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This paper analyzes the process and pattern of repressed trauma and violence in Black families centered on the keyword “anger.” Aleshea Harris presents a deep meditation on the ways in which anger generated by trauma spreads to the next generation and how this transfer affects their lives. Is God Is sheds light on the lives of Black twin sisters who suffered burns from a terrible fire set by their father. Mama’s story makes them angry with the man who committed such terrible things against them, and so they set out on a journey to punish him. Mama shows her body, scarred by the burning, and it becomes a trigger that unlocks the sisters’ repressed anger. In anger, they yearn to take revenge on the man who ruined their lives. The sisters’ anger, suppressed until their meeting with Mama, unleashes a violent act of murder that destroys the man. Racine and Anaia were victims of violence, but they later become perpetrators of violence against others. The most tragic aspect of the trauma is that the next generation cannot find a way out of the terrible reality nor understand the true source of their pain. Is God Is deals with how violence reverberates within a family through a story of trauma that tragically dismantles a family in a vicious cycle of unresolved violence.

This paper explores the ethics of nonviolence and grievability as represented in Colson Whitehead’s The Nickel Boys. Judith Butler emphasizes the importance of life, approaching the ethics of nonviolence and grievability through the logic of human vulnerability and interdependency. Recognizing this interdependency becomes crucial for fostering the possibility of equal social relations. Incarcerated in the Nickel Academy, Elwood confronts a microcosm of the racial segregation prevalent in American society. Faced with extreme systemic violence, Elwood strives for an egalitarian interdependency, not just for blacks but also for the white individuals who discriminate against and control him. He practices nonviolent resistance by writing letters to expose the corruption of the authorities, including the US government and the Nickel Academy. Witnessing Elwood’s death, Turner breaks free from racial defeatism and chooses to live a ‘sturdy’ life, akin to Elwood’s, thereby restoring the life of his fallen comrade, who was denied a proper obituary and mourning, to a life worth living and grieving. While Elwood’s journey comes to an end, the hope remains that future Turners will carry on the torch of nonviolent resistance, envisioning an egalitarian world where all subjects can experience grievable lives.

This article explores the theme of transnational identity as depicted through espionage in Ha Jin’s novel A Map of Betrayal in which Jin raises complex questions about dual loyalty and the relationship between the individual and the state within the narrative of a spy fiction. A Map of Betrayal deals with the life of Gary Shang, a double agent who is fictionally reconstructed from the true-life story of a top Chinese spy ‘Larry Wu-tai Chin’ (1922-86) who worked as a translator in the CIA. Initially the article discusses the trope of both the spy and Asian American immigrant who are suspected of being ‘inscrutable’ and ‘invisible’ in the American society. In A Map of Betrayal Jin interweaves the double narrative of the protagonist Gary Weimin Shang in the third person and the narrator, Lilian, his daughter, in the first person. This article also examines Jin’s double narrative strategy providing a plural vision of history by thematically and structurally complicating the double life of a spy and an Asian immigrant. Lastly, it discusses the contradiction of patriotism and belonging, drawing parallels between the writer Jin and the protagonist Gary and examines the possibility of their transnational identities.

This paper aims at probing into three achievements in Isaac Newton’s public life and three dark truths in his private life in Arthur Ziffer and Herbert Hauptman’s Isaac and Amanda. The first achievement as a physicist revealed in Newton’s dispute with Robert Hooke is that he developed the inverse square law and the laws of motion. The second achievement as a mathematician revealed in his dispute with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is that he first developed calculus. The third achievement as a warden of the Royal Mint is that he prosecuted and executed dozens of counterfeiters including William Chaloner. On the other hand, the first dark truth in Newton’s private life is that he remained single for life because of his childhood trauma caused by his mother’s remarriage and her abandonment of him. The second dark truth is that he was reluctant to disclose his belief in Arianism. The third dark truth is that he suffered from a nervous breakdown or depression resulted from his implicitly expressed homosexual relationship with Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. Therefore, the play deserves critical attention in that it dramatizes Newton’s public and private life in a balanced way and induces us to survey his life on the whole.

