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Jackie Sibblies Drury goes further in the black diaspora play, which attempted to regain the lost voice of the past and rewrite history, and points out the dangers of racial prejudice. At the same time, it suggests that theater can serve as an ethical space to present a fair view of race. The direction Drury’s play pursues is to properly understand and empathize with others who had the nature of the involuntary inherited trauma heritage. The most important part of drury’s play is to break the repetitive link of racial prejudice and find an opportunity to change for the generation living in the present. Drury reveals the prevalent racial prejudice through the Fairview, and the white mainstream audience realizes that (s)he is the cause of the unknown uncomfortable gaze and anxiety felt by the Fraser family as the play progresses. The audience’s participation, which is the biggest feature of this play and breaks down the concept of traditional plays, is Drury’s unique playwriting method to rethink and change the audience’s perception. This point is the moment that proves the performance that gives the audience a sensory experience at this moment. Drury’s play suggests that the theater needs a broad perspective and ethical change on others, that is, minorities.

This essay aims to analyze the influence of the literary interaction between Hopkins and Dixon on Hopkins’ poetry. Hopkins, a Jesuit priest and poet, had a long letter correspondence with Richard Watson Dixon, an Anglican priest and poet. Hopkins praised most of Dixon’s poetry, but disapproved of “Life and Death” and “Dust and Wind” on the grounds of them being pagan, not effectively reflecting ancient philosophies and not presenting a single pure image. Hopkins went on to create new poems by improving on the shortcomings he criticized Dickson for. Hopkins’ “Spelt from Sibyl’s Leaves,” surpassing the simplicity in Dixon’s “Life and Death” portrays an even more complex image of life while better capturing the dichotomous nature of the world, which is the essence of Heraclitean philosophy. Also, Hopkins’ “That Nature is a Heraclitean Fire and of the comfort of the Resurrection” is the counterpart of Dixon’s “Dust and Wind.” Instead of accepting Empedocles’ theory of the four-elements and Lucretius’s atomic theory as Dixon did, Hopkins, by sublimating fire into an absolute as did Heraclitus, describes a resurrection governed not by the laws of atoms but by the laws of Christianity. Thus the interaction with Dickson stimulated Hopkins’ desire to prove himself as both a Christian poet and classicist.

This article aims to examine kijichon women as homo sacers Heinz Insu Fenkl’s Memories of My Ghost Brother and Nora Okja Keller’s Fox Girl from an Agambenian viewpoint, considering the thesis of Encyclopedia of Korean Culture which defines heroines as homo sacers in the Korean kijichon novels in the mid-1990s. In these texts, the women become prostitutes for their poverty-stricken families and nation after the Korean War, but are insulted and abused without legal and moral punishment. In addition, the frequent and atrocious sexual abuse and insults by sadistic American soldiers. In fact, the women undoubtedly resemble actual kijichon prostitutes who were expatriated from their communities as dirty women and abandoned without legal protection and compensation from their nation. From Giorgio Agamben’s point of view, the reason that kijichons are in “anomie” states and women there live as homo sacers in the texts is due to the Korean government, which suspended the existing anti-prostitution laws and applied the absurdly biased administrative laws over-examining and isolating prostitutes in order to control venereal diseases. This analysis could help establish an important basis that would push the Korean government to improve the former kijichon women’s poor living conditions with adequate compensation, as well as to improve negative perceptions of them.

This thesis aims to analyze Caryl Churchill’s Cloud Nine from the perspective of narrative intervention. Teresa de Lauretis demonstrated that narrative originates from the Oedipus desire, so it incurs the male-centered power and it also tends to justify the subordination and exclusion of women and reinforce the power relations created by sexual differences. Churchill seeks to expose the artificiality and patriarchal ideology of women’s representation by using the strategy of manipulating time to disturb the narrative. Cloud Nine is set in the Victorian era of a British colony and modern England. Act 1 presents a narrative of Western culture locked in imperialism and patriarchy. As always, the hero must be male, and the female is portrayed as a destination or an object. In act 2, there is a rapid time change of 100 years, but the characters grow only 25 years older. Due to the rapid time change, the traditionally subordinate role of women that remains in modern society can be seen. Because of the inconsistency between the time of the text and the characters, the logical connection with the events in act 1 is blurred, and the characters undergo a rapid change. The warping of chronological time enables the characters to be free from causality and allows them to envision a future that includes all autonomy and possibilities.

