Earticle

본 연구의 목적은 모국어에는 존재하지 않는 다른 나라 언어에만 존재하는 음소적 대조를 어떻게 인지하고 있는가를 알아보고 모국어에 존재하지 않는 다른 나라 언어에만 존재하는 음소의 대조를 인지하는데 중요한 음성적 실마리가 무엇인가를 알아보는 것이다. 특히 이 연구에서는 영어를 모국어로 사용하고 있는 사람들이 한국어에서만 특징적으로 나타나고 있는 세 가지 무성 파열음들의 음성적 차이점을 인지할 수 있는가를 소리인식 방법인 AX 변별 방법을 사용해서 알아보았다. 이 연구 결과 영어 모국어 화자들은 한국어의 세 가지 무성 파열음의 음성적 차이점을 대체로 잘 구별하였지만, 한국어 평소리 파열음(/p,t,k/)과 유기음 파열음(/p^h, t^h, k^h/)을 구별하는데 상당한 어려움을 보이는 반면에 된소리 파열음(/p^*, t^*, k^*/)을 다른 파열음과 구별하는데는 아무런 문제를 보이지 않았다. 또한 한국어와 영어의 VOT 범위를 비교한 결과 한국어의 평소리 파열음과 유기음 파열음은 영어의 유기음 파열음의 범위속에 포함되고, 한국어의 된소리 파열음은 영어의 유성 파열음과 비슷한 범주에 포함된다는 사실은 왜 영어 모국어 화자들이 한국어 무성자음들 중 평소리 파열음과 유기음 파열음을 식별하는데 어려움을 보였는가를 설명해 줄 수 있다. 그러므로 이 실험은 VOT가 모국어에는 존재하지 않는 소리들을 음성적으로 구별하는데 중요한 실마리를 제공한다는 또 다른 중요한 증거를 제공한다고 할 수 있다.

The aim of this thesis is to argue on the postcolonial discourse or theory by analyzing Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart represented colonial resistance. The colonial domination forces the ruled class to obey the ruling by the ideology of the ruling system. Therefore the colonial domination is produced not only in one country's domination over another country but also within one country, such as the male over the female, the ruling class over the ruled. With this idea, I read the colonial resistance presented in Things Fall Apart. Achebe wrote the novel to show correctly that Africa represented as a primitive place by the Western colonial discourse. However he didn't only blame the Western colonialism unconditionally. He didn't also repre-sent Africa only beautifully. Achebe tried to think over the cause that Africa had been colonized by the Western. Also, he intended to reveal the problem of the dominant ideology of the colonialism. Achebe described the culture and the history existed in Africa by repre-senting Africa's traditional wedding custom in the beginning part of Things Fall Apart. He also made us recognize that the ruled class is suppressed by the ruling's political, regional ideology by describing Umuofia's leaders including Okonkwo. He also criticized the patriarchic male centered African society which oppresses the woman. And then, in the latter part of the novel, Achebe revealed the narrow ruling ideology of the Western colonialism by entering the White missionary and commissioners. Achebe, in Things Fall Apart, argued that the Western colonial rule should be put an end to by the African people themselves and that their resistance to the colonial rule should include overcoming the internal colo-nial problems in their own society.

English in America has, for about four hundred years, acquired some characteristic features different from those of the British English as a result of the differences of geographical surroundings and historical background, although both of them inherited Elizabethan English. The American English, through objective observability, is inclined to be tolerant of dialect, with the sense of progressiveness. It also shows a sense of conservativeness because it has preserved some older usages of English which have already disappeared from British English since 17th century. On the other hand, the British English is thick with the sense of stand-ardization and conservativeness through subjective observability. Compared with the similarities between the two languages, however, the differences can not be magnified Then, the best expression that can be said about the British and American English is that there exists diversity in unity between them. At first, I have surveyed in this article how the American English came into existence and set up a character of its own. The comparative study also shows in detail not only the differences of the two languages in four parts such as pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling, and grammar, but how the two are interacting today. So far Korean learners of English have largely encountered American English. Therefore, I would suggest that the teacher of English should not lay excessive emphasis on the differences of British and American English, familiarizing himself with them without a prejudice of which form is good or superior English, because it will only bring about a more embarrassing effect on the present education of English. I hope this article will be helpful to the Korean learners of English and available for next study effectively.

