Earticle

As another long-term project to draw analogies between past and present, this paper will aim to explore the irony of the transition from virtuous mercantilism to darker sides of modern Capitalism by examining Shakespeare’s representation of antagonism between Judaism and Christianity in The Merchant of Venice. This paper will probe the compatibility between Christianity and Capitalism as well. Antonio and Shylock are early capitalists, and Shylock’s interpretation of Jacob’s reward to his own advantage is no better than Antonio’s understanding of mercantile venture to his own profit. Together with the nobles’ hypocrisy and materialism, their stances are contradictory to their faith. Mammonism seems unavoidable in a capitalist’s worldview, but it is not the core value of Judeo-Christianity. Therefore, Shakespearean rendering of problematic aspects of Christians from the antagonism between the Jews and the Christians is overlapped with criticism against financial Capitalism. The amalgam of eclecticism all the characters adopt in the play is the prophetic mimesis of widening income polarization where interest and speculative capital play a vital role.

This study aims to prove that Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God is driven by Janie’s desire for narration of her life story where she exposes her uniqueness of identity to Phoeby, her necessary other, to be recognized as a narratable self. In her story Janie manifests her life not to be reduced to an example of historical tragedy; instead she emphasizes her uniqueness of life. Janie chooses to narrate her life only to Pheoby another unique existent who is in constitutive relation with Janie, not to unspecified individuals. Adriana Cavarero emphasizes the significance of narrative relations between the self and the necessary other which provides shifts towards an “altruistic ethics of relationality.” The ethic allows the self to recognize the aspect of an identity which is intertwined with other lives and to find possibility to live together without being dissolved into political equality. Janie’s narration enables her to recognize the meaning of her own life, and she desires her narratable self to be retold by Pheoby who would weave her own life story besides Janie’s. Hurston exhibits possible shifts towards the altruistic ethics, through quilt-like narratives of Janie and Pheoby, which recognize reciprocal unique and unrepeatable identity of other existent and find a scene where the interaction with the other is infinite.

The purpose of this study is to study Hemingway’s works from an ecological point of view. There have been many artists who use nature as a background or subject in their works. However, if the artist’s view of nature does not match the ecology world view that seeks a way for nature and humans to coexist, such works will be difficult to be subject to ecology criticism. Considering that Hemingway was instructed to observe natural ecosystems objectively from a scientific point of view from his father from an early age, it can be seen that he naturally acquired the skills as a naturalist writer from an early age. Influenced by the motto of the Agassiz Association, which emphasized that ecological research should be conducted through direct contact with nature, Hemingway developed a habit of meticulously observing natural ecosystems. Therefore, we can find many ecological implications in his literary attempts. In addition, he regards deception, loss of humanity, and disregard for life caused by the evils of industrial civilization as the greatest tragedy of mankind. These are the ecological implications found in his works. In this paper, the background of the author’s ecological imagination will be examined in detail. And we will examine how his ecological view of life is reflected in his non-fiction and other short stories and novels.

Since his coming out as a queer in the 1950s, Allen Ginsberg has invariably revealed a lot of expressions encompassing the queerness and anti-aesthetics in his poetry. Ginsberg aspires to subvert the conventional sexual norms of his society of heterosexism which is based on the hierarchical gender dichotomy by rejecting sexual minorities. Many of his poems including a long poem “Howls” candidly show the human body’s sexual organs like genitals and anus reflecting the poet’s unbounded desires for homosexuality. However, it is important that Ginsberg’s self-examination and spiritual awareness lurk within his sexually explicit poems full of the deviant sexuality. By emphasizing the abject and abject bodies in his poetry, Ginsberg is able to create the new aesthetics of gender and sexual diversity which dissolves the traditional dichotomy of normal and abnormal, beauty and ugliness. This is exemplified in his poems like “Mescaline” and “Kaddish” in which the poet abjetifies both himself and his mother Naomi. Particularly, in “Kaddish,” Ginsberg minutely depicts the various abject bodily fluids within Naomi’s body and makes her “Monster of the Beginning Womb.” Ginsberg’s poems of queerness and anti-aesthetics emanating from his “multiple identities” play important roles in expanding the scope of modern poetry.

