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Our purpose here has been to address the use and frequencies of universally attested local anaphors and long-distance anaphors within the corpus approach. First, both Seycong corpus and novel corpus clearly illustrate the fact that the Korean reflexive casin ‘self’ can be used more frequently and that it is one of the primary exponents of Korean reflexives with caki ‘self’. We have argued in this paper that this finding, of course, accords well with our claim that casin ‘self’ appears anywhere other reflexives appear, but other reflexives are barred from certain positions where casin ‘self’ can appear. There might be plenty of reasons why the Korean reflexive casin ‘self’ is the most preferred reflexive among Korean reflexives. The biggest reason of all may be because it admits both local binding and non-local binding. In addition, the phi-features of casin ‘self’ are defective in that they are not specified. Thus, casin ‘self’ can get its reference from the first person, the second person, and the third person. Second, we have observed earlier that possessive case-marked reflexives in Korean are preferable to other case-marked reflexives and that a reflexive is most likely to be bound by an NP in a sentence if that reflexive can be interpreted as a possessive cased-marked reflexive. Although it is not clear how this can be accounted for, there may be much relevance between reflexives and their case markers. Third, we have pointed out that the overall frequency of caki-casin ‘self-self’ is lower than that of caki ‘self’. We assume that this result is expected, given the assumption that only caki ‘self’ among Korean reflexives can refer to the hearer as its referent. That is, this can be reduced to the availability of the hearer’s accessibility to caki ‘self’. Finally, we have demonstrated that Condition A in Korean does not constrain the distribution of anaphors which are supposed to be local and that anaphors in Korean freely overlap in local domain or non-local domain. Consequently, our corpus analysis does not argue for the hypothesis that reflexives and pronouns must be in complementary distribution.

“Globalized World of Desires” analyzes My Year of Meats, reading it as a text that divulges complicated desires embedded in transnational representations of our globalized world. Applying Rey Chow’s interpretation on the function of stereotypes as unavoidable elements in any act of representations, this paper considers main characters’ and the writer Ozeki’s desires to represent national and transnational spaces as desires to stereotype. Chow asserts that an act of stereotyping should be understood as a political tactic and power to intervene and control. And I argue that Chow’s analysis of stereotypes as qualities intrinsic in every attempt to represent allows a reading of My Year of Meats as a text that demonstrates intriguing transnational contests for the right to stereotype. By examining the characters’ and Ozeki’s convoluted desires to represent and thus to control, the paper highlights complex mechanism of cross-cultural and transnational representations and stereotypes in the age of massive global commerce. In the process, the ideology of American liberal multiculturalism displayed through the main protagonist Jane and Ozeki becomes under scrutiny.

This paper explores the sentential stress pattern of English unergative and unaccusative verb constructions. In particular, this paper argues in favor of the idea that the nature of sentential stress (also known as nuclear stress) can be captured effectively by the theory of phase and multiple spell-out. In analyzing the different stress patterns of English UEVC and UAVCs, this paper reviews the (dis)advantages of two recent phase-based analyses: Kahnemuyipour (2004, 2009) and Kratzer & Selkirk (2007). According to them, sentential stress is universally assigned to the highest phrase in the spell-out domain of a phase. In the case of the UEVC, for example, the verb receives a sentential stress since there’s no other phrases in the spell-out domain of the vP phase. In the case of the UAVC, however, the vP is not regarded as a strong phase (Chomsky 2001), and thus subject can get stressed. Although they are quite successful in explaining a difference between the two intransitive verb constructions, there are still some conceptual drawbacks. Based on the prosodic assignment hierarchy (i.e. USSAH), this paper proposes another analysis on sentential stress in the framework of a phase and spell-out theory. Under the USSAH system, sentential stress is assigned to the most highly ranked element in the spell-out domain. This analysis can resolve some serious stains of the previous phase-based analyses.

