Earticle

This paper argues that modality should be recognized as an independent grammatical category, since it behaves separately from proposition in terms of time and negation. Modality in English is typically expressed by modal verbs, and they are divided into epistemic, deontic, and dynamic in the spirit of Palmer (1986, 1987). These three types of modals exhibit different behaviors in terms of time and negation. First, with epistemic modals only the proposition is marked for time, but either the modality or the proposition is marked for negation. Second, with deontic modals time cannot be marked either on the modality or on the proposition due to their performative disposition. For negation, only the modality is normally negated for possibility, but the proposition is negated for necessity. Finally, with dynamic modals only the modality is marked for time and negation in a straightforward manner. This complicated system of time and negation in English modals leads Korean EFL learners to commit a host of errors in their interpretation, and they should be taught modality and proposition separately in terms of time and negation.

From a cognitive-functional perspective, this study examines the cognitive effects of relative clauses in discourse. The main purpose of this study is to identify a correlation between the grammatical roles of relative clauses and their pragmatically motivated functions. To identify the pragmatic factors that govern the choice of particular types of relative clauses and their cognitive effects on their occurrence in discourse, we analyzed the distributional patterns and the frequency of occurrence of particular types of relative clauses in discourse. The findings from the data analysis reveal that the discourse-oriented tendencies of particular types of relative clauses in relation to the location of relative clauses, the choice of a particular type of relative clause, and the length of relative clauses reflect human language processing and cognitive-pragmatic strategies, minimizing the complexity of relative clauses and the load of sentence processing. Finally, this study proposes that a more cognitively accessible linguistic structure implies more frequent use in discourse, lessening the complexity of human language processing.

This study was intended to investigate effective methods of team teaching by domestic Korean English teachers(DKETs) and English- speaking native teachers(ESNTs) in Korea. Using the archival research method, this study analyzed characteristics of English-teaching methods at the elementary schools, which were awarded by a governmental organization for excellence in conducting team-teaching for English education. According to the analysis, the awarded schools made a lot of effort to establish English learning environments that could provide students with sufficient opportunities to interact with English-speakers and English-learning materials. At these schools, ESNTs would be readily available to students whenever students would like to interact with them. In performing oral interactions with ESNTs or DKETs, students would use language data acquired from around them. ESNTs and DKETs would cooperate with one another in preparing diverse English teaching methods, materials, and activities for English education in response to their students’ different proficiency levels, needs, and motivations. More importantly, English learning at each of these schools seemed to have been total rather than individual, involving the whole members of the school. In the discussion section of this study, some implications were made for English education in Korea where opportunities for oral interactions in English are very limited.

This essay aims to examine the social thought of Gerard Manley Hopkins as shown in “Tom’s Garland,” a unique poem of his which reveals his serious concern about the social situations of his time. For this purpose, the essay attempts to look into his letters, sermons, and the Catholic views of social problems on which he was influenced by Cardinal Newman and Cardinal Manning. His correspondence with Robert Bridges shows that Hopkins once thought of communism as a way out of the social problems of his time. But since he joined the Jesuit and was ordained as a priest, he had witnessed the miserable situations of the poor working-class people while ministering for the diocese he belonged to. Meanwhile, he preached his view of the Commonwealth which he thought was a possible cure for the worsening traditional and divine social order. In his final years in Dublin, however, he was very much worried about the problem of unemployment in England, which led Hopkins to write “Tom’s Garland.” This poem emphasizes the responsibility of the conservative and rich upper-class people to resolve the social and economic crisis. He suggests that the government as well as the Church make a common bid for the “common weal” of healthy society lest the poor unemployed people should turn to socialism or communism. Here we see that Hopkins was much influenced by Cardinal Manning, who criticized the laissez-faire economic policy of the state and also asserted that the church was also responsible for the miserable situation of society.