This study seeks to examine Harold Pinter’s A Slight Ache through Freud’s Oedipus complex. We will see Edward as a neurotic who is mother-fixated which suggests his Oedipus complex has not been resolved. His motherly wife, Flora, becomes a catalyst who summons up his mother to him, unleashes his regression to infancy and provokes him into projecting his mother onto her. He again unconsciously feels the most primitive desire for her forbidden by his father and accordingly has competitive spirit upon him. However, he also feels guilty about his resentment against his loving father and fears that he will be punished by him for these feelings which Freud termed ‘castration anxiety’. Edward’s phobia of the Matchseller is related to this anxiety and he sees the old man as his father figure who has come back to castrate him and take his wife and his place back. To keep his place, Edward tries to emasculate his father but with the eye problems which symbolizes his destruction he gets weaker and through his weakened eyesight he finds out his father has become a big bullock. Admitting his inadequacy, he gives up desiring his mother to save his penis. To conclude, the play could be read as Edward’s process of resolving Oedipus complex and possibilities of forming an healthy adult personality.

In The Invention of Love, Tom Stoppard juxtaposes Old Housman with young Housman on the basis of insight into the ironies of life and consideration of humanism. He places Housman and Wilde side by side, and looks on Wilde as his fragmented self through divided dramatic structure. Although, Housman and Wilde have an ambivalent attitude to ‘Love’ and ‘Life,’ they have something of ‘Invention’ in common. Stoppard draws portraits of Wilde compassionately, represents Wilde’s life and art ironically, and sheds new light on them in a modern way. By juxtaposing Housman with Wilde, he describes Housman as two types of man: a freewheeling romanticist who, on account of being true to his feelings, not only receives plaudits but also is on the brink of ruin, and an obstinate classicist who avoids a shamble of emotions and leads a very quiet and normal life. Stoppard thinks that Housman and Wilde are not so much contrasting as complementary. That’s where it is very much in line with his opinion on Classicism and Romanticism. In The Invention of Love, Stoppard tires to explore love, poetry, classical tradition, and homosexuality in a modern way and emphasizes the intrinsic qualities of reality. In conclusion, Stoppard makes us free ourselves from a narrow viewpoint and think deeply about a full life and the importance of love.

My Antonia has been considered as a text based on cultural pluralism due to Willa Cather’s interest in new immigrants and their culture in the late 19th century and early 20th century. She has also been estimated to advocate a transfer or migration of new immigrants’ culture to America because she argued that a nation’s culture would be rich by the preservation of ethnic distinctiveness and firmly resisted America’s assimilation policy. My Antonia, however, shows racial differences with Jim, the text’s white male narrator, disclosing a racial hierarchy among European immigrants. Thus, this study begins with the premise that Cather rooted cultural distinctiveness in the racial difference which many nativists believed in and relied on the racial hierarchy which eugenicists insisted on. For discussion, examining and reflecting historical situation and social issues at that time, this study explores the distinctions among European races in My Antonia. This study partly accepts Cather’s positive stance on the new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe but considers her commitment to the cultural diversity of the frontier to be deficient because Cather places Antonia’s racial identity and her traditional motherhood within her individual society which is isolated and remote from the mainstream society.

This study discusses the English intervocalic /l/ spoken by Korean speakers phonetically and phonologically. This phonetic investigation is conducted to compare the acoustic features of the English intervocalic /l/ by English and Korean speakers. The results are summarized as follows. First, English speakers produced the English intervocalic /l/ as a single [l] whether English spelling is l or ll, whereas Korean speakers pronounced the English intervocalic /l/ as a geminate, or a double [ll]. Second, the formant values of the English intervocalic /l/ by English speakers had a similar tendency to those by Korean speakers. However, Korean speakers pronounced the English intervocalic /l/ before the vowel [ɪ,i] as palatal [ʎ]. This phonetic phenomenon is analyzed phonologically in accordance with Kim (1997)’s suggestion and Clements and Hume (1995)’s feature spreading. Hearing the intervocalic clear /l/ by English speakers, Korean speakers parse the clear /l/ into the available position, coda, inserting an empty C in subsequent syllable-onset. And then, the features of preceding /l/ in coda spread to the empty C slot, implementing a double [ll]. Still, if vowel [ɪ,i] follows the /l/ in the syllable onset, the /l/ is supplied with [-anterior] of the coronal node of vowel [i] and changed into another variant, palatal [ʎʎ].

This study investigates speech rate development of Korean-speaking young children in a relation to VOT distinction. Speech rate is a duration-based acoustic measure and crucial parameter to determine language development and language processing. To examine children’s speech rate, a production experiment was conducted with three- and four-year-old Korean-speaking children. The two child groups showed insignificant speech rate differences in mono- and bi-syllabic words, while the difference from adult speakers apparently increased in bi-syllabic words. Even though children showed adult-like VOT distinction patterns across three stop categories, the ratio of VOT to word duration was different from that of adult speech. This finding indicates that adult-like VOT distinction development in a segment level would emerge ahead of adult-like speech rate development. The results suggest that children in those ages did not show adult-like speech rate control, and for the speech rate control development, multiple linguistic features and cognitive factors are related. The 3- or 4-year-olds need to further develop speech rate.

