongue out of Chinese(Mandarine), Malay and Tamil. Hong Kong focuses its language policy on educating children who can speak both English and Chinese(Cantonese) well. It is advisory that Jeju Free International City should pursue the bilingual policy which aims to train Jeju residents who can speak English for global communication and Korean for roots. In order to drive this kind of language policy called English Plus Korean, first of all, it is necessary Jeju Free International City should establish the English television station, publish the English newspaper, proceed with English immersion programs for Jeju residents, open an English-medium school and so on.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of vocabulary, reading strategies and background knowledge on English reading ability in determining the reading ability Major findings are as follows: Among three factors a significant co-relation(p<0.01)reveal between the reading ability and vocabulary. So vocabulary is the most important factor in determining the reading ability. A significant co-relation(p<0.05) reveal between the reading ability and reading strategies. Reading strategies are the second important factor in determining the reading ability. Background knowledge is not strongly related to English reading ability. The findings of this study suggest that the relationship between English reading ability and vocabulary is important.

Showing various teaching methods in an effort to maximize the effect of his teaching, the author described some major teaching strategies he made for his 'English Pronunciation' and 'General English Conversation' courses. For his foreign language teaching method(s), the author does not prefer any particular method or approach to others. The author showed how he used a different method depending on the context or modified the same method differently according to the context, which included learners' proficiency levels, their needs, time, students number in classroom, goal(s) of the subject, his own ability and skill as a teacher. With regard to the nature of language in his foreign language teaching, the author believed that structural view, functional view, and interactional view should all be reflected in the Korean EFL context. It was clear that these three views were equally realized in his teaching. Based on his working experience with Korean teachers of English, the author suggested four maxims for university-level foreign language classrooms: make student(s) have a fun and interest in class; foster their confidence in classroom activities; provide them with a good quality of input, and increase the degree of target language use by both teacher and students as much as possible.

This study is to explore the design and management issues relating to On-line Community-based English Learning environments. The term 'On-line Community-based English Learning' proposed to point out one of the supplemental learning environments that support Web-based language learning. This study investigates three research questions. 1) What are the common features and characteristics of On-line Community-based English learning environments? 2) What are the design issues in and guidelines for developing On-line Community-based English Learning environments? 3) What is an effective and practical development model for On-line Community-based English learning environments? Six design issues of On-line Community-based English learning environments including formulating community identity and constructing technological infrastructure of community were identified from relevant research. A conceptual model to inform the construction and development of On-line Community-based English Learning environments is also suggested. Finally, the design elements and management processes for On-line Community-based English Learning environments for elementary students are suggested.

Significant changes took place in the methodologies after World War II, and various methods and approaches on language teaching were proposed. Since 1970s, there has been developments such as a great emphasis on individualized instruction, more humanistic approaches to language learning, a greater focus on the learner, and a greater emphasis on the development of communication skill, as opposed to merely linguistic, competence. The Communicative Language Approach supported by approaches such as the Content-based Instruction and Task-based Language Teaching reflects some of the above trends. Since World War II, renewed attempts were made to 1) use more new technology (multimedia such as TV, computer and internet), 2) explore new educational patterns (bilingual education, individualized instruction, and immersion programs), and 3) establish methodological innovations (communicative language teaching). Recently there arose a disillusionment with the whole methods debate, partly due to inconclusiveness of research on methods, and calls for a deeper understanding of the process of language learning itself. Now a greater stress is given on authenticity in language learning. Many opportunities for travel and business and international social and cultural exchanges has increased the need for language learning and will be increased more and more in the near future.