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The main goal of this paper is to show how Korean crossover cases with scrambling are accounted for without recourse to reconstruction. To achieve this goal, the properties of crossover in Korean are investigated within the conception of connectivity and an agreement-based approach without assuming the reconstruction hypothesis. One major point of Korean crossover cases is that they are instances of connectivity and they fall within our reference agreement principles. With respect to connectivity and agreement, it is important to note that ku ‘he’ can display connectivity with A-type QPs, whereas ku-tul ‘they’ can display connectivity with B-type QPs. That is, if a QP is an A-type QP, ku ‘he’ can display connectivity since its referent consists of a single entity. However, if a QP is a B-type QP, ku-tul ‘they’ can display connectivity since its referent consists of more than a single entity. On the other hand, Korean reflexives, regardless of the types of QPs, can display connectivity with A-type QPs or B-type QPs since their referents can consist of both a single entity and more than a single entity. Additionally, this paper provides some empirical evidence which does not entertain the reconstruction hypothesis that a dependent term after reconstruction must be c-commanded by the QR trace of a QP.

“Politics of Representation: Americanization of Korean Comfort Women and Camptown Sex Worker Discourses” examines the phenomenon of Americanization process of literary representations dealing with Korean comfort women and camptown sex workers. Examining various Asian/American writers’ interviews and scholarly articles, the paper interrogates continuous publication of these discourses in relation to US Eurocentrism and Orientalism which have produced fascinated Western gaze toward the oppression of Asian women in general. Started with mostly Korean American female writers’ works on comfort women, representational efforts on Korean comfort women and also US military camptown sex workers have been expanded to American writers with different ethnic and gender identities. The paper examines the fallacy found in the repetitive ethical claims appeared in the interviews of those American writers, who highlight political objectives of such narratives. Instead, the paper urges for a critical intervention on the part of Asian/American scholars to frame a new mode of discussion that enables to first fully recognize Korean comfort women and camptown sex workers as a cherished American topic and then to provide tools for critical readings of those discourses on the topic.

This essay examines the exclusion and inclusion of Cambodian immigrants from the perspective of neoliberal governmentality. The concept of governmentality enables an approach to consciousness and action of subjects that are recognized as a free agent. Subjects in neoliberal society where the importance of self-reliance and self-care are stressed are characterized that they should be in charge of their own safety for themselves. This neoliberal subject needs a partner called community to provide moral values in the process of its own identity formation and this creates governing population through the community. Governmentality operates based on expert groups that produce knowledge to distinguish those who are to be included in a society from those who are to be excluded. The Chhung family or Cambodian immigrants that were on the brink of exclusion due to the absence of civility in American society came to make a fresh start in a small village called Riverlake. Through intermediation of Hattie, a Chinese-American who serves as their mentor, the Chhung family newly forms the identity as an American citizen by being accepted into the village community. The description of identity, community and expert intermediation shown in World and Town well demonstrates the governmental technology on ethnic minorities in how they are included or excluded.

This study applied to Korean the standard techniques (e.g., tense, case markers, etc.) which have been used to show that young children represent functional projections mainly for European languages, by focusing on Korean children’s production of mood morphemes. Based on what I found from the analysis of Korean CHILD database, I suggest that the over-use of the default mood-inflection ‘-e’ in the earliest speech of one Korean two-year old parallels root infinitive forms observed in other languages. I also found that the absence of inflectional morphemes and the absence of correlations between specific verb forms and null-subjects, or tense markers, seem to be consistent with the view that children initially have only lexical categories. Therefore, this apparently provides strong evidence for a prefunctional analysis of child Korean syntax. Despite this apparently strong evidence for a prefunctional analysis of child Korean syntax, I argue that the systematic presence of the linking morpheme ‘-ko-’ in truncated auxiliary verb constructions implies that at least some level of functional structure is represented, even when it is never produced.