This paper investigates the syntactic structure for the agreement attraction of the subject in English and the honorific subject or goal in Korean in terms of the subject or goal and verb(al predicate) agreement. The subject-honorific verbal ending si or goal-honorific verb tulita in Korean belongs to the verbal predicate. The subject-verb agreement in English is mistakenly affected by the feature percolation in the syntactic structure between an agreement target and a local attractor. The [+/-PL] feature in English and [+/-HON] feature in Korean, which undergo upward or downward percolation other than [WH], are also suggested to be a local attractor for the subject or goal and the verb(al predicate) agreement. In the coordinate structure of English subjects and Korean subjects or goals, the [+/-PL] feature or the [+/-HON] feature of the NP closer to the agreement target is a strong one, which undergoes upward percolation to the entire subject or goal DP. This is contrary to Jang and Kim’s (2021) suggestion that the plural feature percolates into the DP because it is a strong one. Last but not least, this is why coordinate elements in Korean subject or goal positions do not necessarily follow the animacy hierarchy.

English has two types of free relatives, standard free relatives (SFR) and transparent free relatives (TFRs). One prominent difference between them is that the head of the SFR is the relative pronoun what, whereas that of the TFR is the small clause predicate, which is commonly called the pivot following Grosu (2014). Specifically, the pivot determines the TFR’s syntactic number, (in)definiteness, and syntactic category, and this phenomenon has been often called TFRs’ transparency. Many analyses have been proposed to account for the syntactic properties of TFRs, but none of them is so satisfactory. This paper argues that the peculiar properties of TFRs are successfully explained by positing that TFRs can be derived by two distinct ways, namely specifying coordination in the sense of Matsuyama (2018) and parenthetical insertion in the sense of Schelfhout et al.(2004). It is also argued that the two analyses in question are part of independently motivated syntactic modules, and so the idea of dual derivation would not be a big burden to the grammar. Though more elaboration needs to be done by future research, several problematic cases can be given a better account under the proposal presented in this paper.

This study was designed to explore the delicate semantic similarities and differences among three near-synonym adjectives. To achieve this goal, this study tried to conduct a new approach with COCA as a target corpus and two analysis tools like Wmatrix 5 and NetMiner 4.0. This study took three steps. It explored the noun collocates of three near-synonym adjectives extracted from COCA, identified the semantic domains of noun collocates using Wmatrix 5, and finally examined how the semantic domains shared or unshared with three near-synonym adjectives through network analysis using NetMiner 4.0. In this study, only two options were chosen to explicitly explore the semantic similarities and differences of all three near-synonym adjectives: one is semantic domains shared with all near-synonym adjectives, and the other is semantic domains exclusively shared with each near-synonym adjective. The findings showed that there were the clear semantic similarities and differences in the authentic usage of three near-synonym adjectives in the COCA-based contexts. Additionally, it is well expected that much more detailed and genuine information of near-synonym adjectives could be provided by the new approach.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the continuity and sequence of elementary and secondary spoken English education. Three different English textbooks and teacher’s guides of 6th and 7th grade were examined with 10 relevant categories. In order to analyze the textbooks more accurately, the 6th and 7th grade textbooks with the same topic were paired for comparison. Results of data analysis showed that there is a sound continuity and sequence between elementary and secondary English textbooks for listening and speaking. Specifically, continuity was secured in that some of the communication functions, words, expressions, activities and procedures were repeated in the 7th grade. Also, new learning items added in the 7th grade textbook ensures sequence from the 6th grade. However, not enough continuity and sequence were found in some categories such as presentation of language structures, integration of oral and written language skills, and evaluation. The results imply that adopting more explicit teaching of grammar rules and enhancing integration of language skills in the 6th grade as well as increasing performance evaluation in the 7th grade can help improve continuity and sequence in spoken English education of the two grade levels.

This study investigates how Korean high school students with different levels of English writing are able to utilize their own self-regulated learning strategies and a sense of self-efficacy in writing classrooms. A total of 128 students took part in this study and they were classified into high-, intermediate-, and low-proficiency groups. Four instruments were used in the study: a background questionnaire, a English writing test, the Writing Strategies for Self-Regulation Learning Questionnaire (WSSRLQ,) and the Second Language Writer Self-Efficacy Scale (L2WSS). When looking at the results from the WSSRLQ, the results show that the high-level writers significantly used text processing and goal-oriented monitoring and evaluating more often than those in the intermediate- and low-level groups; the high-level group also used idea planning, interest enhancement, and emotional control significantly more often than the low-level group. In regards to the L2WSS, the high-level learners demonstrated greater linguistic self-efficacy, self-regulatory efficacy, and performance self-efficacy. In addition, there were positive correlations among self-regulation, self-efficacy, and English writing competence. Based on the results, suggestions are given for teachers, so they can better help their students improve writing skills.