The present study compares the gains in writing accuracy in the use of relative clause structures by three groups. The T-Group was provided with explicit explanation and Korean-to-English translation exercises. The S-Group was provided with explicit explanation and sentence combining exercises. The C-Group was given explicit explanation but no production exercise. Three types of tests were administered: sentence combining, sentence translation, and written retelling. The C-Group showed nonsignificant change in all of the three types of tests. The S-Group had significantly improved results in the sentence combining test. In the translation test, the S-Group showed significant improvement on the immediate posttest, but did not maintain significant improvement on the delayed posttest. The S-Group did not show significant change in the written retelling test. The T-Group made significant improvement in all of the three types of tests and showed endurable results. The T-Group performed as well as the S-Group on the sentence combining test. On the translation and written retelling tests, the T-Group achieved significantly superior results than the S-Group. These results indicate translation exercises had substantially beneficial effects on improving writing accuracy in using the target relative clause structures and that translation exercises were superior to sentence combining exercises. Therefore, it can be concluded that translation can be used as a useful pedagogical tool for improving linguistic accuracy in EFL classes.

This paper investigates the pragmatic aspects of English polite expressions. As the communicative expressions of politeness may be different among countries, it is very important for Koreans to understand and acquire the correct polite expressions of English. The purposes of this paper are as follows. First, we review and find out what kinds of English polite expressions are and why they are regarded as polite. Second, we investigate what kinds of English polite expressions are treated in the Middle School English textbooks. Third, we explore the degree of the availability of pragmatics to explain the constructions concerning the polite expressions in the textbooks. Although we may think that English has very few polite expressions, there are many kinds of polite expressions. For example, they use direct, indirect, negative, and tag questions. And they change the verb forms to past and future tenses to distance from the immediate present reality and use progressives to make the expression sound more casual and less definite and something temporary and incomplete. They also express their opinions and intentions less directly (and therefore more politely) by using softening expressions like quite, kind of, I’ll think..., We’d like to.... Anyway the most important thing is to use the appropriate expressions which are neither too polite nor too rude according to the situation where you are.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the ecological contents of Gerard Manley Hopkins’ nature poems based on theology. Christianity has been well known for deep anthropocentricity. Such anthropocentric contents can be found in Hopkins’ poems, especially in “God’ Grandeur” and “Hurrahing in Harvest.” Nature is created for human beings, and its own significance is brought to completion by human existence. This is originally from “Genesis” in The Bible. God made man superior to nature and also allowed him to care for it. This means nature is created by God’s providence and human beings should take responsibility for nature. In “Binsey Poplars,” Hopkins points out this responsibility and shows his deep sorrow for people failing to carry out. Hopkins finds nature will never recover its original state once it is fallen. Therefore his poems become drastically pessimistic and gloomy. In “Ribblesdale,” nature’s economy is totally collapsed and yet human beings are selfish and corrupt. Hopkins takes it a sign of the Apocalypse. Hopkins figures a cosmic catastrophe without any salvation in “Spelt from Sibyl’s Leaves.” There, mankind and nature end together and the world is disassembled. Hopkins’ apocalyptic mood gives a practical warning about the future of human beings on the earth. Because of his resolute belief in theology, his ecologic vision is quite tense and desperate.

By means of Harmonic Serialism(McCarthy 2000, 2002, 2007, 2008), we have discussed the Great Vowel Shift(hereafter GVS) which happened between the Middle English and Modern English period. Diachronically, GVS can be defined as raising the mid and low vowel height into one step higher and changing high vowels into diphthongs. We have pinpointed that the GVS could be explained by the push and drag chain, SPE, and OT. However, each theory has its own problems. First, push and chain theory lacks phonetic argument. Second, SPE has the complexity of rule formalism, abstract underlying form, and rule ordering. Third, harmonic parallelism, classical OT, has some problems related to GVS because of only one pass from the input to the output. However, Harmonic Serialism has recursive loops from the input to the output until convergence, which is similar to the derivational and intermediate step. Accordingly, this HS could have a fixed constraint ranking and explain the GVS more easily. It consists of many passes, which has its own input and output with recursive application.