The purpose of this paper is to examine Arthur Miller’s two plays, Incident at Vichy and Broken Glass, focusing on main characters’ self-denial and moral paralysis which are hindrance to their self-recognition. Paralysis and self-denial symbolize the moral impotency which entwines all the characters in both plays. Characters’ inability to confront themselves brings tragic results. So they have to face their real identities through unmasking their false personas. As a Jewish American playwright, Miller has been called as ‘Moralist’ or ‘Social Dramatist’. He thinks of the moral value as the individual or private responsibility related to the broad social issues. Miller emphasizes that one makes oneself totally responsible for the choices which shape his existence. Therefore Miller’s insistence on individual choice and responsibility gives force to his plays which contain moral messages. In both Incident at Vichy and Broken Glass Miller juxtaposes the frightening power of Nazism with the silence and passivity of their victims. In Incident at Vichy the protagonist Von Berg doesn’t face the reality of his situation but chooses rather to take refuge in innocence. But Leduc’s lesson makes him recognize that man is inherently evil. Finally he becomes the tragic hero who is willing to sacrifice his life. In Broken Glass Gellberg refuses to take responsibility for his own identity as a Jew and Sylvia has engaged in self-denial of her miserable marriage. But with the help of Dr. Hyman, a healer, they overcome their own Nazism and the paralysis. So they come to grip with their true identities. Miller claims that Jewish outlook on life prevents him from writing plays that end in total despair and hopelessness. Therefore the strength of his plays lies less in their intellectual force than in the moral optimism.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the communicative feature of an integrated English language and Physical Education class. For this study, eight students taking a preschool Physical Education course made a lesson plan using a teaching model suggested by Kim and Yoo (2013a). In addition, the short version of integrated English language and Physical Education teaching was analyzed with items established by COLT. The results of the study revealed the class was evaluated as relatively communicative in that there was a group work; English was used exclusively as the medium of instruction; various materials were used, and so on. On the other hand, it seems that meaningful and communicative language-use opportunities were not enough. For the class to be more communicative, more meaningful and authentic interaction should be integrated. However, the results demonstrate that even though the class was integrated with another subject, the lesson could be communicative.

It is very effective in analyzing an English textbook to compare a corpus of English and the English textbook corpus in terms of the frequency and usage of specific expressions or structures. The goal of this paper is to analyze English textbooks in Korea through the comparison of the British English Corpus(BNC), which is based on British English, focusing on infinitives and gerunds functioning as a direct object of TRY, BEGIN, START, STOP, REMEMBER, FORGET, and REGRET. According to the analysis conducted in this paper, the BNC exhibits the avoidance of [-ing1 + -ing2] sequence, the difference in the frequency of [V1 + to V2] between TRY/BEGIN/START and STOP/REMEMBER/FORGET/REGRET and the difference in the frequency of [V + -ing] between START/STOP/BEGIN and the other verbs. In the BNC, further, when a verb is TRY, BEGIN, or FORGET, [V + Infinitive] occurs much more frequently than [V + Gerund]. In this paper, it is shown that the English textbooks investigated in this paper properly reflect these characteristics found in the analysis of the samples of the BNC.

The purpose of this study is to identify the effects of elementary school students’ participation in intensive English camps on their literacy and affective factors. In order to achieve the goal of short-term intensive English camps, which are to provide students with plenty of opportunities to expose English and to solve the divide in English education between rural and urban areas. The results showed that by giving students various communication opportunities and motivation, short-term intensive English camps had a positive influence in terms of students’ interest, self-esteem, values, motivation and a feeling of uneasiness in learning and facilitated students’ early literary development through natural interactions in reading and writing. Furthermore, material and human resources such as English friendly environments like English classrooms, EPIK teachers, TALK students, and Multicultural immigrant women can be facilitated. Through specific and active uses of these resources, opportunities to expose English should be ensured as much as possible.

