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This paper aims to explore Christopher Marlowe’s rendering of the irony of forbidden desire and his understanding of the Reformation and Renaissance humanism by examining The Tragedy of Doctor Faustus and Edward II. Faustus and Edward, alter egos of the playwright, lead a life full of transgression by building forbidden bonding either with a demonic agent or with a homoerotic friend, a kind of homosociality with pernicious companions. Ironically, however, their transgression raises questions about a fundamental meaning and nature of faith and friendship. As a sympathetic desire sharer with Mephistopheles, Faustus betrays his skepticism about the authenticity of the faith system of his times, developing a spiritual homosociality with the fallen angel, though their communion leads to the freethinker’s damnation. Edward’s homoerotic friendship with low-born Gaveston and the nobles’ repulsion toward them reflect the tension between a king’s two bodies, particularly underlining the impaired and languished authority of monachical sacrality in the period of transition from divinely-ordained kingship to Machiavellian realpolitik. Though failed as a monarch, however, Edward’s pursuit of friendship makes a sharp contrast with power-oriented and self-serving peers, all of which emphasizes the value of human relationship in the play.

No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger can be interpreted as a desperate message to those who are engrossed in distorted religious values ignoring human dignity. If the readers can see through the writer’s thought, they will also know how much Mark Twain had made every effort to make people realize how serious the prejudice and deception rooted deeply in religion are. Even though Twain who had disputed the hypocrisy and unfairness carried out in the name of religion was worried about being criticized harshly, he did not stop speaking out boldly and candidly about irrationality forged from religion. Actually, this novel, which figuratively revealed the atrocities of Karl Lueger who was Hitler's role model, makes people cast doubts on the existence of the God itself as well as religious ethics or morals. Given American society where Christian sentiment was deeply ingrained at that time, it is possible to imagine how much courage he would have needed to write this novel. So, the readers who have grasped the true intention of the writer will not have difficulty understanding the phantasmagoric story structures and the inexplicable dialogues. Thus, today when religious issues are still scattered, this novel like a petition is one of Twain’s greatest masterpieces that must be necessarily read.

This thesis aims to explore the relationship of information theory and literary criticism through analysis of Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49. It doesn’t only reflect uncertainty and indeterminacy of information that pervaded in the era of information and Postmodernism, but also interacts with scientific theories and suggests the possibility to overcome their limitations. Edipa Maas’s quest for the truth of Trystero, is to reveal some hidden meanings and give order to Pierce Inverarity’s inheritance. However, as her quest proceeds, she is overwhelmed by more and more information. According to Claude Shannon’s information theory, it is inevitable that noise increases in transmission. But he suggests that noise could be a source of information because the amount of information increases in proportion to degree of uncertainty. However, the problem of information theory is that Shannon ignores materiality of information by separating information from context and meaning for efficiency of transmission. Pynchon’s novel is fundamentally based on human lifeworld and concrete and physical experiences. Therefore, it can show Edipa’s potential as an informational subject to constitute information in relation to her environment.

This article examines how Ha Jin constructs his migrant identity and interprets the meanings of freedom presented in the migrant novel A Free Life. Contrary to his previous works set in China, A Free Life set in America focuses on Asian-American classic narrative of the immigrant family’s socioeconomic hardships and independence and struggles with cultural and linguistic assimilation. As the title suggests, A Free Life is also a novel that deals with the meanings of freedom. First, this article examines how Nan Woo, the male protagonist, attempts to overcome his Chineseness and China his homeland and achieve freedom by rejecting blind nationalism and patriotism. Secondly, this article discusses how Nan attempts to obtain his creative energy and freedom to write poems by overcoming the illusion of his first lover Beina that he’s been continuously obsessed with as his only muse. Lastly, this article examines how Nan attempts to overcome material desire, an American dream, and obtain linguistic and artistic freedom to create in English. By doing so this article discusses how Nan presents an alternative model of American dream and constructs the migrant identity through the fulfillment of his dream of becoming a poet.

