Earticle

One of the central doctrines of VP ellipsis and null anaphora is that they relate sloppy identity. The way they are hypothesized to do so is by postulating ambiguity of interpretation in the complete clause, or by treating null objects as a kind of VP ellipsis. What we have been arguing here is focussed on such semantic questions. However, it should be pointed out that there are problems at the very heart of the two analyses we have dealt with here. Attractive though the two analyses might be, they are empirically incorrect. Several problems are worth mentioning regarding them. First, the lambda abstraction-based approaches should always postulate ambiguity of interpretation in the complete clause that serves as a source for the elliptical clause. To put it differently, they require hidden ambiguity and the derivation of their rules is too procedural. Second, as stated in the course of our discussion, the lambda abstraction-based approaches and the equation-solving approach cannot account for the existence of the mixed reading under VP ellipsis. Third, the parallelism between the availability of the sloppy reading and that of a bound variable interpretation for a pronoun is not consistent. The sloppy reading can in fact arise independently of bound variable anaphora. Fourth, the NOC in Korean does not necessarily yield sloppy readings in the contexts where English VP ellipsis does. A further problem is that the NOC in Korean seems to require a different treatment. The results observed in this paper suggest that the NOC in Korean cannot be treated as analogous to VP ellipsis in English. Apart from theoretical considerations, there are empirical problems with the analysis treating the NOC in Korean as analogous to VP ellipsis in English.

As willingness to communicate (WTC) has been proposed as one of the key concepts in L2 learning and instruction, speakers’ psychological antecedents to WTC and factors affecting them have also become important in the language education field. This study addresses two research questions: (a) Does speakers’ excitement fluctuate during L2 communication? (b) If it does, what factors affect speakers’ excitement? To answer these questions, a qualitative case study was conducted with 12 Korean university students. The data were collected from interviews, observations, conversations, stimulated recalls, and measurement of language proficiency. From an inductive analysis of the data, it was found that L2 speakers’ excitement fluctuated by the role of various primary factors: (a) personal, (b) environmental, and (c) personal-environmental factors. The findings suggest the possibility of changing speakers’ excitement and WTC through a pedagogical intervention. Various affective factors identified in this study can offer useful information as to how to increase L2 learners’ excitement by providing instigative factors and preventing inhibiting factors for it. It is expected that language educators can help L2 learners increase their WTC and facilitate their language learning by boosting their excitement.

Robert Frost’s labor poems open a mysterious space where ‘spell’ or fantasy cannot be separable from labor or reality and rather holds a cooperative relationship with it as a way to overcome the modern dilemmatic situation often called ‘the waste land.’ Frost’s method for accomplishing human dream again in this waste land is differentiated from T. S. Eliot’s ‘the mythical method’ to impose “shape and a significance to the immense panorama of futility and anarchy” from outside. Frost’s famous line, “The fact is the sweetest dream that labor knows” can be said to represent the significance of new perceptional/experiential possibilities found in his labor poems. That is, only manual labor, which makes “our fingers rough,” is not sufficient to have some knowledge of or reach “the fact.” As Žižek says “through fantasy, we learn ‘how to desire,’” such mysterious acts of dreaming something as spell or fantasy are indispensable to complete human labor. The reason labor needs or should know spell or fantasy is that there is something in nature too elusive to touch or name. Therefore human labor needs to admit its limitation and leave a space for dreaming something inexplicable, because anything human do to the facts falsifies them. In other words, art or human labor should be not transforming the fact but “happening of the truth,” and man should form things not with one’s own will or interests but “in accordance with the laws of beauty.”

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the national level qualifying tests for English teacher candidates of secondary schools successfully determines who will be qualified English teacher candidates. In order to achieve this purpose, this study assumes that qualified English teacher candidates must possess English proficiency, teaching skills and language pedagogy and analyzes tested items in the national level qualiifying tests for English teacher candidates of secondary schools from 2004 to 2007 (mainly 2006 and 2007). The result of this study is summarized as follows. Tested items in the national level qualiifying tests for English teacher candidates of secondary schools from 2006 to 2007 measure only reading comprehension and controlled composition and they do not measure language pedagogy in the classroom. The national level qualifying tests for English teacher candidates of secondary schools does not successfully determine who will be qualified English teacher candidates.