This paper examines the matter of time represented both in The Sound and Fury and in The Great Gatsby, focusing on the relationship between one’s obsession with the past and one’s quest for his dream. The protagonist of each of the two works leads his life through his memory of the past, and the questing of his dream. Quentin and Benjy of The Sound and Fury always carry memories of Caddy as an uncorrupted whole being in the old days. And in The Great Gatsby, Gatsby also maintains a good memory of Daisy as a clean and uncorrupted lover of his youth. In a broad sense, while Faulkner describes the dream of the declining South and its decadence through his work, Fitzgerald shows American society changed by materialism and moral corruption, asking the meaning of the American dream. Through these two works, we get to know that the consciousness of the protagonist in each work stays still stagnant and circles around their past, struggling with destiny while searching for his dream. Consequently, the main characters of both works can’t help meeting their doom as a result of indulging in the past and questing for unattainable dreams, without comprehending the real meaning of time and understanding life as the whole that it is.

This paper aims to identify social pathology in postmodern society by analyzing short stories of Bartheleme and Carver. They are known as outstanding minimalists in minimalist school of fiction in 1970s. Barthelme’s and Carver’s short stories have indeterminacy in common. Thus, it is very difficult to find an unified theme in each short story because of fragmentary form. Nevertheless, this study examines social pathology in Bartheleme’s and Caver’s short stories. For Barthelme, Views of My Father Weeping shows the loss of objective truth in everything. Narrator can’t know the genuine meaning of reality because he can never find the true cause of his father’s death. In City Life, there is amorality in sexual relationship between man and woman because of subjective truth. Two university students’ sexual lifes seem to be self-destructive and grotesque in view of moral value. For Carver, in What We Talk about When We Talk about Love, Mel is obsessed by his own idea of love and he has no ability to empathize with his wife due to his self-centered character and emotional blindness. In Cathedral, narrator shows his inability to connect with his wife by the same reason. Finally, we can say that Carver shows us the conflict between husband and wife caused by the failure of communication while Barthelme shows us frustration caused by the loss of absolute meaning and sexual amorality.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an essential and clear formalization of palatalization and spirantization in English within the framework of Optimality Theory (henceforth OT; Prince and Smolensky 1993, McCarthy and Prince 1995). English requires a supplemental process called j-deletion after palatalization. Although the process has been regarded as fusion (or coalescence) in many works, setting up j-deletion seemed to be inevitable under the rule based and even OT framework. This would be because j-deletion has been strongly believed to raise phonological opacity inducing counter- feeding and counter-bleeding effect. This paper shows that palatalization in English has no opaque process. To deal with the processes as a kind of fusion, I employ the autosegmental view which regards features as autonomous entities and segmental change is a result of the interaction of features. In addition, I assume that vowel /i/ and glide /j/ are identical in the input, following the recent claim that syllabification does not need to be specified in the lexicon. Finally, palatalization and spirantization can successfully be accounted for without the process like j-deletion and derivational (or serial) approaches.

Despite the close similarity between Shelley’s The Cenci and Browning’s The Ring and the Book, these two works have seldom been compared or analyzed together. These two works share many points of similarity: both were written in Italy when Shelley and Browning resided there, and they are based on actual murder cases that occurred in Rome and deal with the deaths of two young women, Beatrice and Pompilia respectively. However, the most striking common feature of these two works is that both Beatrice and Pompilia are victims of oppressive patriarchal ideologies that formed the dominant social structure of contemporary Roman society. In addition, through these Roman murder stories, both Shelley and Browning direct the attention of readers to the Woman Questions of their contemporary English society. The patriarchal power that murders Beatrice and Pompilia is supported by tradition, customs, law and various institutions. Among these, religion plays by far the most important role in supporting this patriarchism. Despite the strong oppressive power of patriarchism, however, both Beatrice and Pompilia resist and try to break the oppressive social structure that is formed by patriarchism and other repressive social powers, even though they are ultimately killed by it.