This article is two-fold. The ultimate goal of this article is to provide a big data analysis of 330 reviews of the movie Noryang and to evaluate the Naive Bayes model, the Random Forests model, the DNN model, and the LSTM model in machine learning and deep learning. A point to note is that the name Yi, Sun-shin was the most widely used by viewers, followed by the word movie, and the word general, in that order. A major point of this article is that the name Yi, Sun-shin and the word movie showed up twice as the first keyword. This in turn implies that these keywords are the most noteworthy ones. The sentiment analysis argues that about 75% of viewers think of the film as well-made and that they were highly satisfied with it. In this paper, we used the Naive Bayes model, the Random Forests model, the DNN model, and the LSTM model and made them predict whether each review is positive or negative. The Random Forests model works well for our data, whereas the Naive Bayes model does not. When learning took place 25 times, the DNN model worked well for our data (its accuracy rate is 82.76%). When it comes to the LSTM model, its accuracy did not improve even though learning took place 9 times. Yet, the LSTM model is slightly better than the DNN model with respect to the accuracy rate of test data.

This paper investigates intervention effects in T(OUGH)- constructions in English. Hartman (2011) reports that the intervening attitude holder or judge PP prohibits the association of the matrix subject DP with the gap in the embedded infinitive clause of T-constructions. Hartman (ibid.) argues that intervention effects in these constructions make a strong case for the long-movement analysis for the matrix subject DP. In this paper we explore the different line of analysis, proposing à la Chomsky (1981) that the matrix TOUGH adjective is an individual-level (IL) predicate and converts the ensuing embedded infinitive form of verb into the same type of IL predicate. Consequently the two adjective and verb are combined into one complex IL adjective, mediated by raising of the functional category ⓘ-Pred that makes the embedded infinitive verb enter into IL predication. However, when the embedded infinitive clause is extraposed after the attitude holder or typical adjunct PP, ⓘ -Pred raising is disallowed, thereby failing proper predication in the matrix clause; this in turn accounts for intervention effects in T-constructions.

This paper is designed to show the diachronic syntactic changes from Old English (OE) to Present-day English (PE), taking the Parable of the Rich Man and Lazarus (Luke 16:19-31) as a specific illustrative example. The focus is on tense, aspect, and modality; It is described and explained how the tense, aspect, and modality of OE changed to those of PE through Middle English (ME) and Early Modern English (ENE). Concerning the changes of the tense, aspect, and modality of the English language from OE through ME and ENE to PE, these are characterized as the changes from contextualization to decontextualization. For example, the OE sentence We doþ ealle Drihtnes word, þe he spræc (Exodus 24:3) is literally translated as ‘we do all the Lord’s words which he spoke.’ This word-for-word translation corresponds to the PE sentence We will do all the words which the LORD has spoken! In OE the meaning of the simple present was determined as being either the simple present tense or the future depending on context, this being the result of contextualization (disambiguation strategy by context). However, in PE the simple present and future tense are differentiated in form, as shown above for PE sentence; this results from the process of decontextualization.

Exceptional case-marking(ECM) in linguistics is a phenomenon in which the subject of an embedded infinitival verb in English seems to appear in a matrix clause and, if it is a pronoun, is unexpectedly marked with object case morphology. The unexpected object case morphology is deemed “exceptional”. Transitive secondary resultative constructions in Korean have nonfinite CP structures which include a null pro or a bare noun of inalienable possessums, or partitive elements in the subject position. The current paper investigates into the syntactic peculiarities of the transitive resultative construction in comparison with the ECM construction. It also delves into the syntactic position and the discourse effect phenomenon of the (fake) ECM element in the two types of constructions. We note that in the typical ECM construction, the matrix transitive verb takes a complement clause as a direct object, but in the transitive resultative constructions, the transitive verb takes a fake ECM element as a direct object. We suggest that the fake or pure ECM element occupies the matrix Spec-v* as a sentential contrastive topic, although the two elements are syntactically different in that one is a direct object of the matrix transitive verb and the other is an adjunct positioned in the matrix Spec-v*.

This current study contemplates the perenniality of the 2022 Revised National Curriculum of English by comparing its achievement standards to those of the 2015 Revised National Curriculum of English. For this purpose, the items of the National English Listening Ability Test for Secondary Schools created under the 2015 Revised National Curriculum of English were utilized as a main tool to analyze the relevance of the achievement standards of the two curricula. Despite the discrepancy in the categorization of communicative competence, the results of the study show that the achievement standards of the two curricula were highly in line with each other. The results derive some educational suggestions as follows. First, it is necessary to provide more elaborated and systematic guidelines to apply the achievement standards of the new curriculum in developing the National English Listening Ability Test items. Second, subsequent studies are needed to employ the pre-existing items of the National English Listening Ability Test in the secondary English classes under the 2022 Revised National Curriculum of English. Third, an acceptable environment should be fostered to settle down the new curriculum in English classrooms.