Galapagos shows the lives of humans that have evolved according to the ‘natural selection’ and have been deprived of human characterics such as feelings and thoughts, maintaining only the instincts of survival and some physical features. Leon, the son of a novelist named Trout, is the narrator who has watch-ed the lives of human beings on earth over a million years. According to his observations, men always deceive each other, destroy nature and their circumstances, and make terrible weapons which could lead to the end of human existence. Therefore the only way to survive is to become less intelligent by retrogression. This is indispensible for humaniny to be safe and be happy. Ultimately, the main reason that caused the change in human beings was their ‘big brains’ which they took such pride in and entirely depended on. So the only way to preserve life is for the ‘highly developed big brain’ to become extinct. Throughout Leon's observations over the million years, Vonnegut points out several problems and criticizes the current situation of our society such as excessive population, torture, slavery, and the fearful destruction of nature. In additon, he also thinks selfish human beings are taking advant-age of Darwin's theory of ‘natural selection’ to use ‘social selection’ as a way of gaining their own selfish and malicious goals. In Galapagos, Vonnegut seems to succeed in subverting this vicious end. As a way of overcoming the viciousness of the ‘big brain’ and the crisis of human civilization, Galapagos gives profound consideration on the regaining of humanity and preserving of life. And it also sends an apocalyptic warning to human civilization and delivers a message of relief with a deep vision of the future through the biggest tragedy of Galapagos.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors that affect the use of English conversation learning strategies: sex, major, level, grade and credit score. Oxford's SILL(1990) was modified and administered to measure the stu-dents' strategy use. The questionnaire listed 45 learning strategies. The sub-jects were 181 Seowon University Students from various departments who were enrolled in English conversation classes. Major findings are as follows: boys used the compensation strategy more frequently than girls regarding sex(p<.05), but no significant difference as a whole. A significant difference was found in the use of cognitive learning strategy with respect to major(p<05), but no significant difference as a whole. A significant difference was revealed in the use of cognitive learning strategy regarding level (beginning, intermediate, ad-vanced courses) but no significant difference as a whole. No significant difference was found relating to grade, but the use of learning strategies increased as a whole according to the year of the grade. No significant difference was revealed in relation to credit score of English conversation, but there was an increasing tendency in the use of learning strategies as a whole.

Little Dorrit shows more representative modern England than any other novels. The background of Little Dorrit is a society which passed more than half century after Industrial Revolution, Industrial Revolution, tremen-dous reform to feudal economy, brought economic prosperity in spite of many problems. Economic prosperity sprouted people's civil consciousness who had been soaked in feudal hierarchy consciousness. The problematic nature of the modern society is increasing whereas its positiveness is decreasing in Little Dorrit. This novel's representative capi-talist is Merdle, a finance capitalist. So the original problems of capitalism, that is, exploitation and fraud, intensify. Second, in modern society people can explore modern man's possibility of becoming the liberated civilian with equal rights and duties. Rather than catching that chance, people are portrayed as desiring to become and imitate the “gentleman”. Third, the possibility of reaching a democratic modern society becomes distant due to the active defence mechanism of ruling nobility. Dickens shows this po-litical mechanism through a kind of bureaucracy of circumlocution office which is monopolized by the mobility as yet.

This paper focuses on Wittman's game he plays as an American Monkey King/trickster in Tripmaster Monkey: His Fake Book. The trickster who dwells on borders, at crossroads, and between worlds, prominently appears in Kingston's Tripmaster Monkey. Kingston, in Tripmaster Monkey, dis-rupts racial stereotypes and perceived boundaries, and embodies her vision of identity and benefits of a mixed cultural heritage by using the laughter, jokes, and outrage of the trickster. The novel's protagonist Wittman is a Berkeley beatnik and also a modern American incarnation of the Monkey King of Chinese legend. Wandering in and around San Francisco, negotiat-ing cultural borderlines, crusading against racism, Wittman interweaves Chinese mythic history and American romantic values as he works out his identity as a Chinese Americans man. As both clown and savior, Wittman the Monkey trickster gathers a new American community to participate in his play, which wages a war against racism and celebrates the community as a place of healing. Through Wittman's play and storytelling, Kingston examines contemporary cultural myths to criticize harmful stereotypes and negative representations of Chinese Americans.

