Earticle

As we all know, the temporariness of beauty and the destroying power of time is a theme which attracts most of the serious writers all through the literary history. Especially, Shakespeare's concern with time, as a destroyer of youth and beauty, is said to be a fundamental theme of his Southampton sonnets (sonnets 1-126). Time, with his swift pace, progresses to eternity like a thief, steals hours and days, and finally wrecks and despoils love and friendship not to mention of physical beauty as well. He swallows up everything, and ‘nothing stands but for his scythe to mow’. But Shakespeare's concept of time in the first half of his sonnets is relatively superficial or imaginary, viewing time not as a real threat but as an abstract terror which is to come only in the future, very far from the present perfection of beauty. This attitude toward time, however, changes in the latter half of the sonnets. He now comes to see time as a more realistic, vivid, and personal object of terror, not as a literary metaphor any more. As a result of this change, he gives up trying to persuade the young man to marry and have as many children as possible, as a way to overcome the destructive power of time. He also abandons poetic immortalization of youth through a subtle analysis of time to win its power in the aesthetic context. He now realizes that it is not poetry or children that can defeat time but love itself, which lasts forever. Love is the last, but the best way to transcend all dilemmas of the world. To love others with a unique perspective on life could be the only way out of the world where everything seems to come under the dominion of time.

시인이 역사에 자유롭지 못하다는 전제하에 전쟁과 그 과정에서의 여러 가지 비극들에 대해 시인들은 역사적인 사건들을 작품의 직접 간접적인 대상으로 삼고 있다. 나치정부가 유태인들을 말살하기 위해 설치했던 집단수용소는 그 비극적인 현실과 절망과 희망의 공존 등의 매력적인 요소들로 인해 실비아 플라스뿐만 아니라 많은 작가들에게 아주 유용한 소재로 이용되어졌다. 실비아 플라스는 초기의 마른 사람들과 좀더 직설적인 아버지와 라자루스부인 등의 시를 통해 아주 생생하게 집단수용소의 비극을 그렸다. 이 논문에서는 플라스가 독자들로 하여금 희생자들과 자신들을 병치하게 초대함으로써, 집단수용소가 단지 영화 속에서나 나오는 신화가 아니라 전쟁 이후에 사라져 가는 인간성에 대한 상징이라고 말한다. 희미해지기는 하지만 완전히 잊혀지지는 않은 어린 시절의 기억과, 이 기억에서 깨어나서 느끼는 차가움, 그리고 생존에 대한 열정과 실날 같은 희망들이 드러나는 그녀의 시는 간접적으로 경험한 집단수용소의 참상을 직접적으로 그리기도 하였고, 또 간접적으로 극한 상황 아래서 나타나는 광의의 인간성에 대한 메타포로 사용하기도 하였다.

Toegye was the greatest Neo-Confucianist during the Chosun dynasty. He recognized that everything is composed of Li(理, principle) and Chi(氣, material force). According to him, the Li connotes God [the Maker] as well, therefore all things are even divine. Like him, William Blake declared ‘everything that lives is holy’, and ‘we [all creatures] live as One Man. In a biological sense, man’s every organ has its unique function, but all of them compose one body. It might be very similar to the world of the universe and nature. So there must be the common elements between man and all the natural things. For example, there are many common genes between man and tree. More than 90% of their genes have same ingredients. Blake regarded Jesus as the ideal One Man who is a human being as well as God. Because he maintained that anyone of the fourfold vision (the highest level of imagination) can achieve oneness with God. In order to realize this phenomenon there must be some awakening in mind. Toegye calls it the seriousness(敬, discreetness, awe, awakening), and Blake also mentioned that man can perceive it through imagination. These seriousness and imagination of Toegye and Blake can originate in the love for all nature. And the true affection for ‘now and here’ means the love for the eternity. Therefore Toegye said that the whole universe is one family. Related with this, Blake declared that ‘Eternity is in love with the productions of time.’ But there is some difference between them. While Toegye’s seriousness connotes the divinity of the universe’s principle, Blake’s imagination is linked with God. In spite of their differences they all recognized the whole creation as one family. Their thoughts can help us to restore today’s contaminated environment.

