Earticle

In this paper, we state the necessary conditions on a BVA reading of pronouns. For this, we argue that there are four instances of a BVA reading in Korean and English and further argue, following Ueyama’s (1998) insight, that there are configurations in which a BVA reading between a quantifier A and its dependent B does not obtain. More simply put, a BVA reading is not available if A is one of A-type QPs and B is a long NP. B-type QPs, unlike A-type QPs, can in fact yield a BVA reading, irrespective of the lexical choices. This fact thus provides confirming evidence for Ueyama (1998)’s insight that the availability of a BVA reading is affected not only by a quantifier A, but also by its dependent term B. In addition to this observation, we maintain that there is evidence that common reference arising from the speaker’s intention is a necessary condition on a BVA reading. In this paper, we also examine the case of epithets where a BVA reading is available. In fact, anaphoric R-expressions such as epithets are incomplete definite descriptions. They induce common reference only if c-command does not hold. Hence, it seems reasonable to entertain the hypothesis that anaphoric R-expressions cannot be linked in common reference with a c-commanding argument.

This paper delves into complicated aspects of the English subjunctive mood and accordingly suggest teaching implications. I argue that these complexities arise from such grammatical concepts as mood, conditional, tense, and time. First of all, the subjunctive mood should be defined by the speaker’s attitude toward what he says, not by its structures typically beginning with the subordinator if. These structures are generally dubbed as conditionals ranging from zero to the 3rd conditional according to the verbal form of the condition and the result as well. Finally, the two concepts, tense and time, greatly add to the difficulties of the subjunctive mood. The lack of future tense in English gives rise to a discrepancy between tense and time. The complexity arising from this discrepancy makes the teaching and learning of subjunctive a lot more difficult. It is right here that students need to understand that future time can sometimes be expressed even by past tense in the subjunctive mood in particular.

This study investigates how Dubliners’s “Grace” was written with James Joyce’s narrative strategies. But, Joyce intend to get out of traditional strategies, developed a number of techniques—most notably the concept of the epiphany, rhetorics of silence, ellipsis, interior monologue, Uncle Charles Principle and the approach to the shorty story collection as a montage—that have exerted substantial influence over later writers of short fiction. We can not distinguish whether Tom Kernan fell down the stairs drunk or was worked over by his loan sharks. But we know that Tom Kernan fell down the stairs due to drunkeness, as everyone supposes. This is not clear. I infer that he was deliberately pushed down by the “muscle” or enforcer of his moneylender, Mr. Harford. The Young man in the cycling-suit rescue Kernan from the fall but narrator does not refer to the man. The narrator states ‘a person’, he does not refer to the man again. So the reader is curious. Kernan’s hat shows his identities, he had fallen and his hat had rolled a few yards away. He and his hat rehabilitated at a retreat. Joyce use a pun, Father’s name is Purdon. His name’s pronunciation meaning is an unlicensed prostitute quarters.

This paper examines structural alternations in English. It is argued that the structural alternations are to be dealt not with the purely syntactic approaches but with discourse pragmatic approaches. This paper consists of the following. Chapter 1 is an introduction that presents the purpose of this study. In 2.1, I deal with the double object constructions and prepositional dative constructions. The reason of these alternations is depended on discourse pragmatic factors; the meaning of verb, function in context, information status, focus etc. In 2.2, I deal with active and passive construction. The reason of these alternations is also depended on discourse pragmatic factors; contextual situation, transitivity, thematicity. In 2.3, I deal with there-construction and the construction without there. There-construction conveys new information, the assertion of existence, list and remind etc. in contexts, while the construction without there presents something on the immediate stage before our presence. In chapter 3, I conclude that the alternations in English are used according to the choice of speakers considering discourse pragmatic factors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate what kinds of vocabulary learning strategies ESL learners used, what strategies they preferred, and whether their vocabulary proficiency affected their reading comprehension ability. In order to accomplish the purpose, 43 ESL adult learners in a language institute in the US participated in this study. Data sources consisted of pre- and post-test of students’ proficiency of vocabulary and reading comprehension, and a questionnaire about their vocabulary learning strategies when reading English texts. The results of this study indicated that advanced-level learners used more meaningful strategies such as using the given context and vocabulary in reality. Also the findings showed that beginning level learners took passive attitudes toward acquiring vocabulary even in the classroom only by depending on class lessons and simply memorizing vocabulary. Futhermore, the advanced- level learners who used the given context and vocabulary received better score in reading comprehension tests than the learners who preferred memorizing vocabulary.