아도르노는 현대를 비판한 대부분의 사회 비평가처럼 현대문명 특히 이성에 의한 인간역사의 진보에 대해 회의적이다. 인간 이성은 그 간교한 꾀로 소유와 지배를 강화해왔음을 주장하면서 그 예를 오디세이에서 찾고 있다. 아도르노는 이 이야기를 우리의 일반적 시각처럼 귀향이라든, 지영웅의 행적을 그린 서사시로 국한시켜 보지 않고 신화와 서사시가 결합된 문명화의 과정을 그린 이야기로 보고 있다. 또한 그는 오디세우스를 모험과 용기와 기지를 부여받은 영웅으로 보기보다는 교환과 노동, 이성을 사용해 고통을 극복해 가는 부르주아의 한 전형으로 보고 있다. 아도르노는 이 이야기를 통해서 자본주의 과정, 계몽화의 현상을 탐색하는 한편 인간이 이성과 노동으로 자신의 정체성을 세우는 계몽이 갖는 또 다른 부정적인 면을 찾아내고 있다. 즉 그 부정적인 것으로는 이성이 갖는 간교한 면과 교환을 통한 동질화 그것이 목적하는 소유와 지배의 원리인 것이다. 아도르노의 이와 같은 사회, 역사이론은 그의 예술론을 탄생시키는 모체이다. 즉 그의 문명 비판은 예술을 통해 치유된다. "예술은 사회를 재현하고 비판함으로써 궁극적으로 모든 종류의 억압으로부터 자유롭게 만들어야 한다"는 그의 예술철학에는 막스 철학으로부터 나온 자본과 계급에 대한 그의 뛰어난 관찰력이 있으며 아울러 모더니스트로서의 순수와 자유에 대한 열망과 사회 개선의지도 존재한다. 한편 그는 니체적 비판 에너지로 자아와 사회에 대한 객관화와 투명성을 확보하려 한다. 그러나 아도르노 예술이 지향하는 마지막 단계는 자연의 모방이다. 그는 자유와 조화를 찾을 수 있는 공간을 인간세계를 포용할지라도 인간 세계와 동질화 될 수 없는 자연에서 찾고 있다. 결국 아도르노 미학의 귀착점은 인간 문명에 내재된 억압을 해체시키는 것과 아울러 자유와 조화로 가득 찬 자연과 음악의 선율을 닮은 미적 세계를 창조하는 것이다. 셰무스 히니의 시는 아도르노의 이 같은 예술관을 적용시킬 수 있는 대표적 예 일수 있다. 그 이유는 히니 시는 아일랜드 역사가 지닌 억압적 구조를 재현하면서 또 한편으로는 그것으로부터의 탈출을 시도하기 때문이다. 즉 그의 시집에는 자연과 인간, 인간과 인간, 인간과 사회, 한 개인과 공동체 사물 및 언어등 인간 사이의 지배와 억압 구조를 재현할 뿐 아니라 순수 예술을 통해 자신과 사회의 객관화와 투명화를 확보하려는 끊임없는 노력을 보이며 궁극적으로는 소유와 지배 구조를 초월하려는 시도를 보이기 때문이다. 결국 아도르노와 히니의 사고 전개 과정, 특히 예술론은 같았다. 즉, 그들이 추구한 예술은 사회의 억압기재를 관찰하고 비판하면서 순수와 자유를 자연을 모방하는 데서 찾은 점에서 그렇다. 아도르노는 서구사회의 억압적 요인을 계몽화와 자본주의 과정에 내재된 소유와 지배욕으로 보았고, 히니는 아일랜드의 피지배 역사, 종교, 정치, 종족이 갖고 있는 편견, 언어, 사물을 바라보는 시각 속에 잠재 되어 있음을 파헤친다. 아도르노는 순수와 자유를 음악의 선율에서 찾은 반면 히니는 언어가 해체된 이후의 선, 점, 공간 및 이미지로 구성된 추상시에서 찾고 있다. 특히 이 둘의 사고의 방향이 같은 이유는 이 둘 모두 나찌와 북아일랜드 사태라는 역사 속의 큰 억압을 몸소 경험한 것이 하나의 원인이고 이와 더불어 이 둘 모두, 전통에 대한 의식의 바탕에 주관의 객관화를 통한 인간 세계를 개선하려는 열정이 있었으며 마지막으로 이 둘 모두 인간을 감쌀 수 있는 화해와 포용의 공간인 자연에 대한 감수성이 탁원한데 기인한 것으로 볼 수 있다.

『Benito Cereno』based on the revolt that negroes raised on ship in slave-trading days, has a similarity of Melville's other works. Color grey thickly imbued in the introductive chapter heralds symbolic meanings to the whole contents, with the creation of ambiguity and mystery. 『Benito Cereno』unfolds with the downward spiral fall, in which Delano is destined to suffer from endless frustration and despair, ultimately facing the limitation of human faculty. Through such experience, he realizes that things in the universe are managed and controlled not by human faculty, but by the Nature, or a God. That is, he was unconsciously saved by the mysterious power of Nature or of a transcendental being similar to that in 『Benito Cereno』conveying Melville's viewpoint of nature, racial con-flict with the revelation of the dark side of western society through the polarity, is considered as another Melville's novels searching for truth with-in the human condition.