Jessie, a protagonist of Marsha Norman’s play, ’night, Mother, proclaims her plan for suicide to her mother in the beginning of the play. Jessie’s mother, Thelma, tries to prohibit Jessie from killing herself throughout the play; however, Thelma begins to perceive how profoundly her daughter has been sunk in existential despair. Finally Jessie succeeds her original plan and her mother is left with wail of despair and a partial understanding of her daughter. Regarding Jessie’s suicide, many previous researches have been conducted in relation to her strenuous searching for her own identity or her revolt/resistance against patriarchal and psychological oppression. Despite the playwright’s intent to consider Jessie’s decision to suicide as a “meaningful” way of existence, it is considerable discomfort in teaching suicide as worthwhile. Henceforth, this study endeavors to approach Jessie’s suicide through Soren Kierkegaard’s concept of despair and existential stages. By doing so, we can discuss her decision is still valuable; yet, Jessie, with substantial recognition of her self, bravely chooses to fall down an existential dizzy cliff, which is another modality of being in despair in terms of Kierkegaard.

This paper presents a non-raising and discourse-based approach to Korean ECM constructions. Against the popular view that matrix object of ECM is a result of SOR, it is suggested in this paper suggests that matrix object is a sentential contrastive Topic adjunct, which is base-generated in the matrix clause. It is thoroughly argued that the previous analyses based on obligatory or optional SOR are not entirely free from certain theoretical stipulations caused by the movement-related operations such as movement chain, case filter, and Projection Principle. These difficulties are mainly due to the fact that Korean ECM constructions have a fully projected embedded clause (i.e. CP), instead of defective TP. For example, the availability of overt or covert embedded subject in the ECM construction is one of the empirical drawbacks under the SOR analysis. On the other hand, a non-raising analysis provided here is based on the assumption that matrix object of Korean ECM is a sentential contrastive Topic adjunct, which has a prosodic prominence. The greatest advantage of our analysis is that it is totally free from all the syntactic problems shown in the previous analyses. In other words, matrix object of Korean ECM is not a result of either optional or obligatory SOR. As an alternative approach to the SOR analysis, a non-raising analysis of Korean ECM constructions is on better theoretical and empirical ground.

Within the newly conceived framework of MERGE (Chomsky, Gallego, and Ott 2019), this study deduces the Adjunct Condition, which dictates that sub-extraction from adjuncts is strictly banned. However, the Adjunct Condition is empirically challenged by exceptional cases where extraction from non-finite adjuncts becomes legitimate. Given this background, the current paper proposes that adjuncts in general are immediately sent to Transfer to resolve a labeling conflict (i.e., problem of projection (POP)) that arises upon their insertion to the syntactic derivation; accordingly, the adjuncts at hand become inaccessible for further syntactic operations, effectively deriving the Adjunct Condition. However, there are exceptional cases where the island-hood of adjuncts is voided. We propose that such adjuncts are properly labeled in the mode of syntactic restructuring (cf. Choe 1988; Wurmbrand 2001) forming larger complex verb phrases with sister main verb phrases, which eventually meets the Single Event Condition (Truswell 2011) (cf. Kim and Park 2022a). Sub-extraction out of now one single event straightforwardly follows. All in all, this study explicates the peculiar property of extraction out of adjuncts by resorting to Transfer, Labeling, and Restructuring.

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the motivation of meaning extension of denominal verbs that do not include the lexicalized meaning of their parent nouns but denote their typical action by analyzing polysemy of noun-to-verb conversions. Denominal verbs are based not only on the lexicalized meaning of their parent noun, but also on the various concepts it evokes. This argument is supported by the conceptual traces of the parent noun remaining in the meaning of the converted verb. Such a concept-based approach allows us to analyze the semantic relatedness of conversion pairs in which the meaning of the parent noun is not included in the meaning of its derived verb. As seen in the conversion process [shipN (a large boat used for carrying people or goods by sea) → shipV1 (transport by ship) → shipV2 (transport)], shipV1 is converted from shipN, and then shipV2 is derived by expanding the semantic scope of the parent noun integrated within the converted verb shipV1. Through generalization, which is one of the mechanisms of semantic change, it is possible to explain the motivation of the semantic extension of denominal verbs that denote the typical action of their parent noun without its lexicalized meaning.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether two English prefixes dis- and un- exhibit different phonological distributions, and to formalize the tendency and motivation by stochastic phonological theory. For this purpose, this study collects the data from Carnegie Mellon University Pronouncing Dictionary and analyses them by conducting a series of simple linear regression tests. As a result, our finding is that the distribution of dis- and un- is different with each other depending on the initial stops(both oral and nasal) and liquids of the bases they attach. By formalizing the distribution within the framework of Maximum Entropy Grammar(Maxent; Hayes and Wilson 2008), we can identify that the interaction of the phonological motivations like voice assimilation, obligatory contour principle, syllable contact law and other English phonotactics affects the distribution. Thus, dis- is more likely to attach to base-initial voiceless stops, while un- tends toward voiced stops, nasal [n], and liquids. Furthermore, we conduct a survey experiment of English native speakers to confirm the prediction of the Maxent grammar. The result is that the tendency predicted by the grammar largely reflects the intuition of English native speakers.