This study deals with hypocoristic names in English, which are sometimes referred to pet names, nicknames. or terms of endearment. As a morphological process, they have been grouped into a class by means of clipping or truncation. Usually hypocoristic names consist of a heavy syllable and optionally diminutive suffix, -ie or -y in English and have the characteristic of doublet or multiple forms. However, there are so many variations depending on their stress or position. They prefer the first position to other ones, and stressed syllable to unstressed one. Accordingly it can be considered a prosodic constraint such as mora, syllable, or foot. It can be analyzed by means of prosodic constraints and Output-Output theory in OT. Of course, they are output-oriented theory and are important in ranking hierarchy. First, the former could deal with a heavy syllable case very well. However, it cannot explain the case of multiple forms, that is, Elizabeth, and two syllable cases, Alex and Isa. Output-Output theory is well suited to capture the generalization of related forms by output constraints and recursion. But it cannot solve the problem of disparity of segments between the original name and clipped form. Also, it is not applicable to the multiple forms and two syllable cases. In conclusion, OT has advantage to capture general forms but cannot fully explain the multiple forms and non-identical forms.

While e-earning systems seem to resolve the issues of time, space, and costs of education, these seeming advantages may overlook the perceptions of the students who take the courses. With particular consideration to the characteristics of the students who typically enroll in online courses, the current study investigates a possible blended learning model for cyber universities which includes onsite and video conferencing classes. A large amount of survey and interview data were collected to ascertain the hindrance factors present in the blended learning model and to suggest a blended learning model appropriate to a cyber university environment. The study identified hindrance factors in terms of the following four aspects of learning: learning environment, video conferencing classes and onsite classes, learners’ personality, and learners’ motivation. The characteristics of the cyber university’s demographic information can explain some of the hindrance factors. As the ultimate goal of traditional blended learning is to incorporate online and onsite learning to maximize the students’ onsite learning, the same is true for the online learning in the cyber university’s blended learning program. However, if course designers want to implement the model, as the current study suggests, it is necessary to consider the cyber university student-specific hindrance factors to guarantee the efficacy of the blended learning model.

The purpose of this paper is to see the fairy tale of Melusina written by LaMotte as a motif for understanding the female characters in A. S. Byatt’s Possession: A Romance (1990). Melusina is an embodiment of the “self-sufficient identity” in that she is “capable of generation life, or meanings, on her own,” without the need of external help. Possession is the tale of the two young scholars, Maud Baily and Roland Michell, researching the lives of two Victorian Poets, Christabel LaMotte and Randolph Ash. The story begins with Michell’s discovering secret love letters written by Ash to an unknown woman. He asks for some help from Baily to do some more research on this secret. In the course of the quest, Baily and Michell find out the two poets had a daughter. At the same time, this quest leads Baily to reconsider women writers’ positions in the Victorian age as well as in modern society. The female characters seem to seek solutions about their own problems as either a scholar or artist by themselves. In particular, LaMotte and Baily represent a woman artist or scholar’s independent position transcending time and space. For their independence, women characters transform themselves. This is related to the aspect of Melusina who changes herself into a good wife or a dragon. That is, shape shifting is used as a strategy for a woman who wants to possess her “self-sufficient” identity. LaMotte changes her hair style and avoids revealing her daughter because she wants to protect her from the society’s repression. Baily changes her attitude towards a man and comes to possess her identity through both being possessed by and possessing Michell, like Vivien in the Merlin and Vivien tale. In order to show these female tales crossing the boundaries of time and space, Byatt uses the genre of Romance in that she thinks the soul can be free of the restraints of history and fact. She highlights Romance can be a good tool for women artists to express their true natures freely. With this, Byatt deals with the discovery of a variety of unheard female voices with the fairy tale of Melusina.

This article accounts for phonological opacity which has been problematic in OT. Phonological opacity refers to the phenomenon in which output forms are shaped by generalizations which are not surface-apparent, or not surface-true (Kager 1999). We have reviewed the previous analyses of phonological opacity that has been problematic in the classic OT. We have seen that Multi-stratal Model or OT-CC may account for opacity but introduces intermediate levels or derivation processes postulated in rule-based theories, which goes against the basic principle of the classic OT. In order to account for phonological opacity of Turkish, Isthmus Nahuat, English, Tiberian Hebrew, and Bedouin Arabic, we have used the notion of ‘trace’ and/or some constraints. In the case of Turkish and Isthmus Nahuat, *VkC and *Coda[-vd]-V have been proposed respectively. In the case of English, *[+cor, +ant]+[+high, +pal] and ID[cont]+yu have been proposed. In the case of Tiberian Hebrew and Bedouin Arabic, *C and ID(hi)-C-[-syl]I/[+syl]O have been proposed respectively.