“Dissociation of sensibility” or “unification of sensibility” indicates T. S. Eliot’s poetic ideal. “Dissociation of sensibility” and its opposite poetic state, “unification of sensibility” are two poetic concepts revealing Eliot’s critical or poetical attitude. Like the two sides of a coin, they can’t be separately discussed. Eliot used the term “dissociation of sensibility” which means the separation of thought from feeling (/sense) to characterize the poetic situation in British literature since the seventeenth century. This critical attitude of Eliot’s suggests that Eliot’s poetic ideal was the representation of “unification of sensibility” in his major poems. “Unification of sensibility” reflects Eliot’s monistic attitude, which means his disapproval of the dualistic perception of our experiences. It is noteworthy that this monistic attitude reveals the same epistemological frame as F. H. Bradley’s monistic perception of experiences. In particular, Bradley’s “immediate experience” or “feeling” in which “as yet neither any subject nor object exists” can be a key word in our understanding of the influence of his philosophy on Eliot’s poetics, because Eliot’s “unification of sensibility” and Bradley’s “immediate experience” result from the same monistic epistemology. In a respect, Eliot’s “unification of sensibility” seems to be a poetic adaptation from Bradley’s “immediate experience."

콘라드의 소설은 인간의 언어 행위에 관한 뛰어난 통찰력을 보여주고 있다.「암흑의 핵심」에 삽입되어 있는 말로우와 커츠의 약혼녀와의 면담은 콘라드가 일상 대화의 원리와 구조를 잘 이해하고 재현한 사실을 입증한다. 특히 이 분석는 소설의 주제와 밀접한 상관간계가 있다고 여겨지는 말로우의 거짓말이 지닌 대화적 속성을 밝히고 있다. 말로우와 커츠의 약혼녀와의 면담은 일상의 대화규칙과 대화의 참여자 사이의 갈등이 잘 표출된 일종의 사회적 담론이다. 대화는 참여자들간의 갈등과 함께 협상과 협조를 통해 완성된다. 말로우와 약혼녀가 면담에서 보여주는 갈등과 조정의 과정은 그들의 대화의 순번(turn)을 분석함으로서 잘 드러난다. 이 연구에서는 버튼(Burton)의 분석 모델이 이 대화를 하나의 완결된 담론으로서의 구조적 특성을 설명하기 위하여 적용되었다. 이러한 분석을 통하여 대화 속의 갈등 구조를 더욱 명확하게 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 이 면담은 여타의 사회적 담론과 구조적 유사성을 공유하고 있는 사회적 담론이며 동시에 서술적 사건이기도 하다. 콘라드는 이 대화를 소설의 결말에 위치시킴으로서 서술 구성상의 결말과도 일치시키고 있다. 이 대담에서 커츠의 약혼녀는 대화의 흐름을 주도하고 대화 상대인 말로우를 압박하여 자신이 원하는 대답을 얻고자 하지만, 결과적으로 진실을 알지 못하게 된다. 말로우는 약혼자의 죽음으로 애도하는 커츠의 약혼녀가 대화의 주제와 말의 길이를 주도하도록 허용한다. 그들 간의 대화는 갈등과 긴장으로 역동성을 지니고 있고, 이러한 역동적 관계는 말로우의 거짓말 대목에서 절정에 다다르게 된다. 그녀의 대화는 상대에게 자신이 언급한 내용에 대하여 “확인요청(request for confirmation)”을 받고자 하는 시도로 점철되어 있다. 그러나 이러한 그녀의 대화적 주도권이 정보를 보유하고 있는 말로우가 거짓말을 함으로서 진실을 아는데 기여하지 못한 점은 이 대화의 최대의 아이러니이다.