The primary purpose of this study is to analyze sixteen reading topics of ten high school EnglishⅠ textbooks, developed according to the 7th National Curriculum. In addition, the study investigated how much the reading topics in these textbooks reflect students’ and teachers’ interests. To this end, data were collected from 539 students and 44 teachers in Chungbuk with questionnaires. The results show that textbooks generally present a variety of topics that could attract both students’ and teachers’ interests, but there are some cases to fail to do so as follows. First, the reading topics of ten different textbooks thoroughly included sixteen topics presented in the 7th National Curriculum. However, there were some instances where a certain reading topic was presented several times in a textbook. Second, there were significant differences in the students’ interest about reading topics presented in textbooks by regional groups, sex and publishing companies. There was also a sharp contrast in the interests between teachers and students about fifteen reading topics with the exception of one topic(①). Finally, students’ interest about fifteen reading topics was lower than that of teachers’. In other words, teachers had more interest in textbooks than students. The results of the study accordingly suggest that students’ degrees of interest should be considered in textbook development and the next curriculum.

This paper suggests a primary English teaching model using multimedia technology. The model shows how multimedia technology can help to teach listening, speaking, reading and writing to different levels of students. It is based on Davies & Pearse(2000)’s suggestion on teaching listening and reading using the three steps of pre, while, and post language material presentation. Two major advantages of using multimedia tools in teaching English have been focused here. First, multimedia can help teachers to design level- based teaching to meet students’ varying proficiencies of English in the classroom. Many CD-Rom titles and Internet sites provide abundant controlled and guided practice for beginner and intermediate students. Multimedia also help more advanced students practice English by exchanging e-mails or voice messages with other English learners, even in other countries. The second focal point in the teaching model is that multimedia can appeal to students’ different learning styles. Language materials presented on video or animation will keep the interest of visual learners and help them learn better; listening materials on the Web or CD-Rom titles will suit auditory learners and so on. Specific ideas and steps for using multimedia are presented.

The goal of this study is to investigate if there are any different aspects in learning English relative clauses among different levels of Korean EFL students. English relative clauses are often classified in four types on the basis of the grammatical role of the antecedent, the relative pronoun, and the trace of movement. It has been noted that learners show a certain developmental pattern regarding these types of relative clauses. This pattern has been discussed by several hypotheses such as Accessibility Hierarchy Hypothesis, Parallel Function Hypothesis, Perceptual Difficulty Hypothesis, and Linear or Structural Distance Hypothesis. Previous studies on Korean EFL learners’ acquisition of relative clauses (Suh, 2003; Hwang, 2003) have tried to figure out which hypothesis is more explanatorily adequate, without much considering any differences among groups of different proficiency levels. In this study we pick up three levels of EFL students and give them two kinds of grammar tests. The statistics show that there is no significant difference in regard to the order of acquisition among three, and that the Accessibility Hierarchy Hypothesis works best in explaining the order of acquisition. We conclude that relative clauses need to be presented to Korean EFL students in the order suggested in the Accessibility Hypotheses.

The perspective of socialism tends to be applied to analysis of Bernard Shaw’s plays which directly deal with the social problems, while his plays which focus on the creative evolution are analyzed by the perspective of life force. But such a dichotomous approach caused many contradictory and confusing explanations of Shaw’s characters, especially of Undershaft in Major Barbara. In spite of the fact that Shaw was devoted to socialism and in his works socialism was obviously reflected, he disapproved to be defined as a socialist, commenting he was a moral revolutionary, interested not in the class war, but in the struggle between human vitality and the artificial system of morality. Since he believed that progress can be achieved by the improvement of the human nature rather than by the reformation of the institutions, he laid particular stress on the life force which accompanies human’s living will, courage, and realistic standpoint. Therefore if, even in the analysis of the plays with the subject matter of the social evils, we exclude the viewpoint of life force, we may fail to evaluate the works as a whole. In Major Barbara, Undershaft provides the cornerstone of the creative evolution by destroying of the false idealism of Barbara and Cusins that religion and philosophy can solve the problems of man and society. Despite his limitation that he reveals no creative vision for the future, he has the claim to be defined as a personification of life force.