My observations show that the preterit and the HAVE perfect are in free variation with the HAVE perfect marked in Old English, and rather unmarked in Middle English with reference to my markedness theory (Shin 1992). The grammaticalization of the HAVE perfect starts or strengthens in the Middle English Wycliffe Version influenced by French passé composé. It shows correspondence to the English HAVE perfect in that besides the meaning of the preterit like that of Anglo-Saxon and Wycliffe, it also commutes with the English HAVE perfect in function and form with the distinction of être and avoir depending on the verb. The ratio of the Wycliffe of 98 HAVE perfects versus 71 preterits in comparison with the ratio of AS 0 HAVE perfect versus 167 preterits shows this stage of grammaticalization. The grammaticalization of the HAVE perfect was (almost) established around the early period of Early Modern English (1500-1800), Tyndale and King James Versions with the BE perfect still in variation with it in a few cases (17 and 18, respectively). The final stage of the grammaticalization of the HAVE perfect with the disappearance of the BE perfect and new appearance of the Present perfect progressive (continuous) has arrived by the end of the nineteenth century, or in Late Modern English or Present English.

The objective of this thesis is to determine the extent to which second language learners can improve their language capacities using a specific set of online instruction materials, an Online Studyboard Community (OSC). Several years ago, the online tool was adopted by a number of universities in Korea. Since then, many instructors have started using online teaching materials to teach English. The thesis examines the role played by the Online Studyboard Community (OSC) in supporting the self-study activities of the second language learner. The thesis makes suggestions concerning the best methods of constructing an effective OCS for a second language teaching program. The study examined how Internet-based instruction influenced the English language learning experience of a select group of university students and also analyzed the instructor-student classroom interaction within the language community on the Web and its effect on the overall learning experience.

Mythology is “the archetypes of literature exist” argues Frye. This study aims at analyzing Alison Bechdel’s Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic from the perspective of Icarian mythology. Alison Bechdel, a well-known American feminist and cartoonist, explores father- daughter relationship and rewrites her family history focused on her father[Bruce Bechdel]’s death. Alison suffers from trauma about her father’s death because she confessed herself as a lesbian right before Bruce’s car accident. Despite using Icarian myth, Bechdel avoids a dichotomous way of thinking. Alison and Bruce share the dual roles of Daedalus and Icarus. At the beginning of Fun Home, Bechdel describes her father as Icarus who was destined to “plummet from the sky” and also “Daedalus of decor.” Looking back and rewriting family’s history, Alison recognizes her innate yearning for an emotional closeness to her father and sympathizes his alienation and solitude. Bruce who is “gay” is ready to catch Alison when she finds her “erotic truth.” Fun Home shows Bechdel’s sophisticated skills and enables her to “fly” as a lesbian artist.

This study focuses on analyzing the translation phenomena of personal pronouns in English text type. One of the remarkable differences between Korean and English is personal pronouns. Korean personal pronouns are used practically as the lexical category and often omitted depending on the relationship between the speaker and listener or the situation. However, in English, personal pronouns are not omitted because they belong to the grammatical category. Also, this study analyzed translation phenomena in two text types, informative text and expressive text. Text type can affect translator’s translation strategy. In the case of informative text, faithful translation is used to keep the clarity and objectivity of the source language text. In addition, first person pronoun of English is translated into Korean faithfully. In the case of expressive text, it is observed that natural translation strategy is used and first person pronoun of English is often omitted in Korean version. In particular, second person pronoun is often omitted or shifted into honorific expression, a name, a title to fit into the Korean translation text linguistically and culturally. As a result of Korean cultural characteristic, second person pronoun(You) should be addressed differently depending on the relationship between the speaker and listener or the situation. In conclusion, this paper suggests that the translator should identify the text type and the cultural differences in addressing personal pronouns in order to produce more equivalent translation text.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the writing errors of pre-service elementary education teachers at a university who are majoring in English education. In order to accomplish this, research questions were examined in particular: what types of errors were most troublesome for the subjects and how frequent they made mistakes. To answer these questions, 56 pieces of writing were collected and assessed for their writing proficiency. The results of the writing assessments indicated that the subjects made mistakes, from most to least prevalent, in the areas of language control (grammar), mechanics, vocabulary, contents and organization. Since grammar, mechanics and vocabulary are the top three categories of errors, this seems to indicate that there needs to be a greater focus on accuracy as well as fluency in the writing class. Analyzing the errors further, it was determined that first language interference was a major cause of mistakes. This was exhibited in both intra-language errors (e.g. articles, prepositions, capitalization, etc.) as well as inter-language errors (e.g. effective sentence structure, punctuation, agreement, tense, number, etc.). All of this points to the need for a more systematic methodology for improving the writing skills of these subjects. It is important for teachers to consider the most common errors that students make and teach with these in mind. Knowledge of these errors can be used to help prepare lesson plans and teaching materials, as well as choose appropriate textbooks. Additionally, given the intra-language errors that were prevalent, relevant grammar and authentic materials are needed in the classroom to give the students appropriate input.