William Faulkner exposes a tragic reality by race division in Light in August and Absalom, Absalom!, but doesn’t present a certain solution. In Go Down, Moses, he shows his own views of the black people and the race problem in the South. Among seven stories in Go Down, Moses, “The Old People”, “The Bear”, “Delta Autumn” deal with white southerner Ike and are connected with the black-white relationship. Especially “The Bear” is the central story where Faulkner’s subject clearly showed. In section IV of the “The Bear”, Ike reads the family ledger and realizes his grandfather’s sin of miscegenation and incest. He finds out the history of his grandfather is that of sin and shame. He recognizes that the McCaslin chronicle was “a whole land in miniature, which multiplied and compounded was the entire South.” He thinks his grandfather’s sin was originated by greed to possess the land. He relinquishes the land to expiate his grandfather’s sins against black people. That means he repudiates all negative inheritance that his grandfather represents. With Ike’s relinquishment, Faulkner demands the change of white consciousness to be free from the curse of the South. He recognizes the fact that whites are responsible for the race problem and stresses that their change of consciousness is expedient. Although Ike’s change of consciousness and relinquishment do not lead to a responsible action and expand to the community, Faulkner anticipates Charles Mallison in Intruder in the Dust.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate idioms in English and Korean and to find out how the different cultural elements are melted in them. Idioms can be defined as an expression whose meaning is not predictable from the usual meanings of its constituent elements. In most cases of Idioms, metaphor can be found. Metaphor is formed by the processes of substitution, comparison, and interaction which Black suggested. When we say ‘A is B’, we can infer and provide some kind of resemblance on the basis of their semantic properties. With the associated commonplaces a metaphor is formed. To interpret metaphors we need to understand not only the literal meanings but also facts about the world, such as historical, social, and cultural ones. In this paper I consider that cultural elements are melted in the idioms. The Kluckhohn’s cultural model was used as a criterion to the analysis of the idioms, which led to the following conclusion. Through the analysis of idioms the American and Korean Value Systems can be identified in the same way that they were found in the previous studies. In Human Nature, average Americans are generally optimistic, trying to believe the best about a person. In their relationship to Nature, they see that a clear separation exists between humans and nature, and humans are considered to be in charge. As for Time, Americans has a dominating belief in progress, future-oriented. Concerning Activity, they are action-oriented. Their Social orientation is toward the importance of the individualism and the equality of all people. The American value system can be shown as follows.

Impersonal constructions seem to be one of the subjects most frequently dealt with in English historical syntax. One of the reasons for this interest is probably that they stand out more than other constructions, since such impersonal constructions once widely used in early English but completely disappeared at the threshold of the Modern English period and are no longer found in Present-day English. There have been two hypothesis concerning the cause of impersonal-to-personal change. One was CONFUSIONIST hypothesis that the reanalysis of im-personals must have proceeded through the mediation of constructions that were ambiguous, that contained a preverbal NP which could morphologically be taken either as an object or a subject. But this hypothesis couldn’t explain the construction containing a dative or accusative object which has behavioral property of subject in the subject position of sentence. For solving these problems, we suggest other argumentation, Transparency Principle. Under the SVO rigidification the syntactic reanalysis occured first by transparency principle and then morphological, semantic shifts were accompanied. The syntactic reanalysis occured through a few stages, in the first stage preverbal object had no subject property and then acquired behavioral and coding property. For many impersonal verbs the oblique experiencer exhibits behavioral properties of subject before acquiring the coding properties of subject like nominative case. In other words, the impersonal construction contains an actual subject in itself, though the subject is in the oblique form. Semantic shift, accompanied by syntactic reanalysis, makes the communication between generations possible.

One of the most recent advances in the field of computer technology is the area of Automatic Speech Recognition(ASR). There have been many attempts to harness ASR to help in English speaking testing. In this paper I attempt to design such a program which will facilitate English speaking Testing. This program concerns elementary school level because there are more demands for it here. For this purpose I developed a prototype testing tool using Talking Max as an authoring program. First I analyzed the function of Talking Max. Then I constructed new algorithm for the discourse model of ASR. I also drew the communicative functions in the contents of testing units to design testing scripts. I submitted this prototype to a pilot test which includes computer simulations. Finally, I verified the goodness of this prototype as a testing tool by estimating testing validity, reliability and practicability. The result of the study indicated that the testing tool with powerful ASR functions enables us to measure student’s speaking ability effectively, especially for the formative testing. It is also shown that the prototype also has considerable accuracy in measuring student’s speaking ability.