As a Belfast native, Anne Devlin depicts the questions of personal and national memory in histories of Ireland. In After Easter, Greta undergoes literal and spiritual journey through space and time, which enables her to become reconciled with and rewrite her ‘home’ as well as her ‘homeland’. To forget and, at the same time, to rewrite her dislocated identity, Greta needs to remember and revisit all the jumble of emotions back at home. Her experience of exile in England has been one of invisibility and instability made twofold by her gender; she is yet to produce her own meaning. Greta’s mysterious visions or dreams, each representing her symbolic birth, purification, and death both empower and prepare her for her painful journey. ‘Her fall through space and time’ signifies that, once she overcomes her fear of rewriting her identity, she will be no longer haunted or bounded by the limitation that geographic spatiality imposes on her and will be no longer be restrained by her past memories. Her journey entails the renegotiation of concepts of home, family, motherhood and Mother Ireland as they are all components of her personal and national history. After the journey, Greta relocates her ‘home’ in her soul, which will not be affected by a spatial limitation and it ultimately empowers her to narrate her own story.

The English auxiliary will is used to express pure future and modaliy as well. Some grammarians argue that English has no future tense as the auxiliary will has very limited use and low frequency of pure future. Theoretically, only pure future can be the meaning of the future tense. This paper, however, shows that both wills of pure future and epistemic future share the same syntactic features and suggests that both pure future and epistemic future can form the meaning of the future tense in English. This agrees with the fact that when we say of the future, we mostly express modaliy as well. It also makes it easier for the English students to understand the tense system in English fully and to use it properly.

This paper explores how Korean learners of English perceive stop-nasal sequences and how L2 perception can be accounted for within the Optimality Theoretic framework. Voiced stop-nasal sequences in English are possible at the phonetic level, while voiceless stop-nasal ones are permissible with an inserted glottal stop at the phonetic level. Those sequences in Korean are possible at the phonemic level, but they are not permissible at the phonetic level because of a phonological constraint in Korean. This research was designed to provide answers to the following questions: (a) How do native Korean listeners perceive English stop-nasal sequences? (b) Is their perception affected by Korean phonology? (c) What factors play a role in their perception? The results show that Korean listenersʼ perception is different from English listenersʼ perception. Overall, Korean listeners show the perception of epenthetic vowels, which is affected primarily by the release and/or voicing of stops. Their perception is affected by the phonological patterning of Korean in which the release of stops and voiced stops occur only in the syllable-initial position. The variations could be accounted for by some constraints proposed by Davis and Shin (1999) and Dep-IO, and by adopting a model of floating constraints which yield the variable rankings apparent in L2 perception.

After the Gyeonggi English Village was established for children to have a real English language experience, lots of local governments and elementary schools have tried to build their own English villages or to hold English camps. The purpose of this study is to provide information about English camps to those who are planning or preparing to hold an English camp of their own, by presenting our program development, procedures for holding an English camp, camp operation, effectiveness, and things to improve. We held an English camp with 60 elementary students for a week using our local college's facilities. During the camp, children experienced practical English activities by taking in English classes such as language arts, math, social studies and science in the morning, and by experiencing in English activities such as mini-olympics, hospital experience, restaurant experience, scavenger hunt, and happy market in the afternoon. On the last day, in the camp survey, students showed a high satisfaction with our camp and expressed a strong motivation for studying English. Despite its effectiveness, the camp’s preparation was very demanding, since we had little time to prepare and lacked human resources. This case study demonstrates that even without building an English village requiring astronomical investments, it is possible to hold a successful English camp using existing school facilities. This study also suggests the creation of a special group to develop practical camp programs and teaching material, and provide these to people who are planning to hold an English camp.

The world Englishes perspective assumes that English belongs not just to native speakers, but to all English users. It is thus hoped that the new perspective that embraces varieties of English can contribute to increasing self-confidence in non-native teachers of English. However, the new perspective has yet to inform teacher training programs as well as teaching methodology. The purpose of this study was to examine whether and to what extent the world Englishes perspective is accepted among Korean pre-service teachers of English. A questionnaire survey was conducted with a group of prospective teachers and non-prospective teachers for a comparison. The results of the study revealed that the prospective teachers had less favorable attitudes towards non-native teachers of English and had a lack of world Englishes. This paper suggests that teacher training programs for pre-service teachers as well as in-service teachers introduce the world Englishes perspective to the teachers so that the teachers can enhance their self-confidence in using English as legitimate English users and prepare their students for intercultural communication in a global context.