The purpose of this paper is to trace and turn out the aspects of resistance in Tess and Chunhyang in the two novels, English classic Tess of the D’Urbervilles and Korean classic Chunhyangjeon. Tess and Chunhyang are the heroines for “the penetration of femininity” to recover the value of femininity. Thomas Hardy is a transitional novelist who began to deeply explore the matter of gender among patriarchal system, Christian tradition, social customs and conventional sexuality rooted in the Victorian Era. So Hardy tried to deeply search for the matter of sexual ideology about novels. Chunhyangjeon is also the story revolves around the love between Chunhyang, the daughter of a former courtesan, and Mongryong, the son of a local governor that takes place in Namwon Province during the Joseon Dynasty. From the point of view Hardy reveals the contradiction and conflict between man and woman of gender in his novels, Specifically, the marriage of patriarchal system and the matter of gender ideology show more complex aspects of the exclusive value of social status, convention, education, religion, and confinement of the classes. As a result, this dissertation reveals the value of eternal and earnest life for harmony and love through the matter of Gender in the two novels.

The purpose of this study is to identify aspects of learning strategies in university students with different TOEIC study hours. The collected data are the results of the two TOEIC tests the 166 students have taken, and the questionnaires on learning strategies from them. The independent variables have two factors. One is the students who have studied TOEIC for at least one hour a day. The other is the students who have studied TOEIC for 30 minutes or less. The dependent variables are the learning strategies of the students. The essential data were analyzed by way of the independent two samples t-test, ANOVA, and the Tukey HSD test. The results show that students should study at least one hour a day to increase their TOEIC score. The students who have studied TOEIC for at least one hour have used the learning strategies more frequently than those who have studied for 30 minutes or less. The two groups show statistically meaningful differences in using all the six sub-categories of the learning strategy.

As a journalist before becoming a poet, Whitman has a consistent interest in creating the new democratic space in American cities. Living in Manhattan and Brooklyn through his entire life, Whitman recognizes the emerging problems of urbanization in nineteenth- century American cities. In addition to merely praising the cities, Whitman has invariably emphasized the necessity of “more parks—more open places” in the cities so that the sustainable city can be embodied. Frequently visiting the urban parks such as Central Park and Prospect Park, the poet perceptively notes the fundamental importance of ideal urban parks. Through his poetry and prose, Whitman claims the necessity of artificial urban parks by regarding them as the democratic space where all classes of people communicate and the social problems of urbanization are healed. In this respect, Whitman’s vision can be compared with his contemporary landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. Olmsted’s landscape architecture aesthetics considering the urban park as “a democratic development of the highest significance” exactly corresponds with Whitman’s vision. Unlike Manhattan representing the civilization of technology, Whitman’s ideal city “Manahatta” strongly evokes Olmsted’s Prospect Park where idyllic scenery and democratic freedom are embodied. The urban park as an essence of landscape architecture aesthetics acts as a common denominator connecting Whitman and Olmsted, transcending the bounds of genre and media.

The purpose of this paper is to study the traces of Lao-tse including taoist contemplation to restore our narrowed vision and to gain its original wholeness with nature in his poetry. To reach contemplation, which culminates in mystical experience is to escape from the abstract eye of science. Ammons bestows the glorification to things lowly, unnoticed and hidden, such as moss, grass,weeds, licks, ticks, and beggar with the help of an absolute. Desire that prevents us from reaching contemplation, the crucial terminology of Tao Te Ching of Lao-tse doesn’t make us see the mystery(妙). The heart of contemplation lies in pure mind. Pure mind let us see the mystery of the things and nature which emptied of desire. This mystical vision of Lao-tse is taoist contemplation, which is like Ammons’ poetic vision, and they both make us see things commons, humble, lowly yet magnificent with being.

The aim of this study is to represent the structure of English Double Object Constructions. To meet the goal, however, it is attempted to avoid using ad-hoc DOC-specific grammatical apparatus or functional category. Once it is permitted, we encounter another problem why we are not able to meet a verb construction which has three or more nominals complements. To meet the constraint, IO is forced to bear two theta roles in the course of its DOC derivation. However, once an argument, IO in DOC, is allowed to have more than one theta-role, it can be explained the peculiarity DOC has shown compared to other alternating 3-place verb constructions just only with grammatical apparatus and grammatical categories widely accepted in the field. Also the property of IO which has been proposed in the filed can help explain why IO has had shown different syntactic properties compared to other nominal complements. Furthermore, from this property it can be derived a constraint on deletion of copies at LF. However, it has to be clarified in further studies that what happens when an argument gets more than one theta-role between the theta roles in the same argument. It has stated that IO is able to bear creator role as well as possessor role depending on the nature of DO.