This paper is designed to show the diachronic syntactic changes from Old English (OE) to Present-day English (PE) by noting such changes in English Bible versions from the Anglo-Saxon Version of 995 A.D. (AS) (OE) through the Wycliffe Version of 1389 A.D. (Wycliffe) (Middle English (ME)) and the Tyndale Version of 1526 A.D. (Tyndale) (Early Modern English (ENE)) to the New International Version of 2011 A.D. (NIV) (PE). I take the Parable of the Prodigal Son (Luke 15:11-32) as a specific illustrative example. The focus is on word order, with particular reference to Verb-2(Second), reflexivization, impersonal construction (null-subject parameter), and tenses employed (preterit vs. present perfect, and simple present vs. future tense). I find the diachronic syntactic changes in the English language result from parameter resetting mediated by markedness. For example, concerning the tenses, in OE, the present and future tenses were in free variation, and the preterit and present perfect were in free variation with ambiguity. The present tense signified future as well as present, and the preterit signified present perfect as well as past. By AVOID AMBIGUITY PARAMETER, the present and preterit tenses, which were ambiguous, became marked and were then replaced by future and present perfect, respectively.

The goal of this study is to look into the speech rhythm and rate of native English speakers, Chinese speakers, and Korean speakers when reading in English, with a particular emphasis on the nPVI and speech rate, which are critical timing variables used to predict which differences between English and the English learner’s L1 cause difficulty. The study discovered that the rhythm of native English speakers had the most stress-timing of any reader, regardless of reading language, and that the rhythm of Chinese speakers had more stress-timing than that of Korean speakers. Furthermore, native English speakers had the fastest speech rate and articulation rate during English reading, whereas Korean speakers had the fastest speech rate and articulation rate during L1 reading. When reading the passage in their L1, Chinese and Korean speakers were the overall fastest in terms of speech rate and articulation rate. These findings demonstrate the fundamental differences in rhythm between English, Chinese, and Korean speakers. It was revealed that the temporal characteristics, segmental structure, and syllable structure of Chinese and Korean speakers’ L1 are frequently transferred to the rhythm and rate of English reading.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of reading aloud on EFL learners’ writing skills. To attain such a goal, a wide variety of researches are analyzed and discussed as pedagogical implications for EFL learners. Reading aloud is the foundation for literacy development. It indicates the relationship between the printed word and meaning, and relates the listener with the writer as well. During reading aloud, learners make connections to contents to relate the unfamiliar text to their relevant background knowledge. On the other hand, reading aloud plays critical role in writing. Reading is the act of decoding print and writing is that of encoding print. So, reading and writing go hand-in-hand in understanding and expressing print. In this regard, teachers can apply reading aloud strategies to their classrooms for learners to relate between reading and writing. The findings of the study emphasize the application of read-aloud strategy to the writing instruction in EFL setting. In other words, the interactive writing through reading aloud strategy stresses the application of integrated skills in writing. This study implies that literacy and oracy are critically interrelated in writing instruction. In addition, it shows that reading aloud strategies in EFL writing instruction are critical methods for the language learners.

This study aims investigate the degree of foreign language teaching anxiety between in-service and pre-service primary English teachers and to provide pedagogical suggestions for lowing such anxiety. In order to answer these questions, 32 in-service primary English teachers in Gangwon province and 34 pre-service student-teachers at C national university of education participated in this study and an online survey questionnaire was distributed for data analysis. The results are revealed as follows. First, the survey illustrated that the pre-service English teachers’ degree of foreign language teaching anxiety was higher than its counterpart. Second, both in-service primary English teachers and pre-service teachers showed a higher anxiety degree when teaching productive skills rather than receptive ones. Third, both groups expressed that a sense of anxiety tends to arise due to the gaze of their learners, parents, colleagues, and co-native English teachers. Fourth, deficient pronunciation and intonation, along with improper grammar and difficulty in communicating with native English teachers were described as one of the causes of anxiety. Fifth, the in-service group had a concern about their current English proficiency in teaching English which would lead in turn a sense of confidence decline.