The diachronic changes of Verb Movement, negation, and the periphrastic DO in English were analyzed in this study. In OE and ME, the main verb moved to INFL or C, but English lost its V-Raising ability in ENE. At the end of the 15th century, the plural marking disappeared in English verb morphology. Consequently, verbs cannot move to INFL in NE. The OE negative particle ne must immediately precede the finite verb. In OE, the emphatic negator noht could occur after the verb to strengthen the preceding ne. In ME, not came to be the regular nonemphatic negator, hence preverbal ne was unnecessary and disappeared. The structure “do x”, which was first introduced by the influence of French faire x in the South-Western dialect in the late 13th century, was argued to be the origin of the periphrastic DO. The grammaticalization of the periphrastic DO was closely related to the loss of V-Raising in ENE. After the loss of V-Raising, the optional DO was grammaticalized as the NE periphrastic DO for negative sentences. When there is no auxiliary verb, DO is inserted under Tense to support the negator not in NE. This is called “DO-Support.”

This paper aims to search for and discuss the ecological vision in William Wordsworth’s The Prelude. Wordsworth, a major poet of the first generation romantics, has been regarded as a key figure in the development of modern ecological literature. His poetry consistently expresses a deep and abiding interest in the nature of all living things. The poet presents the relationship between human-beings and nature as communicative, which shows that each being is self-sufficient and inter-dependent. The deepening of Wordsworth’s ecological consciousness and his representation of the holistic world view are further traced through The Prelude, and the significance of the Grasmere community is explored and explained through the poet’s eye that looks into the local environment with the bioregional view. And Wordsworth from an Ecofeminists’ view blames the androcentric dualism, which distinguishes humans from nature on the grounds of possession and confers superiority upon humans or men. Wordsworth’s transfiguration is ecological because it proposes an ethical mode of action which sustains human beings and the natural world in a balance. His ecological vision and insights foresees the modern ecocentrism.

After Yeats had finished his first work, The Wanderings of Oisin, in 1889, he commented “I was dissatisfied with its yellow and its dull green, with all that overcharged colour inherited from the romantic movement, I deliberately reshaped my style.” And he also said that “when in my twenty-second year I had finished The Wanderings of Oisin, my style seemed too elaborate, too ornamental.” So, he decided that he would simplify his style by filling his imagination with country stories. All of the tries are crucial proofs that he tried to find the styles for his own ones. And, at last, he creates his universal images, a phoenix-like, immortal, the “coloured Asian birds” of The Wanderings of Oisin, which become a predecessor, the “Golden Bird” of ｢Sailing to Byzantium｣. Therefore, although his early works have many flaws, we cannot degrade their values and significances that paved the way for the Last Poems. In conclusion, the two works, The Wanderings of Oisin and ｢Sailing to Byzantium｣are closely connected each other in spite of their 40-year-distance.