Though Ernest Hemingway rejects symbolism itself, the basis of his work is symbolic technique. So in order to comprehend his works. it is necessary to analyze his symbolism. This thesis aims to study biblical factors in the works of Hemingway and to show the relations between the biblical factors and subjects of his novels. A biographer noted that Hemingway’s main characters showed his view of life, universe, and christian mind. The continuation of this essay deals with analyzation of the male hero so that all of Hemingway’s works can be seen generalization of their catholicism. Most of the characters who are obsessed with gambling, drinking and sex have lived in Europe. In my opinion, christian symbolism was developed into the sinful human nature of Jake barnes and Santiago. From reflecting on them, we can see a great deal of changes which had occurred from young Hemingway. Strictly speaking, it is possible to destroy humans but humans can’t be defeated. The final end of our physical aspect can only be death. Although the spirit leaves us, the christian legacy of characters remains. Therefore, it leaves an image of sainthood and heroism that remains with us for a long time. In conclusion, this thesis reveals that christian symbolism is soaked into Hemingway’s works.

Structural Case (i.e., inherent Case) is associated with theta-positions, whereas structural Case is not (Chomsky 1981, 1986, Bošković 1997, 2002, Woolford 2006). If inherent Case (which Bošković assumes is assigned to elements in situ) is available only to nominals that the Case-assigning verb θ-marks, as is standardly assumed, inherent Case is excluded from ECM constructions. The inherent Case option of the ECMed nominal is ruled out due to the association with θ-licensing, the ECMed nominal not being θ-marked by its Case licensor: the only Case available to objects that undergo ECM, then is structural. In this paper, following Bošković (1997, 2002), I argue that structural Case must be checked by movement. In this respect, the ECMed nominal must move to the matrix non-thematic position (i.e., here, the outer spec of the matrix v*) in order to have its structural Case checked against v*: that is, the Korean ECMed nominal receives its structural Case in its surface position. From that surface A-position, the ECMed nominal can be passivized to the matrix [Spec, TP]. Unlike in English, the embedded clause of ECM constructions in Korean has an overt tense morpheme and an overt complementizer, which indicates that it is of a CP structure. If we assume that the ECMed nominal moves from the embedded subject position, it must raise across the embedded [Spec, CP] by A-movement. This violates locality on A-movement.

Due to the prevalence of a one-way teaching and learning paradigm, it is difficult for students to develop their own thought processes. Students are used to being fed and given information, and not encouraged to formulate their own opinions, and thus, do not feel comfortable in developing their logic. In such a circumstance, this study aims to investigate the effects of engaging comparative method in learning American drama. In accordance with constructive pedagogy, the comparative method project will promise to play a constructive role in assisting students to find their own voices and thoughts, grounded on their experience and knowledge. The study attempts to answer the following two primary questions: 1) To what extent does comparative method help students to understand American drama better and deeper?; 2) How do students respond to constructive pedagogy in drama class? Findings demonstrate that a student’s voluntary embrace of comparative study produced a better understanding of a play and the work to which it was compared. Students could learn how to connect their own knowledge and experience to the subject, in the process not only learning about an American drama, but also, independently, triggering their own thoughts about their personal experiences.

Early in his career, Ezra Pound concerned himself with the precise and succinct expression in poetry. It was in some way a prescription against his contemporary verse that was too vague and decorative, and too much given to generalization. His enthusiasm in the exactness and economy of expression in verse led him to initiate the Imagist movement in modern English poetry. This precision produced the effectiveness in expression. This effectiveness could be accomplished by Image, which was a means to produce the totality of a poem with metonymy. An examination of the development of his earlier poetry, therefore, is a study on the concept of Image and its metonymic use of language. This thesis explicates the development of the early poetry of Ezra Pound from the time when he first arrived in Europe to the period of the Imagist movement, comparing the two poems of Daphnic metamorphoses. The first of these poems, “The Tree,” published in the earliest stage of his poetic career, explains the speaker’s experience of metamorphosis and the knowledge from it. This poem is very prosaical with its assertive use of copula and generalization, which Pound tried to eschew. “A Girl”, written around the period of his Imagist movement, on the other hand, presents the same subject with economy and directness. The effectiveness of expression in this poem comes from Image and its metonymic use of language. The metonymic organization of words which employed Image was thus the pith of Pound’s Imagist poetry.