The purpose of the study is to examine the rhetorical move structure and politeness strategies used in request letters of Korean university students enrolled in the department of English in Korea. Forty-one request letters were collected for this study. The participants were given a survey about their personal information and writing instruction. Then, they were asked to write a request letter in English. The results of the study revealed that a Justification-Request pattern (Move 3-2) appears to be favored and rather recursive. The high levels of directness seemed to be due to the a writer’s intention of pragmatic clarity as an attempt to communicate with readers clearly. The writers’ choice of certain linguistic patterns, or ‘a need/want statement’, may be due to the different perception of level of imposition. This study suggests that different strategies can be effective in different cultures.

Is Joe Christmas, protagonist of William Faulkner’s 1932 Light in August, neither “black” nor “white,” or both “black” and “white”? Taking its cue from such a tricky question, this articles examines how Joe Christmas becomes an undecipherable sign of race in the South that lays bare both the black self-conscious experience of irreducible psychological, cultural division and the white’s delusion of psychological, cultural autonomy. His presence as a particular reference to miscegenation not only refuses a racial categorization that flattens him into a presence of one or the other color but also illustrates the ways in which blackness and whiteness identify themselves in terms of what they are not while potentially undermining themselves insofar as their identities depend on a relationship with the potentially confrontational other for their constitution. Viewed in this light, Joe Christmas is “raced” as all the racial anxieties and hysteria of the South are projected onto his body. Yet, he is also “unraced” by becoming a haunting trope of nothing that calls into question all the claims to a fixed and stable racial identity.

In order to find out whether there was a distinct neural network of semantic word categorization for native and second languages, this study measured the cerebral response. The functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was used for a group of 12 adult participants. The 14 sound stimuli of simple words were programed through the E-Prime program installed in the fMRI. Out of 14 sound stimuli, 8 were randomly presented to the participants in a serious of block design. The participants responded to the auditory trials by categorizing animal or non-animal words administered by Korean (L1) and English (L2) sound. First, group analyses revealed significant differences in the activation pattern: L1 in the left inferior frontal, parietal and caudate, and L2 in the left hippocampus and angular gyrus. Second, the response time of the L2 task was significantly longer than that of L1. The result corresponded with the theory that the speed of L2 listening was faster than that of L1, so the foreign language semantic judgement might recruit more neural network, especially in English listening. Third, the activated areas of the L2 task changed with age (the elder> younger) were predominant in the right hemisphere. These results suggest that L1 and L2 have different neural activations in semantic categorization processing affected by age. The scientific research based on neurolinguistic aspects should be implemented in early childhood English education as well as secondary education.

Back in the early twentieth century, Erich Fromm, a famous psychologist, claimed that human relations in modern society are based on trading economy, because modern people do not have faith in the moral principles by which life ought to be guided. However, according to Fromm, such business relations are not in harmony with human nature. As Fromm pointed out, today’s human relations are problematic, considering that they are based on trading economy rather than moral values. This thesis aims to study the problems of human relations in modern society, with its focus on the win-or-lose culture. And The Scarlet Letter and Winesburg, Ohio are examined to this end. Both of the novels were written during the transient period when America changed from a traditional society to a modern society. For this reason, these novels disclose the bad effects of modernization, especially the bad effects on human relations. Hester Prynne, the heroine of The Scarlet Letter, is a loser in the sense that she was outcast and despised by the surrounding people during her lifetime. The inhumane behaviors of the Puritans toward Hester are related to the individualistic anxiety caused by Calvinism. Similarly, modern people are suffering from individualistic anxiety, even though it is not in terms of religion. And the individualistic anxiety represses human nature that loves righteousness and morality. The immoral and inhumane behaviors done in the name of loser today can be understood in this context. Winesburg, Ohio criticizes that industrialization undermined the foundation of human relations. In the short story “Godliness,” Jesse Bentley is obsessed with the desire for success, which causes conflicts and alienation in his relationship with his daughter. Meanwhile, “Paper Pills” suggests that the experience of losing can be valuable, because it teaches us how to understand people with compassion. In conclusion, it seems that what improves the world eventually is love, not competition.