Contrary to the view advocated by Heycock (1993, 2007), this paper primarily claims that not only stage-level predicates but also individual-level predicates can serve as a topic. The evidence is found in the VP-preposing construction whose semantic functions can be claimed to mark an eventive topic. In the VP-preposing construction, it is found that stage-level predicates are predominantly preposed. However, this paper finds that it is not the case that individual-level predicates are excluded from the VP-preposing construction. The finding of this paper has three implications. First, the main claim of this paper makes us revisit De Swart (1991) who attributes an event argument to individual-level predicates as well as stage-level predicates, contrary to Kratzer (1995). Second, this paper supports Baltin (2005) who claims that it is the eventive part, not the entity part of the VP, that goes to the Topic Phrase. Third, the claim of this paper also sheds light on the issue on the parallelism between the nominal domain and the verbal domain since it claims that the parallelism operates not only at the semantic level but also at the discourse level.

The purpose of this study is to investigate an attitudinal stance in online argumentative comments written by NS and NNS, and to analyze modal verbs as stance markers in NS and NNS writing. Two corpora for the corpus-based analysis were compiled to be compared. The NS commentaries were taken from the archive of an online news website and the NNS corpus was constructed from argumentative comments written by thirty-seven Korean graduate students in a university. All comments were analyzed for the presence of stance-taking and stance-support and identified as having an attitudinal stance if they contained a claim. The findings revealed that L2 writers could take their stance as much as the L1 writers did and assertion of personal opinion and fact were the most commonly used stance-support strategies in both corpora. It was also found that the modals of necessity/obligation were the most commonly used to express a stance and stance-support in the NNS comments while the modals were the least used in the NS comments. A discussion of these findings, their limitations, implications and suggestions for future research was presented.

David Guterson’s Snow Falling on Cedars describes Japanese immigrant history with the internment and examines the racial bias towards people of Japanese origin after World War Ⅱ. Presenting the irrational trial of Kabuo Miyamoto, Guterson shows the anti-Japanese attitude of the white majority community which originated from the war as well as the prevalent racism. Guterson also devotes himself to explaining the cultural differences between Japanese and white people and promotes mutual understanding. In spite of Guterson’s effort on revealing racial prejudice in the white American society and urging reconciliation between two groups, however, his description serves to prove the limitations when signifying Japanese American’s experience and their voices because Japanese are only represented within the West discourses, only through the white characters. According to Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, it is unattainable to speak for the subaltern within the West discourses due to an inability to translate the subaltern’s consciousness and experience. Thus, this article explores Guterson’s narrative strategy to represent the other’s experience and criticizes the limitations of the narrative strategy.

This paper examines Raising Constructions from a cross-linguistic perspective. There seem to be two types of patterns; in English-type languages, only the embedded subject is allowed to move to the matrix Spec TP, while in Icelandic-type languages, only the experiencer is allowed to move to the matrix Spec TP. Regarding these two patterns, I pursue the possibility that both the experiencer and the embedded subject are assigned structural Case. I further assume that the Case checking ability of the little v or the applicative head may be suppressed. Whether the Case checking ability of the little v or the applicative verb is suppressed is subject to cross-linguistic variation. In Icelandic-type languages, the Case checking ability of the little v is suppressed (Burzio, 1986), while the applicative verb retains its Case checking ability. Therefore, the Case feature on the experiencer is checked by the matrix T and the experiencer further moves to Spec TP. In English-type languages, the Case checking ability of the applicative head is percolated to the little v. Therefore, little v receives the Case checking ability from the applicative verb. Since the experiencer becomes inactive due to its Case features checked, the embedded subject is valued as nominative by the finite T and is further attracted to Spec TP.