The purpose of this paper is to study a specific narrative structure and the Other in Mary Shelley’s The Last Man by using the Chiasm. Chiasm is a concept of philosophy of the body which states that the interrelation of humans and other objects cannot be separated by quantum physics. On one hand, chiasm has been studied as a way of interpreting the Bible in theology. The bible’s chiasm(symmetrical parallelism) is a structure consisting of a, b, c, b’, a or a, b, c, b’, a’ which contain the most important story in the middle. Mary Shelly’s The Last Man is the apocalyptic structure that interprets the Bible, which not only serves as an analytical framework that emphasizes the theme in the literary narrative structure, but also as a reversible method that makes the end of mankind the start. On the other hand,, Merleau-Ponty makes this concept crucial in his writing “Chiasm of the Flesh”, as he believes that the body and the world overlap by means of sensation, which bridges us and the Other through an intersubjective relation; we feel the world because it feels us. In other words, we and the world are intertwined, just as everything in this world. In conclusion, studying The Last Man from the two perspectives of chiasm can best describe the narrative structure of the novel, and how Merleau-Ponty’s chiasm is an unconditional hospitality to the Other, which includes the definition of “being”.

This study aims to explore that compression in Emily Dickinson’s poems works as a key to enhance the creative “answerability” as the response. Based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s norm of “answerability,” this paper examines how Dickinson’s compression draws the responsive, active, and creative attitude from the reader. According to Bakhtin, we have to answer with our life for what we understood in art. Bakhtin believes that readers are meant to have responsive attitudes toward the understanding of the art. Through the act of response, the reader becomes another author as well. In the case of Emily Dickinson, her hallmark in poetry is the ambiguity which is caused by compression. Readers try to recover the deleted or elided elements by substituting or inserting words or phrases to compressed lines. Since it is relatively impossible to recover the original version of the underlying structure, each reader responds to compression and Dickinson by creatively inserting speculative words or phrases based on their analysis. In other words, compression requires readers to do creative interpretation about the poem since it creates ambiguity and multiplicity of the meaning. Each reader fleshes out the compressed lines based on the syntactic and semantic reconstruction. Thus, readers are involved in interpretive works understanding her poems as the “superaddressee.”

This essay examines how George Eliot draws on the symbol of the aeolian harp in her novel, Middlemarch, in her endeavor to reconcile subjective and objective viewpoints. Recent critics have attempted to view Eliot’s skepticism toward the logocentric view of knowledge and history as prefiguring poststructuralist or Nietzschean thought. Focusing on Will Ladislaw, who intuitively perceives the aeolian harp in Dorothea’s voice, this essay investigates how Eliot renders through literary language a means of transcending the limitations of subjective perspectives and imaginatively entering other perspectives. Ladislaw’s affinity with Romantic poets established through the symbol of the aeolian harp suggests that he is quite invested in negotiating between idealist and realist positions. While he strives not to lose sight of a realistic understanding of reality, Ladislaw is not without a desire to aspire to come into contact with essential elements of life. Ladislaw therefore makes an arduous effort to penetrate and grasp the dynamic and ever-changing essence of Dorothea’s beautiful soul without turning it into something fixed. Ladislaw’s intuitive appreciation of the complex operations of aesthetic elements in Dorothea’s voice enlarges his capacity for sympathy, which eventually transforms him from a perceiver of beauty into an active participant in politics.

This essay aims at probing into the three issues in A. R. Gurney’s Overtime to dramatize a desirable modern American multicultural society. The play can be viewed as a parable on American multicultural society in that the locale of the play, i.e. Venice, is compared to American metropolis and that each character, except Salerio, is endowed with American racial and ethnic identity. The first issue is on the stereotypes and the prejudices. Gurney reveals that American citizens cannot completely escape from the stereotypes and the prejudices but that they can be overcome by listener’s pointing out or refuting them and speaker’s making ceaseless efforts to correct them. The second issue is on African Americans’ hatred and antipathy against Jewish Americans. Gurney evinces that the conflicts between the two groups can be conquered by respecting the differences of each group and sharing their mutual concerns as American citizens. The third issue is on WASPs’ influence on their multicultural community. Gurney reveals that WASPs can exert their influence as integrators in solidarity with an influential minority group—Jewish Americans. In conclusion, Gurney‘s position on multiculturalism is that of emphasizing unity more while respecting diversity.

