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To investigate how Korean American writers are rewriting the Korean American male, this essay first examines the linear narratives by such early writers as Younghill Kang, Induk Pahk, Richard Kim, Peter Hyun and Ty Pak. Whereas Induk Pahk subscribes to the stereotypical view of Korean men, other writers contextualize the behaviors of their Korean male characters in order to subvert the stereotypes. After briefly reviewing how second-generation Korean American writers handle their Korean male characters, this paper then explores the ways in which some writers use effective strategies to rewrite the Korean American men. Included in the discussion are the rotating narrative in Ronyoung Kim’s Clay Walls and the fluid narrative in Cathy Song’s “Easter: Wahiawa, 1959” and Chang-rae Lee’s Native Speaker. In Ronyoung Kim’s Clay Walls, in which three major characters take turns to narrate the story, the rotating narrative strategy works effectively to rehabilitate Korean American masculinity and at the same time address the issue of race and gender. In Cathy Song’s poem, the narrator describes the father figure in a way anybody would see him-a poor immigrant laborer from Asia; afterwards, however, the narrator gives the father figure a human dimension by portraying him as an emotional being complete with a past and a family. In Chang-rae Lee’s Native Speaker, similarly, the narrative is constructed to manipulate the audience to see the Korean American father from the American-born son’s fluid point of view, a son who as a young man detests his father but later understands him as he matures.

T his paper analyzes cultural and political implications in some novelistic and critical representations of A sian masculinity. Frank Chin is almost representative of a group of critics who argue that the representations of A sian man in such Asian American women writers as A my T an and Maxine Hong K ingston replicate and reproduce the racist bias of the mainstream white culture. A t the same time, however, Chin’s arguments reveal the self- consciousness and insecurity of A sian men who feel threatened by the white majority, as well as a masculinist prejudice regarding the authenticity of cultural heritage. T he story of T ang A o in Maxine Hong K ingston’s China M en symbolically illustrates the extent to which Chinese men who emigrated early in A merica were put under political oppression and physical, as well as psychological, pain. A lthough K ingston uses strategies that make it more mediated and implicit than Chin’s discourse, her work effectively portrays and critiques the disempowerment and symbolic castration that many A sian A merican men underwent in the history of A merican immigration. Simultaneously, through a vivid sketch of the pain and sufferings of a man who has to live as a woman, she also succeeds in pointing out the problems of women’s position in patriarchy. While K ingston discloses the history of violence committed by the complex mixture of racial hierarchy and sexist inequality, Marguerite Duras’s T he Lover offers a new type of Asian man- - a maternal man, who refuses and subverts the dual system of racist and sexist ideologies. By studying selected works of the three writers mentioned above, I analyze their respective discursive strategies. In so doing, I explain how each of them criticizes, and further attempts to revise, racist and sexist tendencies that they perceive in representations of A sian masculinity in the West. Such an endeavor ultimately leads to a reconsideration of the nature of political practice that literature can perform.

The problem of representation of power relations in the narrative discourse is one of Joseph Conrad’s constant concerns. The struggles for dominance between diverse social forces the struggle for dominance between diverse social forces are well represented in languages and discourses. Particularly the social conflicts in Nostromo are embodied as a form of struggle between centripetal and centrifugal forces. The history of Costaguana, an imaginary republic, is a record of her political turbulence reveals that there is impulse and pressure towards a standardisation imposed and maintained by the central authority of the country and at the same time the urge towards diversity and polyphony. The conflicting history of Costaguana is a product of dialogic struggles of dominant social voices. The initial ideological positions of major characters like Gould and Nostromo are modified and changed by dialogic struggles. Every voice of the characters in Nostromo contends with the others and at the same time collides with the narrator’s voice. The manipulation of narrative voice and character’s contributes to the whole narrative dynamics of the novel, creating the effect of a constant lively dialogic relationship between the character’s centrifugal voice and the centripetal narrative authority. Bringing diverse social voices and heteroglossia into the narrative discourse and combining them within it as a form of struggle between centripetal and centrifugal forces, Conrad creates a great polyphonic novel.

Measure for Measure unfolds “the properties of government”: the intricate relation of power to sexuality and religion. The play of the disguised ruler in the Renaissance represents the patriarchy in its attempts to control or at least observe sexuality among the young. Authority figures such as ruler and father disguise themselves to observe the sex life or “passes” of the young. Yet Vincentio’s disguise is more closely related to his political strategy. Throughout the plays of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Vincentio is the only ruler who disguises himself peculiarly as a religious figure and meddles directly in the sex lives of subjects in no way privately related to him. Shakespeare divides Vincentio into duke and friar, and gives him an impressive combination of secular and religious power. Yet the writer also discloses the nature of power and demystifies the divine-secular authority. Not only is his subordinate Angelo’s secular authority challenged by Isabella’s moral superiority, but the duke’s religious authority is demystified through the play. This paper explores the inextricable relation of power to sexuality and religion, and demonstrates how the legitimacy of authority is challenged and demystified.