The number of Korean students who are studying in English speaking countries is increasing and the expenditure invested for studying English abroad is enormous. However, the quality of some ESL programs is not always satisfactory. Recently, there has been a lot of criticism that ESL programs are often not beneficial to language minority students. Some ESL programs cannot provide appropriate instruction and assistance. As a result, it becomes much harder for students to compete with their American peers. In this paper, the researcher scrutinizes some issues related to ESL programs in the United States and Korean students’ ESL experience in American schools. It is examined how the students undergo identity crisis and how they are disadvantaged due to curricular materials irrelevant to their academic needs and interests. Then, this paper proposes some suggestions that can benefit Korean ESL students in their struggles to learn English in America. The researcher hopes this study can help ESL teachers treat their students with more insight about their cultural backgrounds and literacy experiences. The researcher also hopes that this study can help Korean professionals in English education offer more appropriate and reliable advice for their students studying abroad to improve English.

Studies of the SVC have been plagued by the annoying fact that the interpretations of SVCs are apparently so diverse as to defy a unified semantic account of serialization. Thus, in most studies, the apparent heterogeneity of the interpretations of SVCs has led to fragmentation of serialization into a variety of subtypes, merely in terms of stereotypical examples, with no provision to capture the underling unity of the subtypes. This paper, along with Jo (1993), argues against such fragmentation and provides a unified semantic analysis of serialization. The sense of inseparable connection between the events serialized is attributed to the counterfactual dependency between them. And the variety of meaning dependencies of the SVC are accommodated as particular instances of the counterfactual dependency, arising from the interaction between the unique underspecified semantics of serialization and the semantic and pragmatic aspects of the events serialized. This analysis, in line with the selective generation analysis of lexical polysemy, provides a principled account for the time-honored native speakers’ intuition that SVCs express a single, perhaps complex, event rather than a series of distinct events.

John Ashbery brings about a wide variety of critical responses including ones contrary to each other. This is due to the difficulty of his works, which arises from his characteristic doubleness: his poetry mostly consists of normal sentences and familiar expressions while involved in uncertainty. His readers are induced to expect a coherent meaning, but this expectation is only to be frustrated. This doubleness is designed for his critique of the habitual way of experience looking for consistency and closure in spite of its irreducibility to a coherent interpretative frame. That is to say, Ashbery’s poetry parodies the habit of experience by imitating the style of the coherent discourse and at the same time mocking it with his actually incoherent discourse. This parody of coherency relies on his elaborated operation of discourse, which leads to uncertainty. He uses certain devices of disjuctiveness for creating uncertainty that can be described as “self-erasure” or “extravagance of connection that leads one nowhere.” As “‘They only dream of America’” and “Decoy” show, his poems make the reader have the impression of a coherent discourse with familiar expressions often typical to specific story genres or excerpted from well-known documents, etc. But the reader’s supposition of a consistent topic or theme cannot be confirmed because of the uncertainty resulted from the disjuctiveness intertwined with those familiar expressions. Ashbery’s poetry puts our way of experiencing discourse into question by foregrounding the convention of discourse itself through his strategy of parody.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between inflectional change and the development of the passive construction in English. Most of PIE contains a set of verbal desinences called medio- passives, but no endings for the passive voice. So at that time, there was an active and a middle voice but no passive. The medio-passive inflectional category was used to express middle or passive in meaning. And this phenomenon continued to appear in early Old English period. The English passive was also developed from the medio-passive. Old English had a rather elaborate inflectional system, but much of this had withered away by Middle English. The disappearance of inflectional endings which could carry passive meaning indicated a search for a new device to express the passive notion such as be+PP. In this study, we dealt with the passive constructions such as dynamic passive and statal passive, and the indirect passive. In disagreement with Jespersen’s insistence, this study claims that the indirect passive construction already existed in Old English and it developed throughout the Middle English period. We tried to give an overview of the relationship between inflectional change and the development of the passive construction.