Shakespeare repeats in the fifth act earlier situations and images to bring Coriolanus’s story full circle; he also creates reversals in the direction of action, the tenor of images, and the predominance of certain word-patterns to show the changes in that story. The two principles lend a conclusiveness to the fifth act. One of the two principles at work in the ending of Coriolanus is called “repetition.” Caius Martius rises to the first peak when, lord of the field, he receives the same Coriolanus and returns triumphant to Rome. Then he sinks back into wrangling with the tribunes and plebeians, finally falling into the degradation of banishment. In the repetition of this sequence, almost entirely played out in the fifth act, but from this pitch he once again falls, this time into the degradation of death. The dramatic technique of repetition, however, is not the only principle at work in the play’s conclusion, and if we examine the fifth act from a different vantage point, we shall perceive the lineament of another structure underlying the design of the mirrored pyramids. The other principle in the ending of the play, though not so dominantly as repetition, might be variously called reversal. The boomerang of reversal in the ending of Coriolanus is most obviously seen in its pattern of action. Looking at what happens in the play through the lens of reversal gives a different, larger structural image. That is, banishment of Coriolanus, the decision to join with Aufidius, and the return of Coriolanus. This broad pattern of action is reversal in its most general sense.

Some studies classified a glide into a consonant, while others into a vowel or both. So did the case of a semi-vowel. Moreover, a glide is sometimes called as a semi-vowel. The number of English diphthong is not consistent along with different studies, which is closely related with a glide and a semi-vowel. In this regard, this paper aims to reveal what a glide is, what a semi-vowel is, what the relation between them is, what the number of a diphthong is in English, and what the phonetic and phonological characteristics of them are to answer the above questions. To do this, in Chapter 2 some studies on a glide and a semi-vowel are reviewed in terms of the choice of a particular term, either a glide or a semi-vowel. In Chapter 3 English glides are analysed in terms of phonetic aspect. In Chapter 4 phonological characteristics which are related to a glide, a semi-vowel and a diphthong are discussed. In Chapter 5 some selected studies on a diphthong are examined and discussed in terms of the phonological characteristics. It is concluded that each study chose a particular term and the number of English diphthongs in its own way, depending upon which being focused on among the phonological characteristics such as distinctive features, syllabicity, identification of phonemes, the phonemic structure of English, pattern congruity, simplicity, symmetry, naturalness of phonological processes and so on.

The so-called serial verb constructions (SVCs) permit Case-alternation, causing the goal to bear possession. For example, while the verb sa ‘buy’ in Korean is a simple transitive verb, the verb buy in English is a ditransitive verb, causing the goal to bear possession; hence, the genuine counterpart of buy is not sa, but sa-cwu ‘buy-give’. This helps us to cultivate the idea that the Korean counterparts of the English ditransitive verbs are the SVCs such as sa-cwu ‘buy-give’. This paper is based on Lee’s (2007b) argument the Korean counterpart of the English ditransitive verb give is the verb cwu base-generated on v in Chomsky’s (1995, 1999) vP-structure (cf. Harley 2002, Jung and Miyagawa 2004). The contribution of the v head is the change-of-state predicate CAUSE (Harley 2002), which induces the goal to bear possession; hence, the verb cwu is a causative verb. This is in accordance with the real generalization that only causative verbs in Korean allow the accusative/dative alternation (Jung and Miyagawa 2004). The transitive verb on V undergoes verbal suffixation to the causative verb cwu on v; hence, a dative (causative) SVC.

In this thesis, I make an attempt to analyze how woman, man and nature are interrelated in Surfacing, adopting viewpoint of woman and nature as an analytical frame. Surfacing, one of Atwood’s early novels, was written with contemporary environmental awareness. The novel’s the internal structure is focused on revealing the past repression of her own identity, while external structure tells the journey to reveal the truth of the disappearance of the protagonist’s father. At first, I explain how woman and nature are interrelated. I emphasize that woman’s body is similar to the system of the nature and the protagonist shows a sensitive reaction regarding nature as an organic body. And also, I explore the realization of an unbalanced relationship between men and women. The protagonist experiences an abortion as the result of unsuccessful love and the experience gives her a severe sinful conscience. At last, I explore how the protagonist finds her lost identity when she faces her father’s dead body. Therefore, the title of the novel, Surfacing, means not only rising from deep water, but also the redemption from her painful past memories. Thus, in Surfacing, the conclusion shows us that Atwood tries to find the solution to the destructiveness of the modern society and to the restriction of women’s identity through the view of ecofeminism. This is exemplified in the protagonist’s return to city, which shows a kind of positive change of life. Therefore, in Surfacing, it could be drawn that it is Atwood’s ecofeminismal vision to identify the power of nature related with woman’s capacity to form a life cycle.