The purpose of this study is to examine how much college students used listening strategies in their TOEIC listening test. Data was collected from 84 Korean college students who took TOEIC test in the second term of 2010, and a questionnaire was used as the tool for this study. The major findings of this study include: First, college English learners used listening strategies, an average of 3.02, which was almost the same average of 3.0. Second, they used listening strategies above the average related to metacognitive strategy, memory strategy, and compensational strategy, but the use of affective and cogntive strategies was below the average. These results mean that they used memory strategy to memorize what they heard, used compensational strategy to compensate for what they did not hear, and used metacognitive strategy to plan and control their problem-solving process. But they did not use the other listening strategy commonly. This study illustrates the importance of using strategies in TOEIC listening test. It will be also helpful for English teachers in college to understand what kind of strategies were used in TOEIC listening test and the importance of teaching listening strategies. If teachers introduce unfamiliar listening strategies which were not found to be commonly used by the students from this study, the strategy instruction could be more effective for the development of the college students’ listening abilities.

As a psychological realist, Henry James employs the narrative strategy of the stream of consciousness, which is inseparably associated with the philosophical trend of phenomenology. In this regards, this paper examines Isabel’s epistemological process in the light of descriptive method, which is inevitably related to the phenomenology of perception. Despite her passionate aspiration to obtain the absolute freedom, she cannot escape the trap built up by her surroundings, due to her fault. She marries Osmond because his aesthetic attitude toward life seems to be promising for her to seek for the ideal beauty. After immense suffering from her mistake to choose Osmond, Isabel undergoes a serious change in her life mentally and physically. Isabel starts to see the reality behind Osmond’s false appearance and realizes the diminished freedom. She can arrive at a transcendental apprehension with the phenomenological reduction to the thing itself after being exposed to different people. At the last part of the novel, by returning to the chill and ruins of Rome, she accepts her responsibility for her mistaken choice. The reason for her return to Rome is analyzed in connection with Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s ‘body phenomenology’. The phenomenological perception on human existence provides her with a new paradigm emerging from the perception of the human body.

Recent teaching methodology has become more interested in the role of vocabulary in the L2 language classroom. The effects of this interest have helped to influence both the importance that second language teachers place on vocabulary acquisition as well as the way vocabulary is presented in lessons and course books. For these reasons many current researchers and teachers have suggested that a more in-depth understanding of L2 learner’s lexical associations could possibly provide a better base for both L2 vocabulary presentation, as well as for L2 learner acquisition. The present essay explores the relationships between two levels of EFL Korean learners’ learned words, lexical associations, and vocabulary development through the use of a word-association test. After drawing comparisons between the two levels, as well as previous word-association tests conducted in both Korea and Japan this essay concludes by stating the following: 1) Word association tests can provide information about how learners make mental associations between words in their L2 mental lexicon. 2) phonological links, paradigmatic, syntagmatic, and syllabic associations are not determined by learner levels.

In this article, we want to explore the deeper significance involved in the gesture of returning for Korean adoptees coming back to their country of birth. Around 200.000 Korean babies have been sent to western families since the end of the Korean War. This makes it the largest and oldest post-war transnational adoption program worldwide. By now, the majority of this group has reached adulthood, and many Korean adoptees have returned to search for their biological relatives; some have even settled down in Korean society permanently. In our article, we want to focus on Jane Trenka’s two books The Language of Blood (2003) and Fugitive Visions (2009), and the theoretical framework by Frantz Fanon, especially the one he develops in the work The Wretched of the Earth from 1961. In her most recent book, Jane Jeong Trenka captures the experience of a Korean adoptee returning to and trying to settle down in her native country. The description of this experience has many similarities to, albeit also differences with, Fanon’s theory of the native intellectual returning to his or her colonized country. Trenka’s book offers a perspective which in many ways is uniquely different than the one we typically find in the majority of Korean adoptee autobiographies, in which the protagonist typically lives in the West and travels to Korea on a shorter or longer visit; in Trenka’s new book, there is no intention of leaving Korea again. But what does such a radical re-location involve more specifically, and how does this experience influence the stylistic dimension of Trenka’s writing? Frantz Fanon here offers an insightful reflection on the gesture of returning as a process of emancipation. And yet, as we argue, Trenka’s new book also reformulates the Fanonian vision in unexpected ways. Read alongside, Trenka’s work and Fanon’s theoretical framework reveal some intriguing challenges and perspectives for the adopted subject embarking on the hard and difficult journey back to her native country.