Syntax of nominal phrases have been the center of the linguistic discussion across languages, as they reveal the core constitutes of the structural organization of nominal phrases. Numerous analyses on the syntax of nominal phrases assume the well accepted structure of a noun phrase in English, and examine whether a language in question can be accounted for by the structure of an English noun. This paper pursues this type of an approach in addressing a question of the syntax of mei ‘every’ in Mandarin by assuming a recent syntactic approach of English every in Borer (2005). Although mei in Mandarin has been paid much attention in the literature, most of the studies thus far have focused on the formal semantics of mei. Not only the syntactic proposal on mei is scarce but also its comparison to a recent proposal of syntax of English every is lacking. This paper proposes that mei is similar to English every in that it can realize a D head or Num(ber) head. However, this paper also shows that mei is different from English every: it cannot portion out a noun that denotes mass in the sense of Borer (2005). Consequently, it cannot realize a Div(ision) head instantiated by English every. Overall, this paper contributes to the current discussion on the structure of the word ‘every’ by suggesting that a nominal meaning ‘every’ across languages does not seem to share the same syntactic roles.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the need for a pragmatic approach of choice and use between various interchangeable future expressions such as will, be going to, will be∼ing, be∼ing and Simple Present. From the survey-based analysis, the major findings are shown as follows; 1) Various future expressions may be recognized by native and non-native speakers. However, non-native speakers are unfamiliar with the choice of various future forms in real language use 2) Simple Present tense, be∼ing (Present Progressive), will and will be∼ing (future progressive) tend to be generally evenly replaced with future-expressions by native speakers. On the other hand, will and be going to are mostly preferred by non-native speakers, which means they usually use limited future expressions 3) Adjacent tenses resulting from ‘resilience of tense’ allow language users to make a flexible choice for a proper meaning. 4) Future tense tends to be more open with tense-extension, compared to other tenses. This means future tense can be naturally shown in various forms. As a result, these findings show that pragmatic dimension should be taught for better understanding of various future tenses by Korean English learners.

This paper has claimed that the resultative construction in English can be explained by the selective binding process in the Generative Lexicon Theory, rather than by the co-compositional process. The reasons can be attributed to the facts that the former deals with the non-adjacency problem concerning the subject predication more easily and that it can address the core semantic change of the object or the subject in a direct way and the secondary semantic change on the verbal status more indirectly than the co-composition approach which can cope with the secondary semantic change of the verbal extension nicely but cannot properly address the core issue of the semantic change that takes place to the direct object in the case of the object predication or to the subject in the case of the subject predication. Previously, the process of co-composition was suggested to deal with resultative constructions in English. However, the co-composition operation seems to be based on common or similar information between the two arguments which are co-composed. Yet, it can hardly be viewed that elements both in object predication and in subject predication in resultative constructions share much information in common or symmetrically affect each other. Thus, I believe proposing an alternative generative option for the construction can be justified.

Several studies have investigated tone assignment patterns of North Kyungsang (NK) English loanwords, but most of them rely upon small data sets to support their generalizations and focus only on small pieces of the larger puzzle. This study aims to address the unresolved aspects of the accent assignment patterns of NK English loanwords and provide an integrated analysis of the loanword tone patterns. In order to examine which tone patterns are closely related to which word structures, this study collected 3,384 English loanwords and classified them into syllable numbers, tone patterns, and syllable structures to examine their relationship. The representative tone pattern of each word was chosen by native intuitions of six native speakers of NK Korean. Then, the underlying foot structures were analyzed to gain a better understanding of the relation between the tone patterns and syllabic structures. This study asserts that NK Korean does not have a strict bimoraic trochaic system and that the bimoraic trochee could be violated when interacting with other constraints. This study also claims that the context-dependent coda moraicity applies to words with three or four syllables when they receive double high accent.

The purpose of this study is to set up a teaching model of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) for liberal education, and to verify its effectiveness by developing class materials for English for Advertising and Public Relations and applying them directly in ESP classes. For the purpose of this study, a teaching model of ESP for liberal education was designed in three stages: input – content-based language instruction – task and project. The Advertising and PR English textbook is composed of seven themes, two units for each subject, and each unit consists of vocabulary, the main content and group activities. In order to examine the effectiveness of the model, a total of twenty-six university students who participated in the classes of English for Advertising and PR were questioned in the survey. The results of the questionnaire showed that the participants showed the highest satisfaction with the teaching method, and were also quite satisfied with small group activities and Havruta learning activities. In particular, they identified with the fact that they learned terms related to their major which helped them obtain professional knowledge. However, low satisfaction was expressed with the difficulty of the class textbook. Practical implications for effective ESP education were suggested.