The objective of this paper is to provide the possibility that DP can be included in the phase system and the to discuss the phasehood of DP. Chomsky (2000, 2001a, 2001b) assumes that a phase is CP or vP and that derivations should proceed phase by phase. However, I propose that DP is also a phase, and the specifier position of DP functions as a relevant escape hatch of wh-extraction. One argument for this proposal derives from the fact that extraction from DPs is blocked by a filled [Spec, DP]. This suggests that wh-extraction from DPs is impossible unless the Spec of DP is vacant and available as an escape hatch for movement. The fact that the specifier position of DP functions as a relevant escape hatch for the wh-extraction from DP helps the argument for the phasehood of DP as well as CP and vP. The interpretation of reflexive pronouns also supports that idea. Two relatively defined phase systems suggested by Den Dikken (2006) and Shin’ya (2006) are discussed to give more reasonable grounds for the phasehood of DP. Den Dikken’s (2006) idea of phase extension explores the extended notion of phase and gives DP a qualified status of phase. Shin’ya’s (2006) phase system is also discussed to show that DP can be included in the phase system and more unified explanation for the effect of Specificity Condition is given under his framework of phase system.

Many critics have interpreted The Playboy of the Western World on its mythic level, but they have failed to integrate the play’s underlying structure and its mythic meaning. This failure may be because they have tried to extract some points or elements of the play and to fit them into an existing antiquity. When we need an archetypal figure to explain a literary work, we try to find a figure that possibly holds all the traits and action of the character in question. But It seems impossible to find such an archetypal figure for The Playboy of the Western World. If one single myth or legend cannot serve the purpose, however, we may have to expand its category, trying not to limit our scope. At this juncture, it has been useful to bring in an anonymous figure, a quester, who does not belong to any single myth, and who represents all from errant knights to modern seekers on their journey. The Playboy of the Western World has an underlying structure of a quest, a Campbellian night journey. Christy’s geographical movement and his loneliness are clues to the play’s journey structure. His movement from “a distant place” to a ditch on a dark night is a metaphoric prelude to his night journey. A Mayo village is a place for Christy to be tried. In this chaotic palace Christy goes through a series of traumatic insights and experiences a spiritual transformation. With the underlying structure of a quest, The Playboy of the Western World illustrates the process of a young man’s searching for his identity and his manhood. Seen in the context of self-realization or self-discovery in modern questers, Christy also achieves his manhood and identity through his night journey.

During the 1950s, many of the Koreans who immigrated to the United States were so called ‘war brides’ married to US soldiers. However, there is little room for these women not only in the record of immigrant history, but in the any part of Korean society. The main reason these women have been muted is that the most of them had worked as sex workers in U.S. military base in Korea, so called ‘Yanggongju’. Korean dictatorships and patriarchy considered these women traitors to the nation and outcasts at the boundary of that nation. In Korea, a growing number of popular texts that incorporate representations of Yanggongju have been produced and circulated since Korean War. These text have used the Yanggongju’s image in its pejorative connotation. As well, in American culture, Korean military wives are represented negative oriental women; they are often seen as seductive and sinister. However, despite these negative representations, they have struggled to seek their authentic identities while overcoming their difficulties coming from their marginality among white-centered society. This essay emphasizes the need to investigate the ways in which the positions of Korean military wives are represented as mere victims or traitors in Korea, as sinister whores in America. And instead of essentializing the experiences of Korean military wives as poor and vainglorious women, I try to find out the agency, subjectivity, and resistance of Korean military wives.