This article explores several key issues in the intersection of second language acquisition and pragmatics. It begins with a discussion of the basic issue of cross-cultural pragmatics that is essential in this intersection: the notion of differing norms of interaction across speech communities and the hazards of misinterpretation. The essay proceeds to explore the critical issue of paucity of authentic materials for the teaching of pragmatics in a second or foreign language. The article culminates with findings from a research project that describes a particular classroom context that fosters developmental pragmatic competence in L2.

The main issues in semantic change are examined. It is argued that the various formulations and quasi-formalizations in the literature are premature for the simple reason that semantic change is determined by links in the human mind/brain. Mental schmata subsume an array of affiliated conceptions that change in response to stimuli, as reflected in meaning differences from speaker to speaker and over time. In our attempts to classify and make sense of the universe, we place value judgments on objective labels. These subjective (e)valuations differ sometimes greatly from one speaker to another and as our conception of the referents evolves over time. Part of (e)valuation involves comparisons or utilization of a label from an item conceptualized as similar. Metaphors at least initially bear evaluative nuance. Metonymy involves transfer of labels by reanalysis mediated by associated contexts. Attempting to itemize all forms of metonymy is no more feasible than taxonomizing mental interconnections. Whatever structure there is to semantic change is not even constrained solely by the structure of links in the human mind/brain, because changes in the environment and interaction with various subcultures constitute independent variables that shape the outcome of semantic change.

In this paper, I delve into some grammatical aspects of Sino-Korean nominals which can combine with the light verb -ha ‘do’ in order to form a complex verb. They were assumed to be a noun when they were first introduced into Korean vocabulary. As they are combined with the light verb -ha in Korean, however, they are shown to behave as a verb in terms of theta-marking and Case-assignment, showing a diachronic change over a long period of time in history.

This paper examines the salient aspects of the English ditransitive construction and the constraints on the subject and recipient of the construction in order to understand its metaphorical extensions, and reviews the notion of controllability and its applicability to the construction. To sum up, the results of this study are as follows: (i) Dativizable verbs denote prospective possession of the referent of the second object by the referent of the first object and the central sense of the ditransitive construction is associated with a highly specific semantic structure, that of successful transfer between a volitional agent and a willing recipient. (ii) The notion of possession need not have only a literal meaning and thus such verbs of communication are treated as denoting the transfer of message or stimuli, which the recipient metaphorically possesses, which means the possibility of metaphorical extensions. (iii) Several systematic metaphors which allow extensions have been identified, but when it comes to the inanimate subject of the dirtransitive construction, the notion ‘volitionality’ cannot lead to a proper interpretation of the metaphoric extensions owing to some limitation in itself, so the application of the feature CONTROL representing controllability, is needed in order to involve and interpret even its extended constructions adequately. (iv) The rule of Dative Shift is not just an unmotivated, arbitrary syntactic option, but it has a definite semantic motivation.

In this paper, the learning style differences in different modalities were discussed. There has been some research on the relationships between learning styles and variables, such as sex, age, ethnicity, major, and L2 proficiency (e.g., Reid, 1987). However, because the definition of each modality has been different from study to study, it is difficult to adequately investigate the results of those studies. In the present review paper, the focus narrows down to the aural (i.e., listening) and written (i.e., reading) among various modalities, and how those variables play a role in modality preference is investigated. Additionally, internal and external factors are discussed to understand how they determine a specific learning style (i.e., listening or reading).

Researchers have been debating over the relative merits of two research designs in conducting research： quantitative and qualitative research. The purpose of this paper is to present the conceptual basis and methods of qualitative research to educational researchers by introducing four qualitative studies which were conducted to investigate the students＇ language learning in naturalistic settings (i.e., Brock, 1997；Gilles, 1991； Kuhlman, 1995； Marriage, 1996). In those four qualitative studies, naturalistic qualitative research methodology allowed the researchers to recognize the nature and quality of the group or the child investigated, or the class in their interactions or conversations as student(s) was were engaged in learning language skills； listening speaking, reading and writing in the classroom. Therefore, a closer look at dynamics of class and speech community while teaching and learning the English language in the practical classroom would be helpful to enhance instructional guidelines for the development of English language proficiency.