Theresa Hak Kyung Cha’s DICTEE, is a text which is very hard to categorize it as an autobiography or a Bildungsroman in that it does not feature a central narrating voice, nor does it offer chronological events showing personal development from an immature child to a mature adult. Even though Cha, in DICTEE, doesn’t depict a unified subject’s progress from youth to maturity, she interrogates many subjects such as the relationships between language and subjectivity, colonialism and nationalism, and minority discourse and the transformation of hegemony. In this paper I focus on how Cha resists the demand for uniform subjectivity, linguistically, culturally, ideologically and historically through the metaphor of dictation given to narrator using Bhabha’s notion of “hybridity and mimicry.” I also discuss how the identity of Korean nationalist martyr Guan Soon Yu, Cha’s mother Hyung Soon Huo, St. Thrse of Lisieux, and Jeanne d'Arc is exchangeable and is connected to the identity of the author Cha. I also examine how Cha reveals the double-voiced discourse by concentrating on actual contact zones of genres.

This essay focuses on the conflicts of desire and convention in William Faulkner’s As I Lay Dying from oriental humanistic view of life in which one’s identity is defined by the relationships he or she makes with other individuals, not by one’s peculiarity. The heroine, Addie’s passion of life is blocked by her husband Anse’s selfishness and laziness. Anse represents the distorted aspects of convention. His love is different from what Addie wants from him. So she does not believe the word ‘love’. Instead, she believes in the physical actions in which she perceives their bloods are mixed and become one while Anse makes use of the convention for his own purpose. His strategy is to dry up other people’s patience and simplify everything into shame or guilty. Their distorted relationship influence their children who take part in Addie’s burial journey with each one having his or her own secret and motive. Their world is a closed one where each one has its own territory isolated from others making this journey terrible and grotesque. At the end of the journey their gains are too petty to be perceived compared with their difficulties and efforts. It proves to be the triumph of manipulative conventionality that Anse best represents. But at the background of this final scene, the ever lasting human virtues such as creative passion, patience, devotion, devotion and service remain as human potentials.

Several constraints have been discussed on English resultatives: The Direct Object Constraint, The Single Delimiting Constraint, The Further Specification Constraint and A Semantic/Functional Constraint. This paper reviews these constraints and shows that a semantic constraint is required in order to explain the compatibility between the action denoted by verbs and resultative predicates. The main argument of this paper is based on the analysis of Goldberg’s constructional grammar. According to Goldberg, resultatives are supposed to be consisted of constructional subevents and verbal subevents. Goldberg(1997) proposes the Causal Relation Hypothesis which describes the relation between the meaning designated by the verb and the meaning designated by the construction. This hypothesis, however, cannot explain the semantic difference between The vase broke into pieces and The vase broke worthless. Takami(1998) divides resultatives into lexical resultatives and pragmatic resultatives and suggests an elaborate semantic constraint. According to Takami(1998), the verb hammer contains the meaning of resultative flat. The following sentence, however, shows the contradiction that the contained meaning is negated: John hammered the metal, but it didn’t become flat. To explain these problems, I suggest a semantic constraint on resultatives: The English resultative construction is acceptable only when the constructional subevents are the direct result of verbal subevents. This constraint means that the English resultatives are described based on the relationship between verbal subevents and constructional subevents.

There is nothing comparable to the Great Famine of the 19th century in terms of its impact on the formation of the modern Irish community. The Great Famine caused an unprecedented, miserable starvation and the overseas emigration leading to the radical decrease of its population by half. The trace of the miserable life is vividly to be seen among the folk memories and their literary works, whose content is as followings: Ireland cannot be a permanently tragical country and the Irish landlord and the British Empire have to be blamed for it. And lastly, unlike these criticism against the British Empire, the Great Famine is partly due to their fatalism. Many literary people including such as James Clarence Mangan, W. B. Yeats, James Joyce, Patrick Kavanagh and Seamus Heaney relay the dark misery of the Great Famine from the different perspective: Mangan vividly reports the darkness; Yeats beautifies the peasantry’s material poverty by transforming it into the spiritual abundancy whereas James Joyce, P.Kavanagh and Seamus Heaney represent the wound in a realistic way. To our interest, J. Joyce attacks the avarice of the British people; Kavanagh attacks their own fatalism while Seamus Heaney tries to reveal the ambition and hypocrisy of the British Empire by depicting their own ancestor in a compassionate tone. My last conclusion, hopefully supported by the investigation above, is this: when dealing with and depicting the Disaster, the Irish writers cannot but be affected by their ethnicity, religion and place of growth as well as the characteristics of the time they lived.